中国文化概况Cha.ppt

Chapter 3 Literature A Glimpse of Chinese CultureA Glimpse of Chinese Culture 本章教学的目的 n1. 中国文学史的基本发展脉络; n2. 中国文学史上的一些名著和现代名 作家的基本知识; n3. 文学作品中脍炙人口诗句的英文翻译。 本章教学的重难点 n1. 古典文学发展脉络 n2. 古代四大名著 n3. 20世纪伟大作家 n4. “网络文学”利弊讨论 本章教学的时间安排 n教师课堂讲解（60 minutes） A Brief Introduction (3 minutes) Classical Literature (47minutes) Great Writers of the 20th Century (10 minutes) n讨论 (10minues) n学生课件展示 (30minutes) 课文讲解 n1. A Brief Introduction n2. Classical Literature n3. Great Writers of the 20th Century Brief introduction (3 minutes) Four main periods of Chinese literature development : nClassical: prelate Qing nModern: 1840May 4th, 1919 nRevolutionary: 19191949 nContemporary: 1949present Classical Literature (47minutes) nDefinition It refers to literary works from the days before the Qin Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty. Characteristic Characteristic It is virtually an unbroken strand enduring dynastic changes. WorksWorks The Book of Songs (诗经) and Poetry of the South (楚辞) are regarded as the two peaks of Chinas earliest literary. The Book of Songs诗经 (3 minutes) nWhat is it ? nThree sections: FengFeng (folk ballads) (folk ballads) YaYa (dynastic hymns) (dynastic hymns) Song Song (sacrificial songs)(sacrificial songs) A collection of Chinas 305 oldest poems from the A collection of Chinas 305 oldest poems from the Early WesternEarly Western Zhou Zhou Dynasty to the middle Spring Dynasty to the middle Spring and Autumn Period; regarded as the earliest and Autumn Period; regarded as the earliest realistic literature in China.realistic literature in China. Guan-guan go the ospreys, On the islet in the river. The modest, retiring, virtuous, young lady: For our prince a good mate she. Here long, there short, is the duckweed, To the left, to the right, borne about by the current. The modest, retiring, virtuous, young lady: Waking and sleeping, he sought her. He sought her and found her not, And waking and sleeping he thought about her. Long he thought ; oh ! long and anxiously ; On his side, on his back, he turned, and back again. Here long, there short, is the duckweed ; On the left, on the right, we gather it. The modest, retiring, virtuous, young lady: With lutes, small and large, let us give her friendly welcome. Here long, there short, is the duckweed ; On the left, on the right, we cook and present it. The modest, retiring, virtuous, young lady: With bells and drums let us show our delight in her. Poetry of the South 楚辞 (2 minutes) nPoetry of the South is derived from the songs of the southern state of Chu during the Warring States Period. nIt pioneered romanticism in Chinese poetry. nThe verse of Poetry of the South are freeer than those of The Book of Songs. It is not fixed to four characters per line, and the character of “xi” (兮) is often put in the middle or the end of some lines. Qu Yuan and His Masterpieces nQu Yuanthe earliest known famous Chinese poet nMasterpieces: Sorrow after Departure Sorrow after Departure离骚离骚 Ask HeavenAsk Heaven天问天问 Nine ElegiesNine Elegies九章九章 Nine SongsNine Songs九歌九歌 Appreciating famous lines 路漫漫其修远兮， 吾将上下而求索。 The journey is long, Ill search up and down. The Prose of the Pre-Qin Period (先秦子学) （5 minutes) The prose in the pre-Qin period includes historical prose (历史散文) and philosophical prose ( 诸子散文). Historical prose The Book of History 尚书 Spring and Autumn Annals 春秋 Zuo s Commentary 左传 Intrigues of the Warring States 战国策 Discourses of the States 国语 Philosophical prose Lao Zi (Dao De Jing), Mo Zi, Mencius, Zhuang Zi ,The Analects of Confucius Han Dynasty Literature（minutes） hanfu (汉赋) also called rhyme prose. It is a popular literary genre originating in the Han Dynasty. It emphasizes elaboration and description, and is the combination of poem and prose. It includes long essays (大赋) and short essays (小赋). Representative Hanfu On Faults of Qin 过秦论 Records of the Grand Historian史记 yuefu folk songs (汉乐府民歌) It features five-character lines and reflects the reality and life of lower-class working people. Outstanding Yuefu Folk songs Southeast the Peacock Flies 孔雀东南飞 The Ballads of Mulan 木兰诗 The Ballads of Mulan and Southeast the Peacock Flies Disney Pictures Mulan Southeast the Peacock Flies Appreciating famous lines n唧唧复唧唧； 木兰当户织。 不闻机杼声； 唯闻女叹息。 木兰诗 nAlack, alas! alack, alas! She weaves and sees the shuttle pass. You cannot hear the shuttle, why? Its whir is drowned in her deep sigh. n天苍苍，野茫茫， 风吹草低见牛羊。 (敕勒歌) nVast is the sky, boundless the wilds, grazing cattle are revealed as the grass bend dawn in the wind. The Chile Ballad The Literature in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (3 minutes) A new genre The stories recording spirits and anecdotes (志人志 怪小说) Outstanding works of this period The Peach Blossom Spring 桃花源记 The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons文心雕龙 The Tang Poems（10 minutes） nThe Complete Anthology of Tang Poems全唐诗 The biggest-ever collection of Chinese poetry. nThe development of poetry in the Tang Dynasty can be classified into four stages: Early Tang, High Tang, Mid Tang and late Tang The Four Literary Eminences (初唐四杰) nWang Bo, Yang Jiong, Luo Binwang, and Lu Zhaolin nTheir poems, in a refined language, boast beautiful tonal patterns and rhyme schemes. Li Bai and his poems nLi Bai, the “Celestial Poet (诗仙)”, has long been regarded the greatest romantic poet in Chinese literature. nIn his poems, imagination, exaggeration, diction and sonorous rhythms are blended effortlessly. nThinking in the Silent Night 静夜诗 nHard is the Road to Shu 蜀道难 nDreaming of Sightseeing in the Tianmu Mountains梦游 天姥吟留别 床前明月光， 疑是地上霜。 举头望明月， 低头思故乡。 李白 静夜诗 nAbed, I see a silver light, I wonder if its frost aground. Looking up, I find the moon bright; Bowing, in homesickness Im drowned. Li Bais A Tranquil Night Du Fu and his poems nDu Fu, the “Saint Poet (诗圣)”, has been considered as the greatest realistic poet in Chinese literature. nHe developed a depressing and meticulous literary style. n“Three officers” (三吏) The Xinan Officer 新安吏 The Shihao Officer石壕吏 Officer at Tongguan Pass潼关 吏 n“Three Partings” (三别) Parting of the Newly-wed新婚 别 Parting of the Old垂老别 Parting of the Homeless无家别 Bai Juyi and his poems nThe outstanding poet Bai Juyi succeeded Du Fu with poems reflecting the reality of society. nSatirical and allegorical style nThe Old Charcoal Seller 卖炭翁 nSong of Eternal Sorrow 长恨歌 nSong of A Pipa Player 琵琶行 后宫佳丽三千人，三千宠爱在一身。 Though many beauties were in the palace, More than three thousand of them, All his favors were centered on her. Song of Eternal Sorrow 长恨歌 Ci in the Song Dynasty（2minutes） nCi: Instead of regulated poetry, ci could express more refined and delicate feelings with irregular meter. nWhat is Cipai ? Name of the tune to which a ci poem is composed. nFamous poets nSu shi, Lu You, Xin Qiji, and Li Qingzhao Li qingzhao and Slow Slow Song 声声慢 n寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄 惨惨戚戚。乍暖还寒时候，最 难将息。 nIve a sense of something missing I must seek. Everything about me looks dismal and bleak. Nothing that gives me pleasure, I can find. Even the weather has proved most unkind. Yuanqu in the Yuan Dynasty（3 minutes ） nYuanqu includes sanqu (散曲: non-dreamatic songs) and zaju (杂剧: poetic drama). nMa Zhiyuan and Autumn Thought秋思 nGuan Hanqing and The Injustice to Dou E窦 娥冤 Ma Zhiyuan and Autumn Thought秋思 nOver old trees nWreathed with rotten vines fly evening crows; nUnder a small bridge near a cottage a stream flows; nOn ancient road in the west wind a lean horse goes. nWestward declines the sun; nFar, far from home is the heartbroken one. n 天净沙 秋思 马致远 枯藤老树昏鸦， 小桥流水人家， 古道西风瘦马。 夕阳西下， 断肠人在天涯。 Fiction in the Ming and Qing Dynasty（ 14 minutes） Four famous Chinese classics of literature Romance of the Three Kingdoms 三国演义 Water Margin水浒传 Journey to the West西游记 Dream of the Red Mansions红楼梦 Townsfolk literature Three Volumes of Words and Two Volumes of Slapping 三言二拍 Satirical novel The Scholars 儒林外史 Strange Tales from a Scholars Studio 聊斋志异 Romance of the Three Kingdoms nThe earliest long Chinese novel. n n Based on history books Based on history books and folk legends, the and folk legends, the plot centers on the rise plot centers on the rise and fall of the three and fall of the three kingdoms of Wei, kingdoms of Wei, ShuShu and Wu, and on the and Wu, and on the complex political, complex political, military, and diplomatic military, and diplomatic struggles during that struggles during that period. period. Water Margin nIt was the first novel to deal with the subject of peasant revolts in China. nIt is about the story of the rebellion of the 108 heroes at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty. Journey to the West nAn outstanding romantic work full of fantastic tales. And also a masterpiece about deities (神仙) and ghosts. n n It tells of the Tang It tells of the Tang Dynasty monk, Dynasty monk, XuanXuan ZangZang overcoming 81 overcoming 81 adversities and adversities and defeating various defeating various monsters and demons monsters and demons before finally reaching before finally reaching India, assisted by his India, assisted by his three disciples:three disciples: Sun Sun Wu Kong, Zhu Wu Kong, Zhu BaBa JieJie, , and and ShaSha SengSeng . . Dream of the Red Mansions nThe greatest novel in Chinese literature. nThe central thread of the novel is the tragic love story between Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu. Instead of just telling the love story, it taps the social origins of the tragedy through probing deeply into the characters minds and complicated relationships. Great Writers of the 20th Century (10 minutes) n Two peaks of Chinese modern literature The May 4th Movement in 1919and the opening-up policy in 1978 have produced two peaks of literary prosperity. n Eight great writers of the 20th century Lu Xun, Guo Moruo, Mao Dun, Ba Jin, Laoshe, Cao Yu, Shen Congwen and Ai Qing Lu Xun (1881-1936) nA great thinker, a revolutionary figure in literature with pioneering thoughts and also one of the founders of modern literature in China. n n A Madmans Diary A Madmans Diary 狂人日记狂人日记 n n Call to ArmsCall to Arms呐喊呐喊 n n The True Story of Ah The True Story of Ah QQ阿阿QQ正传正传 n n Wandering Wandering 彷徨彷徨 n n Old Tales RetoldOld Tales Retold 故事新编故事新编 Guo Moruo (1892-1978) nHe was a writer, poet, dramatist, historian, archaeologist, paleography (古字体) expert, and a social activist. n n The GoddessThe Goddess女神女神 n n Qu Qu Yuan Yuan 屈原屈原 n n Zhuo Wenjun Zhuo Wenjun 卓文卓文 君君 n n Wang Wang Zha