不定式用法与高考试题.doc

不定式用法与高考试题一、不定式的一般式 不定式的一般式，即“to动词原形”，表示的动作通常与谓语动词同时或几乎同时发生，或之后发生。不定式一般式与句子主语、宾语或for sb.to do sth结构中的介词宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系。如：i am glad to see you（to see与 am glad 同时发生，其逻辑主语是i）no one could tell me where to get the book.（to get在could tell之后发生，其逻辑主语是宾语me）【nmet 95】we agreed _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet ahaving metbmeetingcto meetdto have met 析：答案 c。agree to do sth意为“同意做某事”，不定式用一般式，表示在agree之后发生的动作。meet不会发生在agree之前，所以不用完成式。二、不定式的完成式1不定式的完成式，即“to have 过去分词”，表示动作在谓语动作之前发生， 的逻辑主语也是句子的主语或宾语。如：he is said to have written a new book about workers（to have written发生在is said之前，其逻辑主语是 he）i am sorry to have given you so much trouble（to have given发生在 am sorry之前，其逻辑主语是i）【met 93】charles babbage is generally considered _ the first computerato have inventedbinventingcto inventdhaving invented 析：答案 a。consider作“认为”解，后接不定式。此题选不定式完成式，表示 to have invented发生在谓语动作 is considered之前。【nmet 99】robert is said _ abroad，but i dont know what country he studied inato have studiedbto studycto be studyingdto have been studying析：答案 a。从后一句“我不知道他曾在哪国学习”知道不定式要表示的动作发生在谓语动作 is said之前。2英语中一些表示希望、愿望的词，如 would love，meant，hoped，expected， planned，wished，wanted等词常与不定式的完成式连用，表示过去曾希望过，但未曾实现。它们之所以未能实现，常可通过后面but连接的句子看出来。如：i hoped to have seen you yesterday，but i didnt have time（昨天我本来想去看你，但没有空。）【nmet 97】i would love _ to the party last night but i had to work extra hours to finish a report ato gobto have gonecgoingdhaving gone 析：答案 b。would love后接不定式。用不定式完成式表示过去未发生的动作，即“本想去参加聚会”，但因为“加班写报告”而没有去成。3“情态动词不定式完成式”结构可以表示对已发生的事情进行推测，或者表示对已发生的事情的“责备”、“批评”，或做了不该做的事情。如：its six oclockshe must have gone home（六点钟了，她准回家了。推测在这之前她“已回家”。）they shouldnt have left so soon（他们不该走得这么早。责备他们走早了。）you neednt have told them that（你没必要告诉他们。责备你不该告诉他们。）【1999上海】there was a lot of fun at yesterdays partyyou come，but why didnt you？a. must havebshouldcneed havedought to have 析：答案 d。“ought to should 不定式完成式”表示本该做的事而没有做：昨晚你应该来，为什么没来？【nmet 2001】i was really anxious about youyou _ home without a wordamustnt leave bshouldnt have left ccouldnt have left dneednt leave析：答案 b。“ought not to shouldnt 不定式完成式”表示做了本不该做的事。“你不应该不辞而别”，含有婉转的批评口气。nmet 95】there were already five people in the car，but they managed to take me as well it _ a comfortable journey acant bebshouldnt becmustnt have beendcouldnt have been 析：答案 d。“cant couldnt 不定式完成式”表示对过去事情的否定推测。根据上文“车上已有五人，但他们还是设法带了我”可以推测：这次旅游不可能舒适。三、不定式的进行式不定式进行式（to be 现在分词）表示正在进行的动作，与谓语动作同时发生。如：they seemed to be eating something they had cooked on the fire（to be eating与seemed同时发生）we pretended to be working very hard when he came in（to be working与 pretended同时发生）四、不定式的被动式当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，要用不定式被动形式，即 to be done或 to have been done。如：she hated to be laughed at（她不喜欢被人嘲笑。）the magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room （这些杂志不可以被带出阅览室。）五、不定式的否定式不定式的否定式是在不定式前加否定词not构成。如：he decided not to do itwhat i want is not to be interrupted while im writing 【nmet 96】the patient was warned _ oily food after the operationato eat notbeating notcnot to eatdnot eating【答案：c】【nmet 99】the purpose of new technology is to make life easier, _ it more difficultanot makebnot to makecnot making ddo not make 析：答案 b。不定式否定式not to make与to make life easier具有强烈的对比意义，在句中作表语。六、to代替整个不定式如果句子前面已出现过同样的动词，为避免重复，句子后面的不定式应省略动词原形及其后续部分，只保留不定式符号 to。如：will you join me in a walk？ill be glad to（to后省略了join you in a walk）youd better give a performance if the students should ask you to（to后省去了give a performance）【nmet 95】the boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him _ anot tobnot to docnot do itddo not to析：答案 a。not tonot to ride his bicycle in the street。因为上下文意思清楚，为避免重复，省略了动词不定式中的动词，只保留了 not to。七、不带 to 的动词不定式1.在同一结构中若有两个并列的不定式，一般可省略后一个不定式前的 to。如：she didnt know whether to laugh or crythe teacher told the student to stand up and read the text【nmet 94】rather than _ on a crowded bus，he always prefers _ a bicycle aride；ridebriding；ridecride；to ridedto ride；riding析：答案 c。句型 prefer to do sth rather than do sth，这里用了倒装结构， rather than后的不定式不带 to。但也有时为了强调两者对比，后一个不定式就不宜省去to。如： its better to laugh than to cry2在“四看”（see，look at，watch，notice）、“二听”（hear，listen to）、“一感觉”（feel）以及使役动词 let，make，have后跟不定式和宾补时，通常省略 to。但变为被动结构时，不定式符号 to 要加上。如：we saw him play chess with the workershe was seen to play chess with the workers【nmet 95】paul doesnt have to be made _ he always works hardalearnbto learnclearneddlearning【答案：b】 八不定式（短语）作主语时，为避免句子头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语置于句首，而将不定式（短语）放在句尾。 2is necessary to complete the design before national day(met89) athis bthat citdhe 从高考试题看不定式的句法功能 作主语1) 不定式作主语，谓语动词常用单数。2）不定式（短语）作主语时，为避免句子头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语置于句首，而将不定式（短语）放在句尾。考例1when and where to build the new factory yet(met91)ais not decided bare not decided chas not decided dhave not decided2is necessary to complete the design before national day(met89)athis bthat citdhe作宾语1）及物动词ask, agree, beg, care, choose, decide, expect, force, fail, hope, learn, long, manage, offer, pretend, plan, prepare, promise, refuse, want, help, wish等后接不定式作宾语。2）要注意cant help, try, remember，forget, mean, regret, stop等动词后接不定式与接v-ing的区别。3she cant help the house because shes busy making a cake(上海99)ato cleanbcleaningccleaned dbeing cleaned4he agreed here but so far he hasnt turned up yet(nmet95)ahaving met bmeeting cto meet dto have met5-you were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting -well, now i regret that(nmet95) ato do bto be done cto have done dhaving done作宾语补足语和主语补足语动词不定式作补语的考点集中在作补语的动词不定式带to还是不带to上。1) 能以带to的不定式作宾补的动词有ask, allow, warn, get, tell, invite, force, oblige, beg, wish, want, like, expect, encourage, advise, persuade, permit, request, order, cause, know, call on等。2) 用不带to的不定式作宾补的动词有see, hear, watch, notice, observe, listen to, look at, feel, make, let等。但是，这类句子变为被动语态即不定式作主语补足语时，不定式符号仍保留。考例6-do you think the stars will beat the bulls -yes. they have better players, so i them to win(nmet99) ahope bexpect cprefer dwant7pauld osent have to be made he always works hard(nmet95) alearnbto learn clearneddlearning8john was made the truck for a week as a punishment(met91) ato washbwashingcwashdto be washing作状语考例9he let me repeat his instruction sure that i understand what was after he went away(上海2000)ato make; to be donebmaking; doing cto make; to dodmaking; to do10 late in the morning, bob turned off the alarm(nmet2001春)ato sleep bsleeping csleep dhaving slept11-mum,why do you always make me eat an egg everyday - enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up (上海99)aget bgetting cto get dto be getting作表语考例12the purpose of new tech