高考英语二轮复习专题05阅读理解ⅱ：推理判断题讲含解析

我带领班子成员及全体职工，积极参加县委、政府和农牧局组织的政治理论学习，同时认真学习业务知识，全面提高了自身素质，增强职工工作积极性，杜绝了纪律松散专题5 阅读理解：推理判断题【构建知识体系】推理判断题考点1 细节判断题考点2文章来源题考点3读者对象题考点4观点态度题考点5预测推断题2015-2017年全国高考卷本专题考查分布明细统计年份章节素材话题体裁考点分布主旨大意细节理解推理判断词义猜测2015第一节关于伦敦运河博物馆每月专题讲座安排的海报应用文0951作者离开寒冷的纽约去美国南部度假的感受记叙文介绍了在巴黎皮蓬杜艺术中心举办西班牙著名艺术家萨尔瓦多达利艺术展的情况记叙文法国咖啡馆在现代社会中彰显心理沟通的社会功能，产生了积极的意义。议论文第二节重建人际关系中的信任的意义与措施说明文信息匹配2016第一节主要介绍了四位著名的女性的基本情况。说明文1941主要介绍了社会上很多老年人搬到离子女近的地方居住的一种趋势，同时也建议老人们要做出适合自己的选择。说明文文章主要讲述了作者在一次运送造血干细胞途中的一段经历，表现了人们之间的友爱。记叙文主要介绍了沉默在不同文化背景下的不同含义。说明文第二节主要介绍了密码的设置方法和破解方法。说明文信息匹配2017第一节文章主要从购物点、就餐点、租借服务三方面介绍了Pacific Science Center，并展示了Pacific Science Center为人们做的贡献，呼吁人们的支持。应用文1752救助一只小猫头鹰，给它做新的窝，帮助它回到父母身边的故事。记叙文文章讲述了为提高人们对于爵士乐的重视程度，联合国教科文组织 把4月30号定为了国际爵士乐日。然而这一行为还是没能挽救爵士乐。Jason Moran认为时代在进步，为了将老一代人和年轻一代人联接起来，爵士乐应该也随之进步。说明文文章主要介绍了一种自己可以亲手制作的简单易行的太阳能蒸馏器的方法和它的工作原理。这种蒸馏器所需的材料简单，适用于任何缺水的地方。科普说明文第二节文章讲述了三年前，作者对露营一无所知，也不认为自己会喜欢露营。然而后来有过几次露营的经历，作者和他的家人开始爱上了露营，甚至为露营购买了设备齐全的房车。作者认为露营是回归大自然的一个方式，也建议读者找到适合自己的回归自然的方式。记叙文信息匹配2015-2017年全国高考卷本专题考查分布明细统计年份章节素材话题体裁考点分布主旨大意细节理解推理判断词义猜测2015A我的彩电给我带来的头疼事：花的钱比广告上的多，而且机子是过时的，质量也有问题，最后只能花钱修。记叙文1581B减肥除了少吃之外，还和房间有关系：房子要明亮；勇冷色系会减少食欲；放一些舒缓的音乐就餐；用校的碗碟科普说明文C越来越多即将上大学的学生选择“间隔年”。有人认为是好事，因为经过一年的锻炼，学生将会变得更加成熟、更有责任感。但也有人指出这种做法存在弊端，有些学生会因为负担不起大学学费而被迫利用这一年去打工。社会现象议论类D从价格到参观的内容介绍了四个英国的旅游胜地。广告应用类比2016A主要介绍了几个广告的具体内容，涉及音乐、喜剧表演和歌曲等活动的具体安排，如时间、地点等。应用文1932B主要讲述了作者在上课的时候通过让学生们拼装玩具，从而发现并鼓励学生们的创造性思维的故事。记叙文C主要介绍了网站BookC建立的目的以及它是如何促进人们分享图书的。说明文D主要介绍了Frank用图片使一次失败的南极航海活动重新进入人们的视野，让人们能够了解这次航海的许多信息。记叙文2017A介绍了4则有关戏剧的广告。分别介绍了四个用不同语言演绎莎士比亚戏剧的文化盛事。应用文2562B作者用深情追忆了自己和Paul Newman因为志趣相投、信念相守的深厚的友情。记叙文C本文比较详尽地介绍了新型交通工具陆空两用汽车的独特性能和前景。说明文D文章通过两位科学家的研究发现，植被也有奇特的自我保护和协作抗击害虫的方式。科普说明文2016-2017年全国高考III卷本专题考查分布明细统计年份章节素材话题体裁考点分布主旨大意细节理解推理判断词义猜测2016A本文通过广告的形式介绍了几家举行音乐演出的剧场的信息。应用文11022B文章通过作家Welty一次与朋友在外面吃饭的经历，讲述了小说中的人物大多都是来自现实生活。记叙文C介绍了苹果节的一些情况。说明文D讨论了新闻传播的规则，以及读者喜欢分享什么样的文章。议论文2017A介绍了旧金山消防车旅游的四个旅游项目：旧金山酒庄之旅，五十年代怀旧之旅，万圣节幽灵之旅和假日花灯展之旅。应用文2931BThe Plaza Theater，一座带着一座城市记忆的剧院，由于种种原因，要面临关门歇业。临关门前，老板选了一部合适的老电影播放。伤心的观众眼含不舍的泪水。记叙文C生物链中任何一个环节出了问题都会对生态造成灾难性的破坏。黄石公园由于人类活动导致灰狼几近消失，幸亏当地政府采取措施引进灰狼，亡羊补牢，逐渐恢复了生态平衡。科普说明文D主要介绍了为老年人研制的一款电动汽车。说明文【考纲解读】考试大纲要求考纲解读要求考生阅读4篇短文，从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳选项。题材广泛，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面内容。体裁多样，以记叙文、议论文、说明文为主。考查主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测、篇章结构等题型。主旨大意题包括精确归纳标题、概括文章大意和总结段落大意，主要考查考生能否分辨主题和细节，是否具备提纲挈领的能力，也就是能否在理解全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑方法对文章进行高度概括和总结，做这类题目时要高瞻远瞩，不可以以偏概全。【剖析全国高考真题】预测高考命题方向1.【2017全国新课标I】BI work with Volunteers for Wildlife, a rescue and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in Locust Valley. Trying to help injured, displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain. However, when it works, it is simply beautiful.I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown. She had found a young owl(猫头鹰) on the ground. When I arrived, I saw a 2-to 3-week-old owl. It had already been placed in a carrier for safety.I examined the chick(雏鸟) and it seemed fine. If I could locate the nest, I might have been able to put it back, but no luck. My next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree.The homeowner was very helpful. A wire basket was found. I put some pine branches into the basket to make this nest safe and comfortable. I placed the chick in the nest, and it quickly calmed down.Now all that was needed were the parents, but they were absent. I gave the homeowner a recording of the hunger screams of owl chicks. These advertise the presence of chicks to adults; they might also encourage our chick to start calling as well. I gave the owner as much information as possible and headed home to see what news the night might bring.A nervous night to be sure, but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all! The homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings. I drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active. And it was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of all LUNCH! The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so.27. Howwouldtheauthorfeelabouttheoutcomeoftheevent?A. Itsunexpected.B.Itsbeautiful.C.Itshumorous.D.Itsdiscouraging.2.【2017新课标全国I】DA build-it-yourself solar still（蒸馏器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, its an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since its all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5 5 sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container perhaps just a drinking cup to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt. To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catchers productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up and out the side of the hole. Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheets center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup. The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and wont have to break down the still every time you need a drink. 32. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?A. Its delicate. B. Its expensive.C. Its complex. D. Its portable.33. What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?A. The tube. B. The still.C. The hole. D. The cup.35. When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup form .A. the plastic tube B. outside the holeC. the open air D. beneath the sheet33.B 推理判断题。根据Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catchers productivity可知最好在潮湿的地方挖洞，以提高接水器的工作效率。接水器指的是在潮湿地方挖洞，在洞的底部放一个杯子，杯子上方用覆盖膜遮挡。整个装置构成接水器，而不是某个部分。这一题很容易错选D，但是退一步讲，就算在干燥的地方挖洞，杯子也可以接水，杯子接水的事实并不会因为周围的环境变化而变化，杯子的工作效率是不变的。故选B。35.D 推理判断题。结合第四段中的Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup可知地下水蒸发，在覆盖膜上聚集起来直到形成小水滴落在杯子里。覆盖膜是在杯子上面的，水滴落入杯子里。所以水滴是凝聚在覆盖膜的下面。故选D。3.【2017新课标全国II】DWhen a leafy plant is under attack ，it doesnt sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short. Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked .Its a plants way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbours react. Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty .They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned .The attacker who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch. In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors .The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors ,relatively speaking ,stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.Doesthismeanthatplantstalktoeachother?Scientistsdontknow.Maybethefirstplantjustmadeacryofpainorwassendingamessagetoitsownbranches,andso,ineffect,wastalkingtoitself.Perhapstheneighborsjusthappenedto“overhear”thecry.Soinformationwasexchanged,butitwasntatrue,intentionalbackandforth. CharlesDarwin,over150yearsago,imaginedaworldfarbusier,noisierandmoreintimate(亲密的)thantheworldwecanseeandhear.Oursensesareweak.Theresawholelotgoingon.35. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. The word is changing faster than ever.B. People have stronger senses than beforeC. The world is more complex than it seemsD. People in Darwins time were imaginative.35.推理判断题。根据“imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. Theres a whole lot going on”可知，这个世界远比我们看到或听到的更热闹、更亲密，我们认知能力有限，有很多事仍在继续发生，远比我们想象的要复杂。故选C。4.【2017新课标全国III】CAfter years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations major food sources (来源) for the wolf grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park s red foxes, and completely drove away the park s beavers.As early as 1966,biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets. The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolvers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone.Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red fores have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.31.What is the authors attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project？A. Doubtful. B. Positive. C. Disapproving. D. Uncaring.【高考预测】纵观近几年全国高考试题，预测2018年全国高考试题还会卷在选材上继续保持知识性和趣味性，语篇长度适中，题材与体裁广泛，彰显文化特色，重点考查考生快速获取、处理、分析信息的能力。细节理解题占总量的60%左右，难度与上年持平，预计难度系数0.6。卷文章体裁继续延续记叙文和说明文占主体的局面，另有一篇议论文和一篇广告类说明文。题型以细节理解题为主，推理判断题略有所增加，词义猜测题2题左右。【精讲研法】课堂讲解突破核心考点考点一 细节判断题【例1】Conflict is on the menu tonight at the caf La Chope. This evening, as on every Thursday night, psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two of Frances favorite pastimes, coffee drinking and the “talking cure”. Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings. It isnt always easy. They customers - some thirty Parisians who pay just under $2 (plus drinks) per session - care quick to intellectualize (高谈阔论)，slow to open up and connect. “You are forbidden to say one feels, or people think,” Lehane told them. “Say I think, Think me.”A caf society where no intellectualizing is allowed? It couldnt seem more un-French. But Lehannes psychology caf is about more than knowing oneself: Its trying to help the citys troubled neighborhood cafes. Over the years, Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle - longer working hours, a fast food boom and a younger generations desire to spend more time at home. Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation. Cafes focused around psychology, history, and engineering are catching on, filling tables well into the evening. The citys psychology cafes, which offer great comfort, are among the most popular places. Middle-aged homemakers, retirees, and the unemployed come to such cafes to talk about love, anger, and dreams with a psychologist. And they come to Lehannes group just to learn to say what they feel. “Theres a strong need in Paris for communication,” says Maurice Frisch, a cafe La Chope regular who works as a religious instructor in a nearby church. “People have few real friends. And they need to open up.” Lehanne says shed like to see psychology cafes all over France. “If people had normal lives, these cafes wouldnt exist”, she says, “If life werent a battle, people wouldnt need a special place just to speak.” But them, it wouldnt be France.34. What are theme cafes expected to do?A. Create more jobs.B. Supply better drinks.C. Save the cafe business.D. Serve the neighborhood.35. Why are psychology cafes becoming popular in Paris?A. They bring people true friendship.B. They give people spiritual support.C. They help people realize their dreams.D. They offer a platform for business links.【答案】34. C 35. B 规律方法1： 如何解决细节判断题？细节判断题属于深层理解题，要求根据语篇内容，推断具体细节。做此类题目关键是要正确把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，要忠实于原文，千万不能主观臆断，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。此类题目的题干一般包括六个动词：infer(推断)，indicate(象征，暗示)，imply(暗示)，suggest(暗示)，assume(假定，设想)和conclude(推断，做出结论)。【变式精练】【广东七校联合体2018届高三第二次联考试】CTeaching can be one of the most satisfying jobs in the United States. Yet many American teachers say they feel overworked, undervalued, and underpaid. This has led to what education experts call “teacher burnout,” a feeling of mental, physical, and emotional exhaustion.In all, nearly 50 percent of American teachers leave the profession before their fifth year. That information comes from a 2010 study by the advisory service McKinsey & Company.And, a 2016 study from Penn State University found that 46 percent of teachers report high daily stress. Teachers say the stress affects their sleep, health, teaching performance, and quality of life. The study identified mindfulness training as one promising solution for improving teacher well-being.The Greater Good Science Center at the University of California Berkeley studies the science and practice of well-being. It defines mindfulness as keeping “a moment-by-moment awareness of our thoughts, feelings, bodily sensations, and surrounding environment.”A person can reach this emotional state by spending time in quiet thought, without judging these thoughts and feelings. A number of people also meditate they take slow, deep breaths to become calm.Many organizations around the country have designed mindfulness training programs for schools. Some of them are designed for teachers. The programs seek to reduce teacher stress while helping them be more effective in the classroom.Maureen Naughton is a seventh grade science teacher at a public middle school in the Bronx section of New York City. As a highly active teacher, Naughton would sometimes forget to take time to herself. But after the programs she shared the methods such as mindful walking and mindful eating ways of enjoying those activities fully instead of being distracted by worries or responsibilities.Naughton also said the deep breathing methods help her to maintain calm when faced with the stress of trying to “meet everyones needs.”11. What can we infer from Naughtons words?A. The deep breathing methods are a good way to let her keep calm when faced with stress.B. She dislikes the deep breathing methods.C. Dont be distracted by worries or possibilities.D. Enjoy all kinds of activities carefully.【答案】 11. A11. A推理判断题。根据文章最后Naughton also said the deep breathing methods help her to maintain calm when faced with the stress of trying to “meet everyones needs.”诺顿还说，深呼吸的方法帮助她在面对“满足每个人的需求”的压力时保持冷静。可知面对压力时，深呼吸也是一种好的方法。故选A。考点二 文章来源题【例2】The baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital.She is quiet but alert(警觉)Twenty centimeters from her face researchers have placed a white card with two black spots on it.She stares at it carefully.A researcher removes the card and replaces it by another，this time with the spots differently spaced.As the cards change from one to the other，her gaze(凝视) starts to lose its focusuntil a third，with three black spots，is presented.Her gaze returns：she looks at it for twice as long as she did at the previous card.Can she tell that the number two is different from three，just 24 hours after coming into the world?Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer？The same experiment，but with three spots shown before two，shows the same return of interest when the number of spots changes.Perhaps it is just the newness？When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects (a comb，a key，an orange and so on)，changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves.Could it be the pattern that two things make，as opposed to three？No again.Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three，or three to two.The