育才分流英语语法词法精品辅导.doc

育才分流英语语法词法精品辅导名词、主谓一致、介词、代词名词【要点点拨】一.可数名词的复数构成规则：1.规则变化：加-s,-es；辅音字母加y结尾的去y加ies；把f/fe变成ves；(1)keys,three Henrys；stomachs；safes；beliefs；proofs；roofs；gulfs；chiefs；heroes；potatoes；tomatoes；Negroes；dingoes A(2)缩写,数字,字母等在后面加s或s都可,如：some VIPs(VIPs)；in his 50s/50s；in the 1990s/1990s；There are two ts in the wordletter.2.不规则变化：(1)men,children,feet,teeth,geese,mice；oxen等；(2)单复数形式相同：sheep；deer；fish；means；works(工厂)；Chinese；Japanese；Swiss；(teas,fruits,fishes,metals等表示种类)；(3)只有复数形式：trousers,glasses(眼镜)；remains(遗体/物)；clothes；ashes；contents(目录)；goods；customs(海关)；arms(武器)；(4)复合名词的复数形式：shoe shops；lookers-on；grown-ups；passers-by；daughters-in-law(5)表示某国人的复数形式：A：单复一样：Chinese/Japanese)B：把man变成men：Englishmen；Frenchmen；C：其它加s(包括Germans)一、不可数名词1.量的表示：用some/a little/much等表示数量的词(组)及单位名词(量词)，用得较多的有piece,article,bottle,head,loaf,bar等：a piece of advice/bread/news/information/equipment/chalk/cloth/clothing/music/work/furniture/paper/wood/baggage；a loaf of bread；a bar of chocolate；two head of cattle 2.不可数名词具体化：These games are great successes；The party was agreat success.二、名词的所有格：1.表示有生命的名词后加s,如一样东西为几人共有，则在最后一个名词后加s：Jack and Toms room(两人共有的房间)；Jacks and Toms rooms(两人各自的房间)；表示无生命的名词的所有格用of表示：the windows of the room；(但表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命的名词后也可加s：Chinas industry；todays paper；ten minuteswalk)2.表示某人家里某店铺等的名词所有格后省略所修饰的名词：at my aunts(house)；at the doctors(office)；go to the chemists(shop)；3.双重所有格：a/an/this/that/these/those/some/any/a few/no/every/several/such/another/which等+名词+of+.s/名词性物主代词(表示部分的概念或表示某种感情色彩，如：赞赏、讨厌等)；比较：a friend of her mothers她母亲的一个朋友(强调她母亲的朋友中的一位，为双重所有格)a friend of her mother她母亲的朋友(强调两人间的关系，为of所有格)a picture of his brothers(他弟弟的所拥有的照片中的一张，照片上不一定是他本人)a picture of his brother(他弟弟本人的一张照片，照片上就是他本人)三、名词作定语修饰名词：前一个名词表示后一个名词的特点、性质及用途；(1)一般前面的名词用单数形式，复数加在后面主体名词上：shoe shop(s)；story book(s)；coffee cup(s)；physics teacher(s)；个别名词修饰另外一个名词用复数形式：sales manager；sports meet；由man/woman与另一个名词构成复合名词两者都变复数：men/women doctors；(2)比较名词作定语及形容词作定语的不同意义：a dust bag(a bag for dust)装灰尘的袋子/a dusty bag布满灰尘的袋子a chemical change化学变化(具有化学性质的变化)/a chemistry teacher(a teacher of chemistry)一个化学老师a gold watch一只金表(表材质)/a golden watch一只金黄色的表五.英语中很多的表达：只修饰可数名词：quite afew/a great many(of)/many/a(large/small)number of只修饰不可数名词：a great deal of/a great amount of(great amounts of)既可修饰可数也可修饰不可数名词：plenty of/a lot of(lots of)/a(large)quantity of/large quantities of主谓一致【要点点拨】英语句子中谓语动词的数必须与主语的人称和数取得一致，这就叫做主谓一致。解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。1：either,neither,each,one,the other,another,anybody,anyone,anything,somebody,someone,something,everything,everybody,everyone,no one,nothing,nobody做主语时，谓语一般用单数。Neither of the two sentences is correct.Everything around us is matter.(注意：none,neither,all,any作主语时，谓语可用单数，也可用复数，具体取决于说话人的意思。)None of them owns/own acar.Neither of the boys are/is interested in geography.All are here.And all that can be done has been done.2：表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词做主语时，谓语用单数。Five minutes is enough.Four hundred francs is alot of money.3：eachand each，everyand every；noand no；many aand many a等结构由于强调个体行为，因此谓语动词使用单数。Each boy and each girl has got anew English-Chinese dictionary.No sound and no voice is heard for along time.4：从句、不定式、动名词或短语作主语时谓语动词使用单数形式。To say something is one thing,to do it is another.(to say something,to do是不定式)How do you do?is not aquestion but agreeting.(How do you do?是句子，作主语)(注意：what引导主语从句时应注意其所指的具体内容来确定谓语的单复数。)What we need is more time,while what they need are more doctors and medicines.5：one and ahalf后面带名词的复数，谓语动词常用单数。One and half bananas is left on the table.6：用and连接的两个名词表示单一概念时谓语动词使用单数。The headmaster and Party secretary is going abroad next month.Bread and butter is my usual breakfast.7：有些名词呈复数形式，但并不表示复数概念。The news is disappointing that achemical works is to be built in the west of the city.8：名词由and或bothand连接主语时，谓语动词使用复数形式。Both coffee and beer are on sale in the shop.9：people,public,police,cattle做主语时，谓语动词习惯上使用复数。The police have caught the murderer.And people are talking about the news.考点10：表示成双、成套的名词作主语时，谓语动词使用复数。Your trousers are too long,but these shoes fit you quite well.但有a pair of连接时，谓语动词使用单数。A pair of gloves is anice present for her.11：不可数名词作主语，但前面有表示数量的复数名词修饰时，谓语动词用复数。Three million tons of oil are exploited every year in the oil field.12：在or,either-or-,neither-nor-,not only-but also-,not-but-,there be等结构中，采取就近原则，即谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于最靠近的主语的单复数。Either the teacher or the students are to blame.Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film.考点13：下列结构用于引起一个附加的成分，谓语动词的形式应不受附加成分的影响而于前面的主语取得一致：as well as；rather than；like；except；besides；with；along with；including；such-as-；No one but Jack and Mary knows about it.I as well as they am ready to help you.考点14：some of；plenty of；a lot of；most of；the rest of；all(of)；half(of)；分数或百分之+of+名词做主语时，以名词的单复数为准。A lot of students are waiting outside.And lots of the time has been wasted.More than 70%of the earths surface is covered by water.Ten percent of the apples are bad.The rest of the story needs no telling.He stayed at home and the rest of the boys were out at play.15：由a kind of；this kind of；many kinds of和名词+of this kind等以及与kind意思相近的type,sort等构成的类似的短语做主语时，谓语动词与of前的名词取得一致。This kind of apple sells well in China.Apples of this kind are highly priced.16：more than开头的句子，看其后面的名词。More than one answer is written on the blackboard.More than two hundred soldiers were killed in the battle.17：定语从句中谓语动词的形式与先行词一致，但one of+复数名词+who/that/which引导的定语从句的谓语动词的形式看one的前面是否有the(only)等修饰语，有为单数，无为复数。This is one of the best books that have appeared this year.She is the only one of those women who doesnt know athing about knitting(编织).18：population；company；class.team；family；group；nation；world；government等词做主语时，如果强调整体，谓语动词使用单数；如果强调组成成员，谓语动词使用复数。Our family has areunion every year.His family are waiting for him.19：the+形容词，表示一类人，谓语动词用复数；若指单数，则用单数谓语动词。The rich are for the plan,but the poor are against it.The true is to be distinguished from the false.真实应与假相区别。(the true/the false表单数概念)20：a number of+复数名词结构应用复数动词。the number of+复数名词结构应用单数动词。如：A number of people were killed and injured in the explosion.The number of people who were killed in the tsunami(海啸)has grown to 160,000.介词【要点点拨】复习时要把握三点：A.要注意理解情景意义：同一介词可表达多种意义，同一场合意义不同则介词不同。He hasnt come for amonth.(for持续时间)The day is warm for April.(for就而言)B.要突破几个关键介词in,on,at,with,by,from,of,to,for.1.表示时间的：at；in；on,since,from,to,after,within,during,throughout,towards,over,by,till；2.表示穿越的：through,across,over 3.表示地理位置的：in；on；to；4.表示原因、目的的：for；with；from；5.表示关于的：about,concerning,regarding,with regard to,as for,as to；6.表示根据：on；according to；7.in the corner；on the corner,at the corner的区别8.between和among 9.besides；except；but；except for 10.in和with C.要注意介词搭配，集中归纳，反复练习。1.固定与to构成搭配的名词：key,answer,visit,apology,introduction,note,etc.2.与on有关的：mercy,congratulations 3.与at有关的：angry,good,bad,clever,terrified,surprised；4.与of有关的：afraid,sure,full,tired,fond,proud,worthy,certain；5.与with有关的：angry,strict,careful,busy,poplar；6.与to有关的：next,good,polite,kind,cruel,rude,known,anxious,married,close,near,similar,due；7.与for有关的：sorry,good,free,fit,unfit,eager,anxious,hungry；8.与from有关的：far,different,free,safe,absent,tired.代词【要点点拨】1、在定语从句中，当先行词是代词he/she/those/anyone等时，从句的引导词指人时用who,指物时用that。e.g.Those who know the answer can go on with the other exercises.He who does not reach the Great Wall is not atrue man.Anything that benefits the people will be accepted.2、all(both,every,each)not=not all(both,every,each)构成部分否定，他们的全部否定分别是：none,neither,no one(nothing)e.g.Not all the students could understand his explanation.Each child can not go to school in the mountain village.3、含有else的所有格有以下几种表示法：somebody elses,anybody elses,nobody elses；who elses=whose else 4、定代词作主语，代词可用：it(指物)、he(指人)、they(指人、物)e.g.Everyone knows how to do it,doesnt he/dont they?4、all作主语时的数：代替可数名词，是复数；代替不可数名词，是单数；作所的一切解释时，不可数，动词用单数。5、身代词：by oneself：亲自、独自、自动地；of oneself：自动地；be oneself：身体好help oneself(to)：自助、自己拿；in itself：本质上、就其本身而言。e.g.The man is too old to live by himself./The door closed of itself.Im not quite myself today./The question in itself is not very difficult.6.用人称代词简略回答时，要用人称代词的宾格。e.g.-Who is knocking at the door?-Me,Tom.Me to play Pingpong with him?7.The rest、The remainder作主语时，谓语动词取决于它们所替代的名词。e.g.I have read half of the book.The rest is to be finished in aweek.Several people were saved,but the remainder were still inside the burning house.区别以下几组词：1、none,nothing,no one(nobody)none：(指三个以上之中)没有任何(人、物)，常用来否定回答以How many/How much?引起的疑问句。可以后接介词短语of；作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数也可以用复数。e.g.-How many sheep did you see on the hill?-None.-Please give me some ink.-Sorry,there is none(no ink)left.None of the students could answer the question,which made the teacher disappointed nothing：(视为单数)没什么，无事e.g.After the fire,nothing was left on the hills.Nothing did he say and he went home silently.no one=nobody：没有一个人，只能指人，是单数，常用来否定回答Who?的疑问句，后面不可接of介词短语。e.g.-Who broke the window?-No one.It broke of itself.2、it/they，one/ones，the one/the ones，that/those it/they：用来指前面所提及的名词本身，起替代作用，避免重复；e.g.He bought apen.It cost him 50 yuan./He has two brothers.They are both workers.one/ones：用来指前面所提及的可数名词中的一个或几个，是泛指；还可以泛指人。e.g.-Do you have acamera?-No,but my father has one.A chair made of iron is usually heavier than one made of wood.One can not be too careful when crossing the road.the one/the ones：用来特指前面所提及的可数名词中的一个或几个。e.g.-Im looking for apen.-How do you like the one in the box?-Who are the boys?-You mean the ones playing basketball?that/those：that用来替代前面出现过的可数名词单数=the one或不可数名词，以避免重复；those用来替代前面出现过的可数名词复数=the ones，以避免重复。e.g.The price of apen is often higher than that of apencil.The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Shanghai.The students in Class Two are more hard-working than those(the ones)in Class One.3、some/any,everybody/anybody习惯上，some和everybody用于肯定句，any和anybody用于疑问、否定句。但当some用于疑问句时，表示对所涉及的名词持肯定态度，everybody用于疑问句时，译为大家、每个人。e.g.Is everybody pleased with the show?试比较：Do you have any water?(对water持怀疑态度)-Do you like some more water?-No,thanks.(对water持肯定态度)any和anybody也可以用于肯定句。当它们用于肯定句时，有很强的强调口气。e.g.-When shall we meet again?-Any time you like.Anybody here knows how to treat astranger.4、who/whoever,what/whatever,which/whichever,whom/whomever who/what/which/whom是疑问词，引起的句子具有疑问色彩；whoever/whatever/whichever/whomever是代词，并不引起疑问句，而用来引导名词性从句或让步状语从句。e.g.Who will teach us English is still unknown.Whoever did it will be punished./Whoever did it,he will be punished.What would you do if you had that sum of money?/Whatever you do,do it well.5、other/others；the other/the others；another other：作代词时，一般不单独使用，而必须与any,some,no等连用。e.g.H