聚合物锂离子电池设计英文教学讲座材料PPT.ppt

using synchrotron based in situ x-ray techniques and transmission electron microscopy to study electrode materials for lithium batteries x. q. yang, k. w. nam, x.j. wang, y.n. zhou, h. s. lee, o. haas, l. wu, and y. zhu brookhaven national lab. upton, ny11973, usa k. y. chung and b. w. cho battery research center, korea institute of science and technology, seoul 130-650, korea hong li, xuejie huang and liquan chen institute of physics, chinese academy of sciences, beijing, china to be presented at the 4th southern china li-ion battery top forum cltf2009 shenzhen, china, may 25th, 2009 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 us doe energy storage r&d program structure develop full battery systems with industry. (minimum 50% industry cost share) investigate cell behavior to understand and overcome performance barriers of li-ion battery technology. (doe national laboratories) develop novel materials (cathode, anode, electrolyte) that promise increased power and energy. (doe national labs and universities) focused fundamental research applied research battery development (usabc) fundamental research projects funded by basic energy sciences funded by vehicle technologies program funded by office of electricity delivery and energy reliability energy storage for utility applications 17 18 hybrid & electric systems appropriation: $94.1m total energy storage budget $48.2m total sbir/sttr, $2.2mvehicle technologies program, fy 2008 conventional hev battery r&d $18.3m exploratory technology research $11.6m phev battery r&d $18.35m vehicle & system simulation & testing $28.2m power electronics & electric mach. $15.5m energy storage $48.2m 19 batteries for advanced transportation technologies (batt): develop the next generation of lithium batteries activity focus q develop novel materials (cathodes, anodes, electrolytes) q develop and apply advanced electrochemical models q employ advanced diagnostic tools to investigate failure mechanisms q coordinate research effort with the doe office of science current participants q national laboratories lawrence berkeley national laboratory argonne national laboratory brookhaven national laboratory national renewable energy laboratory oak ridge national laboratory q universities brigham young university clemson university columbia university massachusetts institute of technology state university of new york, binghamton state university of new york, stony brook university of california, berkeley university of michigan university of pittsburgh university of texas university of utah focused fundamental research see / 20 020406080100 ev phev hev charge depleting charge sustaining unused energy 100%80%60%40%20%0% battery state of charge (soc) hev phev ev (fully charged) (fully discharged) cs only: 300-500 wh, 25-40 kw (10 sec) 55% soc, 300,000 cycles cs: 300-500 wh, 25-40 kw (10 sec) 30% soc, 300,000 cycles cd: energy scaled for range (10-40 miles), 5,000 deep discharge cycles cd only: energy scaled for 150+ mile range, 1,000 deep discharge cycles battery requirements uncharged capacity 1-2 kwh, p/e 15 5-15 kwh, p/e = 3-10 40 kwh, p/e = 2 020406080100 battery size (kwh) charge depleting (cd) charge sustaining (cs) unused energy battery size (kwh) q key challenges for phev battery dual modes of operation (cd and cs) are durability and cost. 21 development goals hev battery requirements available power (kw)25 (40) available energy (wh)300 (500) cycle life (cycles)300,000 calendar life (years)10 system weight (kg)40 (60) system volume (l)32 (45) cost ($/kw)20 technologies being considered nickelate chemistry based on nca material spinel chemistry based on limn2o4 iron phosphate chemistry based on lifepo4 titanate chemistry based on li4ti5o12 22 applied research activity focus investigate cell behavior understand, extend, and accurately predict li-ion battery life screen and develop low-cost cell materials understand and improve abuse tolerance understand and improve low- temperature performance overcome the commercialization barriers for li-ion batteries current participants q national laboratories argonne national laboratory brookhaven national laboratory idaho national laboratory lawrence berkeley national laboratory national renewable energy laboratory sandia national laboratories q universities illinois institute of technology university of illinois university of wisconsin q industrial material suppliers 39 different material suppliers 23 battery development united states advanced battery consortium (usabc) activity q develop full battery systems through competitive subcontracts with the usabc. all subcontracts are at least 50% cost-shared. q develop performance requirements and standardized test procedures. q test deliverables and analyze against performance targets using standardized test procedures. performance testing at argonne and idaho national laboratories abuse testing at sandia national laboratories thermal analysis and design support at national renewable energy laboratory battery simulation and modeling support at argonne and national renewable energy laboratories 24 commercialized 1 phase 1: materials development phase 2: cell development phase 3: battery development phase 4: cost reduction intermediate term long-term, exploratory near market-ready 7 65 432 commercialization 1.nimh 2.low cost separators 3.ultracapacitors 4.graphite/nickelate 5.graphite/mn spinel 6.graphite/iron phosphate 7.li titanate/mn spinel cost goalperformance goal $20/kw (by 2010)25 kw for 10 sec, 300wh (by 2010) 40 kw for 10 sec, 500wh (by 2010) hev technology development roadmap 25 develop a 25 kw hev system using their nano-phase iron-phosphate chemistry. develop a 40 kw system using a nickelate cell with reduced cost and improved abuse tolerance. develop a 25 kw hev system using a mn spinel-based cell. (recently completed.) develop a 25 kw hev system using a nano- phase lithium titanate/mn spinel cell. hev battery development contracts 26 development goals phev battery requirements phev10phev40 available power (kw)4538 available energy (kwh)cd3.411.6 cs0.50.3 cycle life (cycles)cd5,000 cs300,000 calendar life (years) 10 system weight (kg)60120 system volume (l)4080 cost ($/kwh)500300 cd: charge depleting, cs: charge sustaining power is capped to allow an all-electric mode of driving based on the urban dynamometer driving schedule (udds) cycle. 27 phev battery status near-term: existing technologies that work well for hevs will be re-engineered for phev10. first generation design will be used as the baseline. even for materials that have adequate capacity and energy, an alternative cell format could help reduce weight and volume. one or two technologies will be down-selected for further improvement. long-term: technologies will include high capacity materials and electrolytes stable at 5 volts. need to increase cell energy densities by 50% to 100% to meet system weight and volume for phev40. 28 phev battery status durability - unclear how the two modes of operation (i.e., deep discharges and shallow discharges) will affect battery life. diagnostic investigations to determine failure mechanisms and methods to mitigate them. protect the electrode/electrolyte interface using coatings and additives that form stable surface films. develop new electrodes and electrolytes that have inherent stability. cost - estimated to exceed $1,000 per kwh. needs to be reduced by a factor of 2-3. develop higher-energy chemistries to reduce $/kwh. 29 commercialized phase 1: materials development phase 2: cell development phase 3: battery development phase 4: cost reduction intermediate term long-term, exploratory near market-ready 43 7 6 commercialization 1.graphite/nickelate 2