师范英语专业毕业论文.doc

analyzing the ecological concept in walden浅析瓦尔登湖中的生态理念abstractwith the development of society, peoples lives become more colorful, but the environmental issues also are more and more serious. due to too much emphasis on the superiority of the nature, more concerned about the economic benefits and excessive pillaging of natural, resulting in people natural ecological imbalance, human nature and therefore gradually lost. thoreau as a environmental protector, explored the relationship between the environment and human civilization, and formed his own ecological thinking in walden. he believed that humans were an integral part of nature, and opposed to humans over-exploitation of natural resources thus to fulfill his own ecological concept, and practiced it through his own choice . he gave up the life in the bustling world and came to live in walden lake. thoreaus ecological thinking was very important inspiration for todays society as human facing the deterioration of ecological environment . thoreau encouraged people to build their spiritual home, to choose their own way of life, to wake up people s awareness of environmental protection , and to make people aware of protecting the environment is everyones duty in the case of today s ecological crisis. human beings ,as part of nature, should oppose natural privilege. he advocated the harmony between man and nature, encourage people to actively protect the environment, close to nature , in order to achieve a better state of man and nature in harmony !key words: thoreau; ecological thought; experiences; influence 浅浅浅析瓦尔登湖中的生态理念内容摘要随着社会的发展，人们的生活越来越丰富多彩的，但是环境问题也越来越严重，人们过分强调对自然地优越性，更多的关注经济利益而过多的掠夺自然，从而导致人与自然生态的失衡，人性也因此逐渐丧失。梭罗作为一个保护环境者，探索着环境与人类文明的关系，并在瓦尔登湖中形成自己的生态思想。他认为人类是自然不可分割地一部分，反对人类对自然地过度掠夺，并通过自己的选择践行自己的生态观。他放弃都市里的繁华生活，独自来到瓦尔登湖边居住。梭罗的生态思想为为当今社会人类面对日益恶化的生态环境带来重要的启示。鼓励人们构建自己的精神家园，选择自己的生活方式，唤醒了人们的环保意识，使人们认识到在当今生态危机日益严重的情况下保护环境人人有责，人类作为自然的一部分，应当反对人类对自然的特权，提倡人与自然地和谐发展。鼓励人们的积极保护环境，亲近大自然，以达到人与自然地和谐相处的美好境界。关键词：梭罗；生态思想；经历；影响 analyzing the ecological concept in waldenthesis statementthe thesis statement of my paper is to provide an important revelation for people in face of the deteriorating ecological environment through analyzing the ecological concepts as described in walden”, so as to encourage people to build up their own spiritual home, to choose their own way of life, to protect the environment actively , and to promote the harmonious development of man and nature .outlinei introduction ii thoreaus ecological ideas in walden abeing a part of nature. bcriticizing human dominance over nature cstaying harmoniously with nature.iii thoreaus own experience in waldenathe reasons he gave up his modern life. bthe real practices in walden lake.1. living a very simple life, near to nature.2. having rich spirit and colorful inward life.iv thoreaus influence on us aenvironment protection awareness bself-realization and living near to naturevconclusionanalyzing the ecological concept in waldeni. introduction henry david thoreau, american transcendentalism writer, was one of the worlds most influential writers and philosophers in 19th century. on july 12, 1817, henry thoreau was born in concord, massachusetts .in 1837,he graduated from harvard university .after graduation , he returned to his hometown to teach industry . since 1841, he gave up teaching and turned into writing. under the support of emerson, thoreau settled down in concord and began his practice about transcendentalism . during this period, thoreau abandoned poetry writing and began writing essays, writing at first to transcendentalism publication “sundial“, and subsequently his articles came out all over the newspapers and magazines ,.on july 4, 1845, thoreau began a two-year pilot. he moved to the beautiful walden secondary forest, which was not far away from concord, and lived a simple seclusion life . then he left walden on september 6, 1847, and lived together with his friend and mentor emerson again in concord. walden, a collection of essays published in 1854, documents his two years and two months career at walden pond, emphasizing the importance of self-reliance, solitude, contemplation, and closeness to nature in transcending the crass existence that is supposedly the lot of most humans. the book is neither a novel nor a true autobiography, but combines these genres with a social critique of contemporary western cultures consumerist and materialist attitudes and its distance from and destruction of nature. that the book is not simply a criticism of society,but also an attempt to engage creatively with the better aspects of contemporary culture is suggested both by his proximity to concord society and by his admiration for classical literature. there are signs of ambiguity,or an attempt to see an alternative side of something common - the sound of a passing locomotive,for example,is compared to natural sounds. it should come as no surprise that walden is now an icon for environmentalists,and a touchstone for americans seeking to get in touch with nature. its vivid language , profound artistic conception , like a wise old 3man flashed the philosophy of emmanuel and another mountain stream that realm .ii. thoreaus ecological idea in walden. a. being a part of nature. at walden lake， thoreau was thinking about the relationship between man and nature . in that lake, he began to try a new way of life . thoreau walked into walden, depending walden as a partner and his life with the nature as a whole thus opened a prologue. thoreau sought for the harmony between man and nature. in his view, nature is the birthplace of the harmony .therefore, he chosen to live with the moon and stars , enjoying the goodness of nature ,approach to the wilderness to re - establish his position in the natural .he discarded the detuning with natural to assume the important task of starting in harmony with nature . thoreau called on people of natural observation of nature. in his view, only through the realm of intimate contact with nature, you can feel the natural vitality and vigor. thoreau is not just to understand the value of nature but the adaption of mind training to nature. he loved to see the animals “dancing” and the birds “singing”. we can also feel the happiness from his words. all day long the red squirrels came and went, and afforded me much entertainment by their maneuvers. one would approach at first warily through the shrub-oaks, running over the snow crust by fits and starts like a leaf blown by the wind, now a few paces this way, with wonderful speed and waste of energy, making inconceivable haste with his trotters, as if it were for a wager, and now as many paces that way, but never getting on more than half a rod at a time; and then suddenly pausing with a ludicrous expression and a gratuitous summerset, as if all the eyes in the universe were fixed on him,-for all the motions of a squirrel, even in the most solitary recesses of the forest, imply spectators as much as those of a dancing girl,-wasting more time in delay and circumspection than would have sufficed to walk the whole distance,-i never saw one walk,-and then suddenly, before you could say jack robinson, he would be in the top of a young pitch-pine, winding up his clock and chiding all imaginary spectators, soliloquizing and talking to all the universe at the same time,-for no reason that i could ever detect, or he himself was aware of, i suspect. (walden 273-274)2 as a nature lover, thoreau reckoned that mankinds are a part of nature. he deemed that the relationship between human and nature should be “part in whole” rather than “i-you” relationship. thoreau chosen to be a participant instead of an observer in nature. in walden, thoreau did not visit a shore or a forest as an explorer, but came back and forth to the same walden pond, the same nature. there he enjoyed being a part of nature whenever in the morning or the afternoon, wherever in the fields or at his home. he was seeking for a complete harmony with nature, and did not want to do any harm to the harmony on account of his participation. when he was taking a bath, the birds sang around or flitted noiseless through the house. thoreau said in walden,“i go and come with a strange liberty in nature, a part of herself.” a very deep ecosophical consciousness leads thoreau to a course of union of nature rather than use of nature. he proposed that humans should be reverence for everything in nature, not a selfish enjoyment of what he has taken for them. in the eyes of thoreau, nature is a living individual, the relationship between man and nature, is the exchanges and dialogue of soul between man and nature. showing from the natural feelings of poetic beauty. he wrote, a lake is the most beautiful, most expressive looks of landscape, the eyes of the earth; looking at it can measure their own nature shades. lake lake trees eyelashes like trim, the ridges of the mountains surrounding forest and cliff it prominent bushy eyebrows. few words, respectively, to use a metaphor, personification, metaphor rhetorical device, vividly highlights the center position of the walden also sketched out an overview of the surrounding environment and human nature . read walden, the reader will feel the lake the corrugated and forest of the mist as if rendered in their own eyes ; frogs and robins also own ears; wild ducks and diving birds , frogs and turtles, mice and ants also seems to friends and neighbors; calamus reed the river polygonum and potamogeton grass of it dotted around in their own . thoreau revels in spring flowers and autumn harvest, fishing kinds of beans, boating on the lake on the leisurely, revels in god for the gift of the delicious berries, ice and snow of midwinter in a cool lake; there, he saw red snow and green sun and so on. in the poet s pen, everything appears to be as meticulous as the real, natural world bring the peoples feelings and personality, and even the cabins chimney smoke also such a holy god bird and incense : the wings light show smoke ah, icarus 3bird rising up your feathers necessary ablation, the quietly silent lark, messenger of dawn, hovering over the village houses, when you nest; otherwise you lose dream, midnight magic figure, finishing your skirt sang; cast a veil to the stars at night, during the day, to discredit the bright, obscured the sunlight; incense go, this stove rising, saw gods, please forgive this brightly lit the fire.“his love of nature in his pen, rose to a heartfelt gratitude and awe, read here, the spirit and life of each individual will all prance. everything here, have the figure of the author, emotions and experiences. thoreau advocates of natural, but a very relaxed and natural relationship has nothing to do with any moralizing .”(陈慧 156-158)in nature, he sought,a childlike, pastoral pleasure, an unfettered freedom of a climate conducive to the physical and mental health panacea, an external simple, heart lifestyle. natural in front of him, filled with great, pure, beautiful, spectacular, charming, timeless qualities. in early 19th century german poet hlderlin once said , man , poetic dwelling above the earth . thoreau was the first practicer in walden , who lived a simple , transparent , free , and enjoy the warmth of nature life . that is without the slightest pollution and extremely pure life , religious and artistic life , it is also a philosophy of questioning the existence of the german philosopher martin heidegger wrote that life for the people in the land of poetic dwelling (胡友红46-47 ) it is the practice of a soul . days in walden , thoreau accurate calculation of own consumption of goods every day , thanksgiving blessings of land, forests , fields , lakes , food , air , sunlight, water from the natural wilderness . in two years and more than two months time , he was a day to listen to the voice of nature wan lai , a quiet starry sky and night nature , nature dawn with thinking in the early morning to obtain the purity of the soul , the natural life soothe and settle . and thoreau contemporaries famous u.s. senator george evans said in an evaluation of walden , whenever the light of civilization in a destructive shadow hanging over you .”lakes will put you into the arms. it will give you inject fresh blood ; it will take you from a weak to a strong man and soon , you will be concerned about the world with a calm state of mind . thoreau in walden environment had their own every day , without the presence of any obstacles in the affinity between man and nature . 3 because of the broad nature of the broad-minded , natural selfless and transparent due to natural beauty rather have a lofty soul . at walden pond , he lives alone to meet . in walden thoreau s love of nature is a high degree of awareness of the universality of human emotions and the realm of life , implies caring for all life . thoreau s pursuit of the highest meaning of life , the pursuit of harmony between man and nature , the yearning for the simple life , adhere to independent thinking and personality . thoreau on all the good things of the natural world is full of heartfelt love and respect , loving those beautiful days made things natural landscape , the river has deep life care and life experience . it seems that all this is sacred and not profane . b.criticizing human dominance over nature. thoreau loves nature very much and he regards himself as a part of nature, so he criticizes human dominance over nature. when thoreau began his life at walden, the industrial revolution was in full force. its influence upon life is best illustrated in walden by the locomotive which passes daily by the pond, its whistles and rumbling contrasting with the natural sounds of the birds. village life now runs at a faster pace, railroad time, leaving even less time for the contemplation of self and nature which thoreau desires. such progress has a negative impact upon peoples lives and upon the environment, the purity of which it pollutes and destroys. humans are not the natural conquerors and administrators, but natural and other biological equality of a ecological crisis now threatens the survival of human beings and the earths biosphere is the origin in western society for a long time , even in the whole of human society dominated by anthropocentrism , its origins can be traced back to the bible . bible in the positioning of the human is the center of the whole of nature .nature all the service of humanity , by human management and governance .jewish - christian doctrine to them as the natural center of the concept of rule of our thoughts , “ humanity to see itself as the master of all substances on earth , that everything on the earth - life and non- life animals, plants and minerals - even the earth itself is specially created for human beings . the human central idea leads to uncontrolled exploitation and plundering of the human society on the earths resources .the the human central idea is the ideological roots of the global ecological crisis , if we really want to reverse the trend of ecological deterioration and destruction of earth, the fate of the reflection of human thought themselves masters of the earth , must fundamentally , no longer acts as a conqueror and administrator of the earth abandon the natural desire to conquer the possession , given the natural subjectivity , allowing humans to restore their original role - nature an equal to other biomes . period of rapid development in the capitalist industrial civilization , when extreme swelling in the humanistic , thoreau can recognize human insignificance and the greatness of nature , which is very valuable . today, we should realize that it is human ignorance and arrogance led to the wanton destruction of human beings on the planets ecosystems . only the return of the the inherent human role , as the earths biosphere and other species an equal them as equals , be possible to save the common home planet of humans and other organisms .against industrial civilization, science and technology as the forerunner of the over-exploitation and plunder of natural thoreau hold opposing views on the development of industrial civilization is that not only failed to progress positive significance for the development of industry and commerce of the human , but hindered the true spirit of human taste the meaning of life . for commercial telegraph train kind of things called a symbol of social progress and the development of civilization , thoreau that humans should not be blind to the so-called invention and innovation , but should seriously consider them true human happiness and liberation useless .thoreau also sees these so-called progress after heavy and bloody price - if a group of people who happily drove past on the rails , there might t be another group of unfortunate people below ride is pushed past for the excessive development of science and technology , thoreau also think that there is no need . henry david thoreau said : our invention is often pretty toys, just to attract our attention , so we leave the serious things . c.staying harmoniously with nature. thoreau at walden living in the nature and experience the natural beauty of the smart , explores the harmonious blend of nature and people . thoreau to build houses of wood in the forest and the beast is adjacent to the natural beauty of the smart , the five senses . forest harmonious and pleasant voice , the night forest thrush singing early morning rooster crowing sound , the sound of frogs calling evening preval lake 4played