新初三暑假语法讲义——第四讲 形容词 副词.doc

第四讲 形容词 副词中考要求内容基本要求略高要求较高要求形容词一、掌握形容词在句子中的作用及位置；二、形容词比较等级的构成和常用句型；三、同义，近义，易混形容词的辨析及用法。一、形容词比较级的修饰词二、用比较级表达最高级倍数表达法副词一、副词的基本功能及其在句子中的位置；二、副词比较等级的构成和用法；三、几组易混的副词。副词的用法的深刻理解语法考点形容词清单一、形容词的基本用法形容词是用来修饰、说明名词或不定代词，表示人或物的性质、特征和状态。一般放在它所修饰的名词前作定语，也可独立作表语或宾语补足语等。1.用作定语li mei is a beautiful city girl. 李梅是一个漂亮的城市女孩. （beautiful形容词作定语，city名词作定语）the new student comes from japan. 那个新学生来自日本.2.用作表语my fathers car is very expensive. 我父亲的轿车很贵.the english story sounds very interesting. 那个英文故事很有趣.3.用作宾语补足语dont keep the door open. 别让门一直开着.his success made him happy. 他的成功让他感到幸福.we finally found the dictionary very useful. 我们最后发现词典很有用.真题回放73. 课间时，我们应该保持门窗敞开。（2010年东城一模）we should _ during the break time. 74. 读书不仅能帮助我们获取知识而且能使我们聪明。（2010年朝阳一模） reading books _. 清单二、形容词的位置1. 作定语，一般放在所修饰词的前面。例如：its a cold and windy day.2. 作表语，放在系动词的后面。例如，he looks happy today.3. 形容词修饰something，anything，nothing，everything 等复合不定代词时，须放在其后。例如：would you like something hot to drink？真题回放where would you like to go?（2010年宣武一模）warm places! you know, i dont like to go _.a. cold somewhere b. cold anywhere c. somewhere cold d. anywhere cold4. 表示长、宽、高、深及年龄的形容词，应放在相应的名词之后。例如：how long is the river？ its about two hundred meters long.5. 只能作表语的形容词：afraid 害怕；alone 独自的；asleep 睡着的；awake 醒着的；alive活着的；well 健康的；ill 病的；frightened 害怕的。例如：the man is ill.（正）the ill man is my uncle.（误）6. 只能作定语的形容词：little 小的；only 唯一的；wooden 木质的；woolen 羊毛质的；elder 年长的例如：my elder brother is in beijing.（正）my brother is elder. （误）7. 貌似副词的形容词：lonely 独自的；friendly 友好的；lively 生动的；lovely 可爱的8. 复合形容词：snow-white 雪白的；english-speaking 说英语的；glass-topped 玻璃罩的；full-time 全日制的；well-known 众所周知的；kind-hearted 善良的；man-made 人造的；take-away 可以带走的；ten-year-old 十岁的。9. 两个以上的形容词修饰同一个名词时的排列顺序：限定词一般描绘性形容词表示大小,长短,高低的形容词表示形状的形容词表示年龄,新旧的形容词表示色彩的形容词表示国籍,地区,出处的形容词表示物质,材料的形容词表示用途,类别的形容词名词中心词。例如： an exciting international football match 一场令人激动的国际足球赛a new red sports shirt 一件新的红色运动衫a light black plastic umbrella 一把轻的黑塑料伞a small old brown wooden house 一座小的旧的棕色的木头房子巧记形容词的排列顺序不少学生对如何排列形容词的顺序颇感困惑.在此,我们向同学们介绍一个简单的记忆方法.即请你记住限观形龄色国材这几个字,这似乎有点不大好记,那就请你记住县官行令谢国材吧.其含义分别是:县(限)代表限定词,包括冠词,指示代词,形容词性物主代词,名词所有格,数词等.官(观)代表表示观点的描绘性形容词,如:fine,beautiful,interesting 等.行(形)代表表示大小,长短,高低及形状的形容词,如:small,tall,high,little,round 等.令(龄)代表表示年龄,新旧的形容词,如:old,young 等.谢(色的近似音)代表表示颜色的形容词,如:white,black,yellow 等.国代表表示国籍,地区,出处的形容词(名词),如:english,american,mountain 等.材则代表形成中心名词的材料的形容词,如:stone,wooden,silk,plastic 等.多个形容词同时修饰一个名词时,就按上述顺序排列,然后加上中心名词.例如:a fine old stone bridge 一座古老漂亮的石桥two big round new chinese wooden tables 两张新的中国式的木制大圆桌his large new black foreign car 他那辆新的大型黑色外国轿车副词清单一、副词的分类(1)时间副词表示大体时间：now，then，yesterday，today，tonight，before，just now，recently，so far表示频率：always，usually，often，sometimesseldom，never其它作用：already，yet，late，early，soon，at once，immediately，at first，at last，finally(2)地点副词表地点：here，there，home，abroad，upstairs，downstairs，anywhere，everywhere，nowhere，somewhere注：此处学生易错点-go to there; go to home; on the way to home. 表位置关系(后接宾语时，用作介词)：above，below，round，around，down，up，in，out，inside，outside，across，back，along，over，away，near，off, past(3)方式副词表示谓语动词“怎样地”，(此类副词大部分由形容词加ly 构成)：badly，bravely，gratefully，calmly，carefully，carelessly，nervously，proudly，patiently，politely，sadly，properly，rapidly，wrongly，suddenly(4)程度副词多数用来修饰形容词或副词：much，(a)little，a bit，very，so，too，enough，quite, rather，completely，terribly，deeply，nearly，almost，hardly(5)疑问副词构成特殊疑问句：how，when, where，why(6)连接副词连接主语、宾语或表语从句：how，when，where，why(7)关系副词引导定语从句：when，where，why(8)其它性质的副词对整个句子进行说明，一般用逗号与主句隔开：frankly(坦率地说，说真的)，generally(一般说来)，luckily(幸运地是)，first of all(首先)等。清单二、副词的主要句法功能1. 用作状语。如：he speaks english very well. 他英语说得很好。i often get up at six in the morning. 我经常是在早晨6 点钟起床。he went home yesterday. / yesterday he went home. 他昨天回家了。2. 用作表语。如：ill be back in five minutes. 我五分钟就回来。i must be off now. 我现在得走了。is the radio on or off? 收音机是开着的还是关着的？在一般情况下，作表语时不用副词而用形容词：误：he looks very angrily.正：he looks very angry. 他看上去很生气。误：mr. smith is very carefully.正：mr. smith is very careful. 史密斯先生很仔细。英语中可用作表语的副词主要是表地点的副词以及某些与介词同形的副词，常见的有here, there, up, down, away, nearby, back, in, home, ahead, upstairs, downstairs, off, through, on, over 等。而且这些副词只能用于连系动词be 后作表语，而不用于其他连系动词后作表语，如：误：he seems here. / he seems away.正：he is here. / he is away.清单三、副词的位置1. 一般副词的位置在许多情况下，副词都放在所修饰的动词后面或句末。如：the girl dances very well. 这个女孩跳舞跳得好。we must work hard. 我们必须努力工作。he does his work very carefully. 他做工作非常仔细。i want to see the film very much. 我很想看这部电影。有时也放在主语后面，谓语动词前面(对动作加以强调)。如：he angrily closed the door. 他生气地把门关上了。置于句中的副词，若碰上助动词，则通常放在助动词之后、主要动词之前：he has just left for work. 他刚刚离开去上班。we have already read the book. 我们都已读过这本书。2. 频度副词在句中的位置频度副词表示动作发生的次数，常见的有ever, never, seldom, sometimes, often, always 等，它们通常位于实意动词之前，动词be、助动词、情态动词之后。如：he never reads such books. 他从不看那样的书。he often comes to school late. / he is often late for school. 他上学常迟到。频度副词always 和never 通常不位于句首，除非是祈使句：always remember this. 请时刻记住这一点。never tell him the news. 千万不要告诉他这消息。3.程度副词有以下两种情况a.修饰动词时，它在句中的位置与频度副词的情况相似。如：he is almost forty years old.(在be 动词之后)他快四十岁了。he can hardly understand you.(在情态动词之后)他几乎听不懂你的话。i really like the boy.(在实义动词之前)我相当喜欢这个男孩子。注意：如果句末同时有几个副词，其基本顺序：方式副词+地点副词+时间副词。b.修饰形容词副词时，放在它所修饰词的前面。he studies much harder now.现在他学习努力多了。he runs fast enough.他跑的够快的。注意：enough 的用法考点： enough的用法：修饰名词 enough放前，后均可，通常放前：比如 enough money ,enough time修饰形容词副词，enough放后面：比如：good enough happy enough形容词副词的级清单一、形容词变副词的规律1. 通常情况下在词尾加ly： carefulcarefully slowslowly2. 如果以辅音字母加y结尾的（除ly外），去y加ily： heavyheavily 3. 如果以e结尾的（除le外），去e加ly： truetruly4. 以le结尾的词去e加y：terribleterribly5. 形容词，副词形式相同的： hard，fast，early，late等不规则的变化：goodwell清单二、形容词&副词级的变化规律形容词&副词的比较级和最高级1. 形容词&副词比较级和最高级的词形变化规则变化构成法原级比较级最高级单音节词词尾加-er和-est。这类词多数是由长元音和双元音构成或以两个辅音字母结尾的词clean long cold nearhard fastcleaner longer colder nearerharder fastercleanest longest coldest nearesthardest fastest以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词先双写辅音字母，再加-er 和-estbig hot red sadthin wetbigger hotter redder sadderthinner wetterbiggest hottest reddest saddestthinnest wettest以不发音字母e结尾的单音节词和以-le结尾的双音节词只需要加-r和-stbrave finelarge lateable noblebraver finerlarger laterabler noblerbravest finestlargest latestablest noblest以-y结尾的词，-y前是元音时，直接加-er和-est；-y前是辅音时，变-y为-i再加-er和-estbusy cloudyearly easy happy healthybusier cloudierearlier easier happier healthierbusiest cloudiestearliest easiest happiest healthiest以-er和-ow结尾的双音节词通常加-er和-est。但是eager, power加more和 mostclevernarrow bittermore clevermore narrow more bittermost clevermost narrow most bitter分词词尾-ing和-ed构成的双音节词前加more 和mostcareful excitedbeautifulmore careful more excitedmore beautifulmost careful most excitedmost beautiful双音节词和多音节词在前加more 和mostlearnedtiringmore learnedmore tiringmost learnedmost tiring只能做表语的双音节词加more 和mostafraid alone alivemore afraid more alone more alivemost afraid most alone most alive注：（1）有一些双音节可以加-er, -est，也可以加more, most。常见的这类词有：common, funny, handsome, pleasant, quiet, stupid 等。（2）在以下情况下，形容词加more, most, 而不加-er, -est:由“形容词+ly”构成的副词，加more, most 构成比较级和最高级。fairly, highly, loudly, quickly, rightly, slowly, widely 但是：earlyearlierearliest 不规则变化原级比较级最高级good betterbestwell（健康的，身体好的）manymore most much ill worse worst bad badlylittle less least far farther farthest furtherfurthest old older oldest elder eldest 易混点清单几组词的辨析1.farther 和further在谈论地点，方向和距离时，两者可互换。但further 还有“进一步，更多，稍后，额外”之意，这里不能用farther代替。there is a gas station a few miles farther down the road. 沿这条路走几英里有一个加油站。.we must get further information.我们必须获得更多的信息。2.older 和elderolder 常用于比较的句型，表示“较老的，较旧的，年纪较大的”。elder 只用于比较一家人的年龄长幼，意为“年长的”还可以指“资格老的”都作定语。you bike is older than mine.he is older than you.he is my elder brother.he is an elder teacher.3.good,well,fine 和nicegood 是形容词，用作表语和定语，表示电影书籍等的内容好，表示人品好，善良等。well 兼做形容词和副词，作形容词时只作表语，表示身体健康。this is a good book.-how are you ? 你（身体）好吗？-i am very well./fine,thank you.我（身体）很好，谢谢。fine 通常指天气好，气质好，发育好等。 如：it is a fine day.nice 往往指“令人喜悦的，讨人喜欢的”人味道，言语,天气等。如：nice to meet you!真题回放 mom, you are a wonderful cook. the food tastes really _.(2010年西城二模) you have a sweet voice, dear. a. good b. well c. bad d. badly清单三、形容词，副词原级，比较级，最高级的用法和句型（一）形容词&副词的原级的用法形容词副词的原级常用于asas及not as(so)as两种句型中.1.句型asas,表示两者相比较,程度相同.例如:the old man walks as fast as a young man. 这位老人走路与年轻人一样快.science is as important as maths. 自然科学与数学一样重要.this coat is as expensive as that one. 这件上衣与那件一样贵.2.句型not as(so)as,表示两者相比较,前者不如后者.例如:im not as tall as jack. 我没有杰克高.she doesnt run so fast as i. 她没有我跑得快.this warship is not so big as that one. 这艘军舰没有那艘大.同级比较歌诀：同级比较用原级,asas 不分离; 若是否定加not, asas 否前者.真题回放28.i think lily can sing this song as _ as lucy. yes, you are right.（2010年门头沟一模）a. goodb. wellc. betterd. best3. 需要注意的形容词&副词的原级用法:数词+times+as+形容词&副词原级+as(是的几倍).例如:this tree is twice as short as that one. 这棵树比那棵树矮一倍.my scores are three times as many as yours. 我的分数是你的三倍.this road is four times as wide as that one. 这条马路的宽度是那条的四倍.kelly runs two times as fast as you. 凯莉跑步比你快一倍。asas结构中,若形容词作定语修饰可数名词单数,不定冠词a(an)应置于形容词与名词之间.例如:english is as important a subject as maths. 英语是和数学同样重要的一门学科.uncle wang is as good a man as my father. 王叔叔是与我父亲同样好的一个人.this is as famous a school as ours. 这是一所与我们学校同样著名的学校.asas结构表示尽可能. 句型: .as + 形容词&副词原级 + as possible/one can. we should get up as early as possible/we can.4. 形容词加上定冠词的用法:某些形容词加上定冠词the可以泛指一类人或物，与谓语动词的复数连接，如the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry等。例如：the poor are losing hope. 穷人行将失去希望。（二） 形容词&副词比较级的用法1表示两者之间比较时,用形容词&副词比较级+than或lessthan两种句型。例如: your mother looks healthier than before. 你妈妈看上去比以前健康了.im less interested in basketball than you. 我没有你对篮球感兴趣.真题回放26.the air in mountain areas is _ than that in big cities.（2010年东城一模） a. freshb. fresherc. freshestd. the freshest2形容词&副词的比较级还可以用于以下句型中.1)more and more 越来越.例如: the park is getting more and more beautiful. 这个公园变得越来越美了.china had become stronger and stronger. 中国已变得越来越强大了.2)the+比较级the+比较级 越就越.例如: the more books we read, the cleverer we will become. 我们读的书越多,就会变得越聪明.the harder you study, the better your english will be. 你越用功学习，英语越好。the sooner, the better. 越早越好.the more exercise we take, the healthier we are. 我们越锻炼,身体就越健康.真题回放30.the more you learn, the _ it will be for you to get a job. （2010年宣武一模）a. easy b. easier c. more easily d. easiest3)which is the + 形容词比较级, a or b? 用于两者间较的一个。例如：which is the more beautiful, kelly or maggie? 凯莉和麦琪谁更漂亮？真题回放24.which coat is _, the yellow one or the green one?（2010年通州一模）a. cheap b. cheaper c. cheapest d. the cheapest4)the +比较级+of the two两者中较 的一个例如： he is the taller of the two.5) 隐含比较。经常会出现parents这个词。例如：my father is stronger of my parents.6) 否定加比较表示最高级用于否定最不过his work couldnt be worse.他的工作再糟糕不过了。（三）形容词&副词最高级的用法1三者或三者以上相比较,用the+最高级+名词+范围结构.例如:this is the cleanest place of the city. 这是这个城市最干净的地方.hu yun runs fastest of all the girls in our class. 胡云是我们班女生中跑得最快的.注：of 与 in 区别：of 后加同类范围，in后加不同类范围。2表示最之一,用one of the+形容词&副词最高级+复数名词.例如:the great wall of china is one of the greatest buildings in the world.中国的长城是世界上最伟大的建筑之一.this is one of the most interesting books that ive ever read. 这是我读过的最有趣的书之一.真题回放28. beijing is one of _ cities in the world.（2010年崇文一模）athe biggestb. biggerc. much biggerdbig3which/who is the + 形容词最高级, a , b or c? 用于三者间最的一个。例如： who is the tallest, mary, tom or jack?重难点解析难点一、句型辨析1.“its +adj.+of+sb.+不定式”表示“某人（做某事）怎么样”。注意：这一句型中常用描述行为者的性格、品质的形容词，如good（ 好的），kind（友善的），nice（友好的），polite（有礼貌的），clever（聪明的），foolish（愚蠢的），lazy（懒惰的），careful（细心的），careless（粗心的），right（正确的），wrong（错误的）等。例如，its very kind of you to help me.（=you are very kind to help me.）你能帮助我，真好。its very rude of her to say such words.（=she is very rude to say such words.）她说这样的话，真粗鲁。its foolish of him to go alone.（=he is foolish to go alone.）他单独出去太傻了。2. “its+adj.+for+sb.+不定式”表示“做某事对某人来说怎么样”。注意：这一句型中常用的形容词有important（重要的），necessary（必要的），difficult（困难的），easy（容易的），hard（艰难的），dangerous（危险的），safe（安全的），useful（有益的），pleasant（舒适的），interesting（ 有趣的），impossible（不可能的）等。例如，its not easy for them to learn a foreign language. （=to learn a foreign language is not easy for them.）对于他们来说学好一门外语不容易。its very important for students to listen to teachers carefully.(=to listen to teachers carefully is very important for students.)对于学生来说上课认真听老师讲课是非常重要的。its necessary for us to get to school on time.（=to get to school on time is necessary for us.）对于我们来说按时到校是非常必要的。注：of sb 与 for sb 区别：its + adj.+ of+ sb + to do sth 句型可以转化为“sb + be + adj.+ to do sth”; 而for sb 句型则不可以。真题回放66. 对我来说算出这道数学题很难。（2009年崇文一模）_for me to work out the maths problem.难点二、比较级结构的修饰语1用于原级之前：too, just, quite, so, very, rather, fairly, etc.john is almost as tall as you.the river is three times as long as that one.we have a third as many students as we had last term.2用于比较级前: a lot, much , a bit, even, a little , still, a great deal, far, etc.its cold this year, but its even colder last year.we produced 6% more grain this year than we did last year.真题回放25. jim jumped much _ than john. （2010年崇文一模） yes. he got the first in the sports meet.a. high b.higher c. highest d. the highest32. how do you like english, mary? （2010年朝阳一模）i think its a little _ than math.a. easyb. easierc. easiestd. the easiest3用于最高级前: the first/second（序数词）this hat is by far the largest in the world.gold is the very most valuable of all materials.难点三、as many / few + 可数名词复数+ as或 as much / little + 不可数名词+ as 结构。前者描述数目上的接近；后者描述量的相近。如： you may borrow as many books as you can.你能借多少书就借多少。drink as much water as you can, the doctor said to him. 医生对他说：你要尽可能地多喝些水。真题回放25. at 2010 winter olympics, china won as _ gold medals as sweden. （2010年西城一模）a. moreb. most c. muchd. many难点四、主语+ 比较级+ than any other +可数名词单数或主语+ 比较级+than the other 可数名词复数的结构表示：主语所描述的事物比其它（任何一个）都.。用比较级形式表示最高级含义。如： shanghai is larger than any other city in china.上海是中国最大的城市。li ming is much cleverer than any other student in their class. 李明是他们班中最聪明的学生。诸如not , never 之类的否定词与形容词或副词的比较级连用，表示最高级含义。意为再没有比.更.。如： it is not a better idea. 这是一个再好不过的办法。i have never heard such an interesting story. 我从来没有听过比这更有趣的故事。难点五、would rather . than, prefer . to ., prefer to do . rather than . ，这三个句型表示宁愿.而不.; 喜欢.胜过. ; 宁愿做.而不愿做.含义。虽无比较级形式，但表示比较级含义。如： she would rather die than give in. 她宁死不屈。i prefer playing basketball to going to the cinema. 我宁愿打篮球也不愿去看电影。he preferred to go out rather than stay home. 他宁愿出去也不愿呆在家里。难点六、四朵金花，八大好人：how long，how soon , how often , how far, how old, how many times, how much, how many区别1. how long 表示“时间多久或物体多长”, 表示时间侧重指“一段时间”.针对“how long” 的回答一般是时间段,如: “for three days”, “three years”e.g. “how long were you away last year?” “about two weeks”2. how often 表示“多少时间一次或每隔多久”,是就做某事的频率提问。针对“how often”的回答一般是“twice a year”, “three times a week”.e.g. “how often do you watch tv?”“tree times a week.”3. how soon 表示“多久之后”，侧重某人某事能多快时间完成。 how soon 的回答一般为：“ in + 时间段” e.g. “in two days” “in five years”e.g. “how soon will you be ready?”“ill be ready in five minutes”4how far 表示“多远” how far is it?真题回放1. do you know _ our teacher will be back?（2010年平谷一模） im not sure. maybe in ten minutes. a. how far b. how often c. how soon d. how long 2. _ have you been here?（2010年房山一模）for more than three days. a. how far b. how long c. how much d. how often难点七、形容词，副词几组容易混淆的词及词组1、much too 与too much区别much too 后加形容词。too much 后加不可数名词。例如：much too noisy too much noise2、too, also, either, as well区别also 用在主语之后，too 和either 用在名子末尾。also 和too 都用在肯定句中，either 用在否定名中。as well 句末肯定句。 例：i also have a pen.i have a pen too.i dont have a pen either.3、already 与yet区别already 与yet 都可解作已经。already 主要用于肯定的陈述句中,通常与动词的完成时或进行时连用。例如: our visitors have come already.来宾已到。when she hurried into her classroom, mr. black was already beginning his lesson. 她匆匆走进教室时,布来克先生已经开始上课了。有时也可以和一般现在时或过去时连用,但其动词是延续性的。例如: it is already six.已经六点了。yet 通常与一般现在时或现在完成时连用,多用于疑问句中。例如: has she decided yet? 她已经决定了吗? is breakfast ready yet? 早饭准备好了吗?4gone, lost, missing的区别：gone表示“丢了,没了”,含一去不复返的意思,也可以表示“死了”,作表语或宾补,不可以作定语；lost表示“丢失”,含难以找回的意思,可作定语、表语或宾补；missing表示“失踪了,不见了”,强调某人物不在原处,可作定语、表语或宾补。例如：my fever(高烧) is gone, but i still have a cough.(发烧消退了,但我仍然咳嗽) the parents found the lost child at last.(家长终于找到了迷路的孩子) my dictionary is missing. whos taken it away?(我的字典不见了,谁拿走了？) for more detailed information(详情) of the missing girls, please visit our website(网址).(如果想知道失踪女孩们的详情,请访问我们的网站) 5 living、alive、live、lively的区别：四个词都来源于动词live“生活、居住”。living读 ：“活着的、现存的”,作表语或定语； live读laiv,指东西“活的”,可以替换为living；其二就是：现场的alive读laiv作表语,指人“活着的”,如果作定语,则放在名词的后面；lively读laivli有三个意思：有生气的、活泼的、快活的,生动的、真实的。例如：a living language should be learned orally(口头上).(活的语言应该从口头上学)(被动句) we have a living hope that you will succeed.(我们强烈地希望你能成功) is she still alive? (她还活着吗？) they are the happiest children alive. (他们是活着的最开心的孩子) this is a li