毕业论文-居住区草坪景观设计.docx

浙江农林大学草坪学课程论文 题 目 ： 居住区草坪景观设计 姓 名 ： 班 级 ： 园林121 学 号 : 指导教师 : 完成时间： 2015 年 5 月目 录内容摘要-一、 居住区草坪景观原则及功能-1、居住区草坪景观设计原则-2、居住区草坪景观的功能-二、草坪景观在居住区布局中的位置选择原则-1、人行归家流线及流线外空间原则-2、风环流和日照原则-三、居住区草坪景观设计-1、草坪与微地形-2、草坪与其他植物-3、草坪与道路-4、草坪与建筑-5、草坪与水体-6、草坪与其他园建小品-四、总结-内 容 摘 要居住区草坪景观与人们的生活息息相关，联系密切，所以在设计上应人为本作为最基本理念，一切从居住区人们的生活需求出发，师法自然，并结合景观生态学、美学、土壤学等理论知识，通过与山石、园建、植物、水、地形、园路等其他园林元素的巧妙结合，设置不同功能的草坪景观，创造出清新美好、环境优美而又富有季相变化的草坪景观，在满足功能性和美好的景观视觉两个方面的同时，为市民提供驻足、游憩、观赏、娱乐、休闲、运动等活动空间和带来有益身心健康的舒心的居住区生活环境，使居住区人们能抛开烦恼和工作压力，与家人在草坪上尽情的享受一种回归大自然的健康生活。关键词：生活需求 自然 景观 活动空间一、 居住区草坪景观的原则及功能1、居住区草坪景观的设计原则1.生态原则 随着人们对自身与环境的关系的认识的日益提高，对于生态环境的需求也不断提高。而草坪作为居住区园林的一个重要的组成部分，它的生态性显得尤为重要，应该把生态功能放在首位，充分结合植物、地形、水体、山石等其他园林景观要素整体设计。2.功能原则 在居住区中一定范围内草坪布置方式、平面形态特征及立面地形构成等，都要具备功能性。3.艺术性原则 草坪是居住区景观造园的重要元素之一，可营造出不同的艺术感受，因其在春夏秋冬季节中有自身不同的变化季相，有独特的色彩表现。4.地域性原则 由于地域的差异，每个场地都具有不同的自然环境特征，因此，在进行草种选择时，应尽量选用适应性强，符合当地自然环境条件的草种，因为它们不仅具有良好的生长状况，而且由它们组成的景观更具有浓郁的地方特色，应该是景观设计中的首选基调。2、居住区草坪景观的功能1.美化环境功能 绿色生命的色彩，草坪具备最原始的天然美属性，因其具有独特的纯洁朴实、博大深远、亲切自由、活力生机等特性。 2.陶冶情操功能 现代人由于不断提高的生活水平，快节奏的生活状况，高强压力的工作状态，因而需要更多的放松心情，舒缓身体的休闲场所。3.环境保护功能 草坪能稀释、分解、吸收、固定大气中的有害、有毒气体,通过光和作用转害为利，具有净化空气作用，同时还具有保水保土、降噪吸尘、调节湿度等环境保护作用。4.体育运动功能 生命在于运动，现今城市人们对运动场所的需求是越来越大。 二、草坪景观在居住区布局中的位置选择原则1、人行归家流线及流线外空间原则（1） 主入口空间 居住区的主入口，作为整个居住区的的开端，标志性、可识别性是它的特点，同时具备“门面”的特征，作为过渡空间，它联系了社区与外道路，同时又是一个仪式感、领域感、归属感的半开放人性化空间。（2）、入口景观廊道 入口景观廊道是人们归家进入小区大门后第一道归家线性通道，在空间形状上为收缩形式，是由小区由城市外部空间到小区园区内部空间的一个转换空间，景观设计上既应具有引导人们归家的功能，也应该具有强烈的仪式感、序列感和亲切感，使人们归家时有景可观的同时更有一种舒适感。（3）、室外公共客厅 室外公共客厅是指整个小区住户共同享有的，可用于邻里交流及接待外来客人使用的空间，也是人流归家时的分流转换点，具有观赏展示性和使用性，此空间形式为一个视野开阔的开放空间。草坪在此空间中的布置应利用其低矮开阔的特性设置成较大尺度的观赏草坪或可上人使用的游憩草坪，使人在经过了狭长的入口景观廊道之后有一种豁然开朗的感觉，享受空间变化带来的一种惊喜感、愉悦感。（4）、归家景观廊道归家景观廊道是连接室外公共客厅与组团庭院及建筑入户泛大堂空间的主要交通线路，它不仅起到引导人们归家的作用，而且将室外公共客厅、组团庭院及泛大堂之间的多个景点串联起来，产生动态的连续景观变化，形成一条线性景观带，从而达到归家时步移景换、引人入胜的景观效果。（5）、组团庭院由于组团庭院空间的特性，其空间形式主要应为开放的形式，草坪在组团空间中一般以兼有观赏和游憩功能于一体的草坪为主，既有美观性又可提供居民在上面游玩、休闲之用，使居民们享受亲近大自然的感觉。它在组团庭院空间中既可以作主景形式出现，又可以作为配景。2、风环流和日照原则在小区园林中，游憩草坪一般进行的活动为儿童游戏、晒太阳、耍太极等，使用人群通常为儿童及老人，其场地位置的设计必须考虑小区的日照和风环境，场地性能为需要需要通风及阳光，如在炎热的夏天，草坪应布置在有风且风速可以较大一点的地方，提供人们清凉的感受。反之，如果考虑在寒冷的冬天，草坪则应布置在风速较低的区域，以免在草坪上活动的人们更加寒冷。在设计游憩草坪时，首先，应对小区绿地分析风环境，根据一年四季的风环境进行分析，划分小区场地风速区及静风区。根据绿色建筑评价标准GBT50378-2006，风速小于 1m/s 的为静风区，其他为风速区，而夏季及冬季主要人行活动区室外的适合风速为 1.0 5.0 m/s。其次，根据一年四季的日照环境图，划分场地的日照充足区及日照不足区。总结并分类出各个区域的日照环境特点。最后，综合风环境及日照条件，分析每个区域的环境特点，得出与通风和日照相对应的性能区域：风速与阳光充足区，风速与阳光不足区，静风与阳光不足区，静风与阳光充足区，那么游憩草坪根据其场地性能：需要通风，需要阳光，应设置在小区的风速与阳光充足区。三、居住区草坪景观设计1、草坪与微地形一般来说，园林中的微地形主要可以分平地式、自然式、阶地式等三种，平地面的地形则令视野开阔，给人一种简洁、干净、精致的感觉；自然式的地形类似丘陵般的高低起伏，表面自然流畅，简直就是大自然景观的缩影，令人有一种亲近大自然的感觉，自然式地形按其坡度可以分为缓坡地形 （310 ）、中坡地形 （1025 ）、陡坡地形 （25）；而阶地式地形则丰富了垂直的视线景观，令景观有了竖向上的变化。阶地式的地形还可以分成三种不同形式，各种形式带给人们不同的韵律感。2、草坪与其他植物（1）乔木+灌木+地被+草坪这种配置方式是居住区园林景观中最为常用的配置方式，可以用于不同的空间，同时也是植物景观层次最丰富的，它通过不同高度、不同形状、不同质感、不同色彩的植物互相搭配，形成独特的多重立体绿化景观，创造出不同的绿化景观空间，使居住区人们获得不同的视觉感受。这种配置方式需要注意草坪与地被边界的设计，地被的流线一定要自然流畅，否则会影响草坪的景观效果。（2）乔木+草坪 在居住区景观设计中，通常是运用乔木+草坪的搭配形成景观主体，乔木植于草坪上，由于草坪景观空间具有视野开阔、整齐均一等特征，作为地面背景的草坪，充分发挥了这些特性。此种方式营造的空间为半封闭空间，人们的视线能穿过树林的枝下空间看到远方的景物。（3）灌木+草坪用草坪作基调和背景，在草坪上种植一株或多株灌木形成主要景观视觉焦点，突显出灌木优美的姿态或特色。灌木树形要求姿态优美或是具有特殊的观赏性，如观花、观果或观叶的灌木（4）花卉+草坪花卉的组合通常称为花镜。其自身的色彩效果在是居住区园林绿化设计中起到非常大的作用。而花镜与草坪的组合通常被称为缀花草坪，具体是指在开阔的草地上设置低矮的开花地被植物，草坪与花卉呈相互交融镶嵌的状态，形成开花草地。3、草坪与道路草坪与人行归家道路的结合形成一道线性景观廊道，在道路旁设置草坪，并借助于地形及乔木、灌木、地被丰富草坪边界的竖向景观，带给人们连续的动态景观效果，且不同的结合方式呈现不同的视觉感受，时收时放，空间变化无穷，带给归家人们丰富的景色。小区园林的空间非常有限，道路两侧的草坪的面积大小显得非常重要，草坪太小，视线受阻，令人压抑，且空间显得小气。一般如果人行归家道路宽度为 w，那么道路两旁的草坪离道路的宽度不应小以 1、2w 为宜，最大宽度应根据组团绿地空间和设计理念而定。为了使道路更富于变化和观赏性，通常直接将铺路材料铺于草坪上，形成园路面。4、草坪与建筑建筑是居住区中的主要的构筑物，是人们的主要居住和娱乐场所，在小区园林景观中地位非常显著，其设计也是整个园林景观的重要部分，一般为了展示其特色的设计，在建筑前采用开阔的空间来衬托，采用草坪空间是其中一种。草坪作为贴近地表的比较低矮的景观元素，具有空旷的特性，在建筑前设置可反衬出建筑的设计特点及高大雄伟，同时软化建筑生硬的线条感，丰富景观设计的艺术构图。5、草坪与水体草坪与水体的边界设计一般有三种。第一种为草坪直接自然放坡进入水面，这种形式体现一种生态自然的景观；第二种为水面与草坪之间运用一些景观元素相接，如景石、仿树桩、卵石等等，丰富驳岸的景观效果；第三种为水面与草坪之间直接为硬质驳岸，线条清晰明朗，给人一种精神挺拔的感觉。6、草坪与其他园建小品园建小品如亭子、花架、雕塑、山石等在小区园林布局中常常出现，结合草坪设计时，可利用草坪的平整、空旷、低矮的特性突显出小品在造型上的独特设计，令其成为景观视觉的焦点，并形成一道道美丽的风景线。但是如何能使草坪与园建小品相协调，而不使园建小品在整个草坪上显得比例偏小或偏大，草坪的大小尤其重要，这需要设计师根据项目具体的情况及自己的设计经验进行反复的推敲确定，才能保证草坪与小品的协调性。四、总结本文论述了草坪的景观设计，文章首先提出了居住区草坪景观的设计理念、原则及功能，接着对草坪在居住区布局中的位置选择原则进行分析，分别从人流归家流线及流线外空间和小区的风环境及日照环境进行分析如何布置草坪。然后分析草坪在居住区中如何作为主景和配景运用，详细分析草坪和与其他园林景观要素如微地形、其他植物、道路、水体、建筑等如何相结合造景。为草坪在景观设计阶段提供一些设计思路参考。您好，为你提供优秀的毕业论文参考资料，请您删除以下内容，O(_)O谢谢！AnationalsurveywasrecentlylaunchedtoevaluatetheeyehealthofChinesechildrenandteenagers.OnJune6,ChinasannualNationalDayforEyeCare,theChinaYouthDevelopmentServiceCenterandZhejiangMedicine,aleadinglistedChinesepharmaceuticalcompany,jointlyannouncedthekickoffofthesurvey.Inaboutonemonth,aquestionnairecompiledbytopeyecaremedicalexpertsinChinawillbedistributedthroughmultipleonlinepartners,includingH,aswellasthroughofflinesurveyeventsheldinuniversities,middleschoolsandprimaryschoolsacrossthecountry.Areportwillbereleasedbasedonthesurveystatisticsandanalysis,andmostimportantly,guidelinesforparentsandyouthonhowtocarefortheeyesandpreventmyopiaagrowingprobleminChinasdigitizedsociety,willalsobeattachedonthereport.Myopiaisnotonlyadiseasethatmakespeopleseethingsblurrily,butalsoleadstoseverecomplications,suchasglaucoma(increasedpressurewithintheeyeball),andcancauseblindness,saidZhouYuehua,anestablishedeyecarespecialistwithBeijingTongrenHospital.Itisveryimportantforparentsandchildrentoknowabouttheriskandcarefortheireyes.Thereareabout450millionmyopiapatientsinChina.AmongChinesemyopiapatients,30millionareseverepatients,accordingtoZhouTheprevalenceofmyopiaamonghighschoolandcollegestudentsismorethan70percent,andthesituationiscontinuouslyworsening,headded.SunZhu,directorwiththeChinaYouthDevelopmentServiceCenter,saidlonghoursofstudy,lackofexercise,especiallyoutdooractivities,andattachmenttoelectronicscreenaresomeofthetopreasonsbehindthewidespreadmyopiaproblems,andtheincreaseofyoungerpatients,althoughChinahasmadegreatprogressinimprovingthehardwarefacilitiesandlightingconditionsinschools.Hesaidhehopesthesurveywillalertpeopleonthethreateningsituation,andalsohelpmedicalexpertstobetterguidelineparentsandchildrensbehaviorstocareforeyes,basedonthetimelyandfactualstatisticsthesurveycollected.Aseriesoffollow-upeventswillalsobeheldinsixcities,includingJinaninShandongprovince,andChangshainHunanprovince,toeducatepeopleonhowtocareforeyesafterthesurveystarted. More and more Chinese are jogging to get and stay fit. Most joggers will run alone, but some will jog with friends or even coaches. The Beijing Olympic Forest Park is one of the most popular spots. It is packed with runners in the afternoon, usually after work, and at weekends. Jogging after a whole days work can be a way to unwind. It is true for He Wenjun, whose workplace is right near the forest park. She discovered her athletic aptitude at the age of seven, when she began playing tennis. Then she turned to jogging, and she has persevered with it for 10 years. I come to jog almost every day after work, whenever I have time. I think jogging is good for my health. And for me, a girl, it helps me to achieve to eternal goal, to keep slim, He said. He says she prefers jogging alone, so she can focus better. She loves jogging, even during Beijings smoggy days. If the smog is severe, Ill hold off jogging for a while. But if I really want to get away from work, Ill wear a mask, or just ignore the smog and go on jogging, she said. For those who are not so athletic, jogging also has its attractions. Wu Houbin started roughly two years ago, when he was severely obese. Within two months, his weight dropped from 82 kilograms to 64 kilograms. The success helped him recover health, and he has made friends. Jogging does not require speed, but stamina. If you want to stick to the game, you need to take it as a mission, a habit, and then eventually a hobby, Wu said. But persevering with jogging is not always easy. Jogging is beneficial for heart-lung function, and the skeletal system, but doctors say improper technique damages the joints, especially the knees and ankles. Excessive jogging wears down the body, and harms ones health. Poor technique harms the muscles and skeleton, and can cause secondary injures. And, jogging in a bad environment can cause circulation problems, said Lu Zhiyong, attending doctor, Sports Hospital, General Admin. of Sports.Dr. Lu has some tips for joggers, and those who are thinking of taking it up.He says people should first evaluate their physical condition, to decide the amount and type of exercise, and jogging in the open air is better running on a treadmill. Conrad Macao will run special programs for the entire month of October this year to support the Hong Kong Cancer Funds Pink Revolution, an annual campaign that seeks to raise awareness and funds for breast cancer research, the hotel recently announced. A major sponsor of the campaign for three years in a row, Conrad Macao has pledged to donate a portion of its proceeds to the fund, including those collected from selling its popular bear and rubber duck merchandise, in limited pink editions. Pink is the theme for floral arrangements and decorations in the hotel in October. In addition, on Fridays that month, members of the management and staff will add something pink to their uniforms, regular e-mails and handwritten guest cards. Breast cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer among women in Hong Kong and is also of significant concern in Macao and around the world, regardless of age, general manager Bede Barry said in a statement. The hotel has enlisted the support of a number of international and local celebrities to help drive the cause, including South Korean actor Jung Suk Won. This year, a lucky guest who stays at the hotel during the campaign and also donates money for the cause will win a necklace specially designed by Arte Madrid, a Spanish jewelry brand. Women should strive to balance quality of work and life, and have children at a young age. As a doctor I see much suffering because of this imbalance. Xiao Ying, 36, works for a large law firm. Her job means lots of travel, a heavy caseload and a large number of meetings, so her schedule is hectic. She has been pregnant twice, but had abortions on both occasions because she felt her busy, high-pressure career wasnt conducive to raising a child. She planned to have children once she had achieved career success so she could provide a stable environment for her baby. After 10 years, Xiao felt the time was right, and she tried to conceive for about six months, but was unable to become pregnant. I conducted comprehensive physical checkups. The results suggested that Xiaos ovarian function has declined and a bilateral oviduct blockage has occurred, meaning that in vitro fertilization is her only option. So, after reducing her workload, Xiao underwent IVF treatment. Luckily, she got pregnant after just one treatment cycle, but later experienced vaginal bleeding, and rushed to the hospital. I told her to rest and carry on with the treatment (to prevent a miscarriage). As Zubin Zarthoshtimanesh, a yoga guru, demonstrated postures at a high school stadium in Dujiangyan city, Sichuan province, some 200 students sat on colorful mats watching him closely. It was part of the first India-China international yoga festival in the provincial capital, Chengdu, in Southwest China, where more than 1,000 fans from home and abroad gathered for lessons from 20 leading practitioners of the ancient Indian regimen, from June 17-21. Yoga is to India what perhaps tai chi is to China. Many countries other than India and China, also held the first World Yoga Day on June 21, after the United Nations last year agreed to Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modis suggestion that a special day be marked in the year for the global practice of the stress-busting regimen, which is already a multibillion dollar industry in the United States. Modi said in the speech: Yoga is an invaluable gift of Indias ancient tradition. . It is not about exercise but to discover the sense of oneness with yourself, the world and nature.Zarthoshtimanesh, who runs his own yoga center, Iyengar Yogabhyasa, in the Indian financial capital of Mumbai, says: Chinese students are very respectful. For me, all students are the same no matter what their race is and where they come from. The most important thing is to remove mental walls. Zarthoshtimanesh learned yoga from the late Yogacharya Iyengar and traveled with the master to different countries. Consulate General of India in southern Chinas Guangzhou city organized the Chengdu festival. A terrifying wooden bridge in China has just been replaced by a glass one. This, the worlds longest glass-bottomed walkway, is located in Shiniuzhai Geopark in Hunan, and spans 300m (984f) and is 180m (590f) above ground. The floor is made of double-layered glass that is 24mm (0.94in), and is reportedly 25 times stronger than regular window glass. The bridge had previously been made of wood, linking the two peaks of Stone Buddha Mountain, but 11 engineers working 12 hours a day converted it to glass. Previously, you were considered brave if you steeled yourself to cross the wooden walkway; now, with its glass bottom, the bridge is already being referred to as “hero bridge.” The popular chains longtime executive chef embraces mapo tofu and other exotic elements for the burger-driven menu, Liu Zhihua reports.At the age of 37, Shanghai native Lin Zhengu has become a star as a Western cuisine chef in the Chinese metropolis, a city that has a wealth of Western restaurants. The executive chef of Blue Frog Bar and Grill, a popular burger-based restaurant and bar chain on the Chinese mainland, Lin is the soul of the restaurant franchises team of more than 550 chefs. Many of the franchises most popular dishes are his brainchild. Lin says his secret of success is innovation rooted in experience: He spends months every year traveling and eating worldwide, seeking new ingredients and inspirations that could improve the offerings of Blue Frog restaurants. The restaurant chain regularly launches a new seasonal menu, usually featuring eight new dishes with fresh ingredients. The best-selling seasonal dishes later replace the least popular items on the regular menu, which is usually updated in late fall and boasts a selection of about 40 dishes. Food should have no boundaries, Lin says. As long as the food tastes good and is healthy, it doesnt really matter where it originates or how it is cooked. Lin likes