本科毕业论文-全自动洗衣机PLC控制系统设计.docx

自动洗衣机毕业设计南京机电职业技术学院毕 业 设 计(论 文) 题目 全自动洗衣机PLC控制系统设计 系部 自动化系 专业 机电一体化 姓名 学号 指导教师 2015年 4 月5 日目 录 目录-2摘要-3引言-4第一章 绪论-51.1选题的背景意义- -51.2可编程控制器国内外状况- 6第二章 PLC控制系统的概述- 72.1 PLC控制系统设计要求- 72.1.1 流程图功能说明- -72.1.2 PLC程序设计步骤- -72.2 PLC系统设计流程图- 82.3可编程控制器系统设计的基本- -8第三章 洗衣机控制系统的分析-113.1 洗衣机程序分析- 11 3.1.1主接线路图- 11 3.1.2PLC硬件接线图-12 3.1.3设计功能顺序图- 133.2 I/O口及定时器/计数器说明- 143.3 梯形图- 153.4 语句表-173.5操作说明- 19结论-20致谢-21参考文献-22摘 要随着科学技术不断进步和社会飞速发展，洗衣机成为人民日常生活息息相关的家用电器产品。传统洗衣机基于电器的控制，已经不能满足人们对其自动化程度的要求了。洗衣机要更好地满足人们的需求，必须借助于自动化技术的发展。自动化技术的飞速发展，使得洗衣机由最初的半自动式发展到现在的全自动式，并正在向智能化洗衣机方向发展。洗衣机的全自动化、多功能化、智能化是其发展方向。基于全自动洗衣机的应用日益广泛，本次设计利用西门子公司生产的PLC控制全自动洗衣机，与传统的继电器逻辑控制系统相比较，洗衣机可靠性、节能性得到了提高。PLC控制不需要大量的活动部件和电子元器件，它的接线也大大减少，与此同时系统维修简单、维修时间缩短。本文首先介绍了洗衣机的发展，然后重点介绍了洗衣机的设计，对程序流程图及编程软件进行了说明，最后对系统进行了仿真。PLC采样按钮及限位开关外部输入信号的变化，执行相应的程序，然后输出控制电机正反转及脱水处理，控制方式灵活多样。最后就本课题所做的工作进行了总结，并对进一步的研究提出了自己的看法。本次设计的全自动洗衣机工艺要求有待改善，不可以单独脱水及洗衣时间的设置；由于时间有限，没做进一步的改善。基于全自动洗衣机在日常生活中广泛运用，本设计具有广泛的推广价值。关键词：全自动洗衣机, PLC, 控制引 言可编程控制器是一种数字运算操作的电子系统, 专为在工业环境下应用而设计。它采用可编程序的存贮器, 用来在其内部存贮执行逻辑运算、顺序控制、定时、计数和算术运算等操作的指令, 并通过数字的、模拟的输入和输出, 控制各种类型的机械或生产过程. 可编程序控制器及其有关设备, 都应按易于与各种控制系统形成一个整体,易于扩充其功能的原则设计。全自动洗衣机其特点是能自动完成洗涤，漂洗和脱水的转换，整个过程不需要人工操作。这类洗衣机均采用套筒式结构，其进水，排水都采用电磁阀，由程序控制器按人们预先设计好的程序不断发出指令，驱动各执行器件动作，整个洗衣过程自动完成。随着计算机的及微电子技术的发展，自动控制系统正在逐步实现硬件化。因此，电动控制洗衣机将逐步退出家电舞台。PLC 的学习比一般编程学习困难在于，要完成一个控制系统不仅需要掌握一定的编程技术，更为重要的是要知道如何针对实际应用的需要选择合适的 PLC 型号，然后进行资源配置，设计控制系统。 最后，在该设计过程中给予极大鼓励和帮助的老师，在此表示衷心的感谢。由于在设计过程中存在许多不足，希望老师指正。 绪 论 1.1选题的背景意义洗衣机是人们日常生活中常见的一种家电，已经成为人们生活中不可缺少的家用电器。在工业生产中的应用也十分广泛，本课题在于工业用洗衣机的研究，工业洗衣机适用于洗涤棉、毛、化纤、丝绸等衣物织品。水磨洗涤机可用于服装厂水洗牛仔服及丝绸等衣物。工业用洗衣机适用于宾馆、饭店、医院、学校、工厂等领域，满足大容量的洗衣要求。但是传统的基于继电器的控制，已经不能满足人们对洗衣机的自动化程度的要求了。洗衣机需要更好地满足人们的需求，必须借助于自动化技术的发展。而随着PLC技术的发展，用PLC作为控制器，就能很好地满足全自动洗衣机对自动化的要求，并且控制方式灵活多样，控制模式可以根据不同场合的应用而有所不同。自动化技术的飞速发展使得洗衣机由初始的半自动式洗衣机发展到现在的全自动洗衣机，又正在向智能化洗衣机方向发展。目前，大部分洗衣机的控制普遍采用固定转换时间间隔的控制方法。为此，采用不依赖数学模型的模糊控制方法设计洗衣机控制器，能较好地解决这个问题。另外随着众多高科技技术在日常生活的普遍应用，城市空中各种电磁干扰日益严重，为保证洗衣机控制的可靠、稳定，选择了能够在恶劣的电磁干扰环境下正常工作的PLC是必要的。随着科学技术的日新月异，自动化程度要求越来越高，原有的洗衣机装置远远不能满足当前高度自动化的需要。可编程控制器洗衣机控制系统集成自动控制技术、计量技术、新传感器技术、计算机管理技术于一体的机电一体化产品；充分利用计算机技术对生产过程进行集中监视、控制管理和分散控制；充分吸收了分散式控制系统和集中控制系统的优点，采用标准化、模块化、系统化设计，配置灵活、组态方便。 1.2可编程控制器国外的状况世界上PLC产品可按地域分成三大流派：一个流派是美国产品，一个流派是欧洲产品，一个流派是日本产品。美国和欧洲的PLC技术是在相互隔离情况下独立研究开发的，因此美国和欧洲的PLC产品有明显的差异性。而日本的PLC技术是由美国引进的，对美国的PLC产品有一定的继承性，但日本的主推产品定位在小型PLC上。美国和欧洲以大中型PLC而闻名，而日本则以小型PLC著称。我国PLC产品我国有许多厂家、科研院所从事PLC的研制与开发，如中国科学院自动化研究所的PLC-0088，北京联想计算机集团公司的GK-40，上海机床电器厂的CKY-40，上海起重电器厂的CF-40MR/ER，苏州电子计算机厂的YZ-PC-001A，原机电部北京机械工业自动化研究所的MPC-00l/20、KB-20/40，杭州机床电器厂的DKK02，天津中环自动化仪表公司的DJK-S-84/86/480，上海自立电子设备厂的KKI系列，上海香岛机电制造有限公司的ACMY-S80、ACMY-S256，无锡华光电子工业有限公司（合资）的SR-10、SR-20/21等。第二章 PLC控制系统设计概述2.1 PLC控制系统设计要求PLC的内部控制结构与计算机、微机相似，但其接口电路不同,编程语言也不一致。因此PLC控制系统与微机控制系统开发过程不完全相同，需要根据PLC本身的特点、性能进行系统的设计。为实现被控对象的工艺要求，以及生产效率和产品产量的进一步提高最大限度地发挥PLC控制系统的优势。PLC控制系统设计应遵循以下步骤：2.1.1 流程图功能说明（1）根据生产的工艺分析控制要求：如需要完成的动作（动作顺序、动作条件及必须的保护和联锁）、操作方式（手动、自动；连续、单周期及单步等）。（2）根据控制要求确定所需要的用户输入、输出设备、据此确定PLC的I/O点数。（3）选择PLC。（4）分配PLC的I/O接口，设计I/O电气接口接图。（5）进行PLC程序设计。2.1.2 PLC程序设计的步骤（1）绘制系统流程图（2）设计梯形图（3）根据梯形图编制程序清单（4）用编程其将程序键入到PLC的用户程序存储器中，并检验后键入的程 序是否正确。2.2 PLC系统设计流程图图2.1系统设计流程图2.3 可编程控制器控制系统设计的基本步骤可编程控制器应用系统设计与调试的主要步骤：（1）深入了解和分析被控对象的工艺条件和控制要求 a、被控对象就是受控的机械、电气设备、生产线或生产过程。b、控制要求主要指控制的基本方式、应完成的动作、自动工作循环的组成、 必要的保护和联锁等。对较复杂的控制系统，还可将控制任务分成几个独立部分，这种可化繁为简，有利于编程和调试。（2）确定 I/O 设备 根据被控对象对 PLC 控制系统的功能要求，确定系统所需的用户输入、输出设备。常用的输入设备有按钮、选择开关、行程开关、传感器等，常用的输出设备有继电器、接触器、指示灯、电磁阀等。（3）选择合适的 PLC 类型 根据已确定的用户 I/O 设备，统计所需的输入信号和输出信号的点数，选择合适的 PLC 类型，包括机型、容量的选择、 I/O 模块的选择、电源模块的选择等。 （4）分配 I/O 点 分配 PLC 的输入输出点，编制出输入/输出分配表或者画出输入/输出端子的接线图。接着就可以进行 PLC 程序设计，同时可进行控制柜或操作台的设计和现场施工。 （5）设计应用系统梯形图程序 根据工作功能图表或状态流程图等设计出梯形图即编程。这一步是整个应用系统设计的最核心工作，也是比较困难的一步，要设计好梯形图，首先要十分熟悉控制要求，同时还要有一定的电气设计的实践经验。（6）将程序输入 PLC 当使用简易编程器将程序输入 PLC 时，需要先将梯形图转换成指令助记符，以便输入。当使用可编程序控制器的辅助编程软件在计算机上编程时，可通过上下位机的连接电缆将程序下载到 PLC 中去。 （7）进行软件测试程序输入 PLC 后，应先进行测试工作。因为在程序设计过程中，难免会有疏漏的地方。因此在将 PLC 连接到现场设备上去之前，必需进行软件测试，以排除程序中的错误，同时也为整体调试打好基础，缩短整体调试的周期。 （8）分配输入/输出点 一般输入点和输入信号、输出点和输出控制是一一对应的。 分配好后，按系统配置的通道与接点号，分配给每一个输入信号和输出信号，即进行编号。在个别情况下，也有两个信号用一个输入点的，那样就应在接入输入点前，按逻辑关系接好线（如两个触点先串联或并联），然后再接到输入点。（9）确定 I/O 通道范围不同型号的 PLC ，其输入/输出通道的范围是不一样的，应根据所选 PLC 型号，查阅相应的编程手册，决不可“张冠李戴”。必须参阅有关操作手册。 （10）部辅助继电器内部辅助继电器不对外输出，不能直接连接外部器件，而是在控制其他继电器、定时器/计数器时作数据存储或数据处理用。 从功能上讲，内部辅助继电器相当于传统电控柜中的中间继电器。 未分配模块的输入/输出继电器区以及未使用 1 ： 1 链接时的链接继电器区等均可作为内部辅助继电器使用。根据程序设计的需要，应合理安排 PLC 的内部辅助继电器，在设计说明书中应详细列出各内部辅助继电器在程序中的用途，避免重复使用。参阅有关操作手册。 （11）分配定时器/计数器 PLC 的定时器/计数器数量分别见有关操作手册。PLC 软件系统设计方法及步骤，PLC 软件系统设计的方法 。在了解了 PLC 程序结构之后，就要具体地编制程序了。编制 PLC 控制程序的方法很多，这里主要介绍几种典型的编程方法。 图解法编程，图解法是靠画图进行 PLC 程序设计。为此，不少 PLC 生产厂家在自己的 PLC 中增加了步进顺控指令。在画完各个步进的状态流程图之后，可以利用步进顺控指令方便地编写控制程序。第3章 全自动洗衣机控制系统的分析3.1洗衣机程序分析PLC投入运行，系统处于初始状态，准备好启动。（1） 按下启动按扭及水位选择开关，开始进水，水满（即水位到达高低）时停止进水。（2）2秒后开始洗涤。（3）洗涤时，正转15秒后暂停，暂停3秒后开始反转洗涤，反转洗涤15秒后暂停，暂停3秒。（4） 如此循环3次，总共180秒后开始排水，排空后（水位下降到低位）开始脱水并继续排水。脱水10秒即完成一次从进水到脱水的工作循环过程。（5） 若未完成3次大循环，则返回从进水开始的全部动作，进行下一次大循环；若完成了3次大循环，则进行洗完报警。（6）报警10秒结束全部过程，自动停机。（7） 此外按排水按钮可实现手动排水；按停车按扭可停止进水、排水、脱水及报3.3.1主接线路如下图所示： 3.1.2 PLC硬件线路接线图3.1.3设计功能顺序如下图所示：3.2 I/O口及定时器/计数器说明I/O口分配表：类别元件端子号作用输入SB1X0启动按钮SB2X1停止按钮SB3X2排水按钮SL1X3高水位开关SL2X4低水位开关输出YV1Y0进水电磁阀KM1Y1电机正转接触器KM2Y2电机反转接触器YV2Y3排水电磁阀YC1Y4脱水电磁离合器KM3Y5报警蜂鸣器定时器、计数器说明：类别器件号设定值作用定时器T02S进水候暂停时间T115s正转洗涤计时T23s正洗暂停计时T315s反转洗涤计时T43s反洗暂停计时T510s脱水计时T610s洗完报警计时计数器C03次正、反洗循环计数C13次脱水（大循环）计数3.3梯形图3.4 语句表 3.5操作说明按下启动按钮，X0为ON，进入工步S20，y0为ON，打开进水电磁阀。当水位到达高水位时，X3为ON，M0自锁，同时断开进水电磁阀，同时T0为ON，记时2秒。进入工步2，电动机正转，开始接通Y1（正向洗涤），并启动定时器T1。15s后，T1触点动作，使Y1为OFF，停止正向洗涤，并启动定时器T2。经过3s的暂停，T2触点为ON，进入工步S22.电动机反转，开始反向洗涤，并启动定时器T3。反洗15s后，T3触点动作，使Y2(反转洗涤)为OFF，停止反向洗涤，并启动定时器T4。经过3s的定时，T4动作，使计数器C100计一次时，同时判段记数次数若为3，并且X4（底水位）接通则进2工步S23, 同时复位C100.若不为3则进入工步S21重新进行从正向洗涤开始到反向洗涤结束的小循环只到 C100是3为止。当C100满3且进入工步S23（脱水）后，边排水边脱水同时 T5记时10秒，10秒后C101通记数一次若C101不为3则进入工步s20开始大循环，若C101是3则进入工步S24,开始报警接通Y5（报警）同时T6记时10秒后T6触点通，复位S20S24,程序结束。结 论经过这段时间的努力，终于完成了我对全自动洗衣机的设计，不仅使自己增长了知识也使我明白了一些道理。开始做设计运用了我在大学三年所学的东西，而且还运用了我们从未接触过的东西。在学习时都认真的学习和很好的掌握了。我的设计虽然只是非常简单的PLC，我明白了无论做什么事情都不能轻视，否则什么也干不成。不管怎样做出来了就是一次成功，还是挺高兴的，然而不得不承认自己还有很多不足之处。致谢 感谢老师在两年内孜孜不倦的教育我们，传授先进的技术和技能，让我们有一技之长，可以在社会上找到满意的工作。这次毕业论文设计，使我在大学即将毕业的最后的实践性环节里，对本专业的知识有了更进一步的认识和提高，为我即将从事的工作打了一个坚实的基础。由于本人的学识水平、时间和精力有限，文中有许多不尽人意和不完善之处，我将在以后的工作、学习中不断加以思考和完善。参考文献1施金良.可编程序控制器.重庆.重庆大学出版社，20062 陈廷全 .可编程序控制原理及应用技术.重庆.重庆大学出版社，20003 郑风翼.郑丹丹.赵春江.图解PLC控制系统梯形图和语句表.北京.人民邮电出版社.20074 刘敏.可编程控制器.北京.机械工业出版社，20025 张新军.电气控制与PLC技术及应用.济源.济源职业技术学院出版社，20066 李道霖.电气控制与PLC原理及应用(西门子系列).北京.电子工业出版社,2005.17 孙平.可编程序控制器原理及应用.北京.高等教育出版社,20038 胡学林.可编程序控制器教程.北京.电子工业出版社,20039 余雷声.电气控制与PLC应用.北京.机械工业出版社,1996为你提供优秀的毕业论文参考资料，请您删除以下内容，O(_)O谢谢！A large group of tea merchants on camels and horses from Northwest Chinas Shaanxi province pass through a stop on the ancient Silk Road, Gansus Zhangye city during their journey to Kazakhstan, May 5, 2015. The caravan, consisting of more than 100 camels, three horse-drawn carriages and four support vehicles, started the trip from Jingyang county in Shaanxi on Sept 19, 2014. It will pass through Gansu province and Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, and finally arrive in Almaty, formerly known as Alma-Ata, the largest city in Kazakhstan, and Dungan in Zhambyl province. The trip will cover about 15,000 kilometers and take the caravan more than one year to complete. The caravan is expected to return to Jingyang in March 2016. Then they will come back, carrying specialty products from Kazakhstan A small art troupe founded six decades ago has grown into a household name in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region. In the 1950s, Ulan Muqir Art Troupe was created by nine young musicians, who toured remote villages on horses and performed traditional Mongolian music and dances for nomadic families. The 54-year-old was born in Tongliao, in eastern Inner Mongolia and joined the troupe in 1975.He says there are 74 branch troupes across Inner Mongolia and actors give around 100 shows every year to local nomadic people. I can still recall the days when I toured with the troupe in the early 80s. We sat on the back of pickup trucks for hours. The sky was blue, and we couldnt help but sing the folk songs, Nasun says. The vastness of Inner Mongolia and the lack of entertainment options for people living there, made their lives lonely. The nomadic people were very excited about our visits, Nasun recalls. We didnt have a formal stage. The audience just sat on the grass. Usually, the performances became a big party with local people joining in. For him, the rewarding part about touring isnt just about sharing art with nomadic families but also about gaining inspiration for the music and dance. Ulan Muqir literally translates as red burgeon, and todays performers of the troupe still tour the regions villages and entertain nomadic families, but their fame has spread around the world. On May 16 and 17, nearly 100 singers and dancers from the troupe performed at Beijings Poly Theater. Their show, titled Ulan Muqir on the Grassland, depicted the history and development of the art troupe. Being from the region allowed me to embrace the culture of Inner Mongolia and being a member of the troupe showed me where I belonged, Nasun, the art troupes president, who is also a renowned tenor, tells China Daily. During a tour in 1985, he went to a village and met an elderly local man, who told him a story about his friendship with a solider from Shenyang, capital of Northeast Chinas Liaoning province, decades ago. The solider gave the old man a handmade saddle when they bid farewell. The story inspired Nasun to write Carved Saddle, a song that later became one of his most popular numbers. Now, every year, Nasun recruits young singers and dancers for the troupe. The troupe has also designed a new repertoire, which is mostly based on the daily lives of Mongolian people, especially the lives of nomadic families, and has combined contemporary musical elements with folk songs of the region. Haimu, a 25-year-old khoomei (a local variant of overtone singing) singer, joined the troupe three years ago. Along with a six-member band, he performs fast songs and soft ones that he writesall while playing the horse-head fiddle.Although I learned the piano since childhood and grew up listening to various kinds of music, to me, the folk music of Inner Mongolia is the root, he says. Performing in remote villages is pleasant. I feel at home on the boundless grasslands, and the warm people there make me feel fulfilled. The first round of spring auction season in Beijing ended last week, but it failed to create much spring in the art market. Although two pieces of Chinese painting fetched more than 100 million yuan, the decline in trading volume and sale rate showed a downturn this year. In the “Grand View: Chinese Painting Highlight” session at China Guardian 2015 spring auctions, Pan Tianshous representative work Eagle, Rock and Flora hit a record auction price of 279 million yuan, while Li Kerans masterwork Jinggang Mountain fetched 126.5 million yuan, an unexpected high in recent years. However, the trading volume fells to 1.87 billion yuan from 2.22 billion yuan in the same period the year before. The Huangchen 2015 Spring Auctions, which recorded 42.5 million yuan in total sales, experienced the same. The section number went down to 5 from 12 compared to last year. According to expert Shao Jianwu, the art market did not attract much excitement this year due to the booming stock market and the persistent problems of forgery and fake deals. The two pieces of Chinese painting notched up high price this spring due to their own value not due to a revival in the market. The successful transaction of two works with a hammer price of more than 100 million yuan once again confirms that valuable and rare works of high quality always earn the long-lasting high price. Chinese painting and calligraphy is still the pillar of the market. However, the overall sales rate has dropped slightly, which reflects the demand for the ordinary auction goods has weakened,” said the president of China Guardians Hu Yanyan. Besides, the entry of new buyers also makes certain changes to the direction of purchasing. In a word, the overall market trend is very unpredictable. Although China Guardian 2015 Spring Auctions has achieved remarkable results, it does not mean that the market has walked out of the predicament. We still have to wait for the big economic boom to invigorate the art market.” Even so, the hot pursuit of some special items appeared this spring. A special session of China Guardian Spring Auctions titled “Fine GiltBronze Buddhist Images” achieved a great deal with total sales volume of 41.89 million yuan and 92 percent sale rate. The 5th Shamar Rinpoche Statue from 16-17th century of Tibet was sold for 5.06 million yuan. The Beijing Chengxuan Auctions featured almost 2,800 items of coins and stamps in three sessions with good sale rate. The Huachen Auctions also set a special session of photographs under the condition of large-scale decline of auction sessions. There was a palpable dull thud of disappointment that accompanied the return of the imperial entourage of Zhen Huan to her homeland. It followed a couple years of hushed excitement as Chinese fans were fed tidbits about their proud concubine who was supposed to conquer the high ground of the North American market. Zhen Huan is, of course, the title character of The Legend of Zhen Huan, a 2011 television series that swept China off its feet and later took other Asian countries by storm. Two years ago, it was reported that HBO, a premium cable service headquartered in the United States, was going to air it in North America after some modification. Now, a condensed version that provides English subtitles but no dubbing has finally been made available on Netflix for online streaming. This version, highly anticipated as a milestone in Chinas cultural foray overseas, has been widely panned by its home audience. Retitled Empresses in the Palace, the American version has been shortened from its original 76 episodes at 45 minutes each, to six 90-minute episodes. The quick pacing threw off many native viewers, who are accustomed to a more leisurely daytime-soap-style narrative rhythm. (Chinese TV stations would run two or three episodes every day.) I did not finish the full-length version and found the truncated one not difficult to follow. Whats lost, I believe, are the interesting setups and pauses that illuminate the Chinese art of storytelling. Much of the plot is still there. It is the flavor that was sacrificed. The American edition uses the framework of the Empress Dowager in her senior years reminiscing at the beginning and the end of each episode, hinting at whats to come and recapping the key points. This device, not used in the original, is culturally understandable but artistically mediocre. What puzzles me is the two new songs for the opening and end credits. They were written in English, but sung by Chinese with an uncomfortable accent. They were obviously designed to appeal to an English-speaking base, but do not jibe with the Chinese dialogue. Speaking of the dialogue, the English translation, picked apart by some Chinese, is too literal for my taste. I can imagine a typical American hit by a flurry of royal ranks, addresses and greetings, even multiple names and titles for the same person. The first half hour must be a swamp to wade through, very much like my experience of getting through a Tolstoy tome with its endless inflections of names transliter