高层建筑中英翻译.doc

tall buildingtall towers and buildings have fascinated mankind from the beginning of civilization, their const ruction being initially for defense and subsequently for ecclesiastical purposes. the growth in modern tall building construction, however, which began in the 1880s, has been largely for commercial and residential purposes.tall commercial buildings are primarily a response to the demand by business activities 10 are as close to each other, and to the city center as possible, thereby putting intense pres-sure on the available land space. also, because they form distinctive landmarks, tall commer-cial buildings are frequently developed in city centers as prestige symbols for corporate organizations. further, the business and tourist community with its increasing mobility, has fueled a need for more, frequently high-rise, city center hotel accommodations. the rapid growth of urban population and the attendant problems of limited space to a large extent caused by the impact of the pressure of urban residential development. high land costs, unlimited outward expansion of urban areas to avoid the desire and the protection of important agricultural production, all these factors have prompted the development of residential buildings to high-level. in some cities, such as hong kong and rio de janeiro, due to terrain constraints, high-rise buildings to meet the domestic demand to become the only viable solution. high-rise building is to meet the residence, business or, in some cases the needs of commercial and residential design. therefore, the major design requirements for buildings to provide suitable indoor layout. at the same time, customers outside of the building is also the architect of the aesthetic requirements of the basic functions. the main design criteria is the building standards, engineers in the scope of these standards to be arranged within the structure. only in exceptional high-rise buildings, the structure will need to become a major consideration. the basic layout will be included in the structure of network, the structure of network functional requirements of buildings should be as small as possible barriers. at the same time, building structure must be consistent with the combination of the service system, such as heating, ventilation and air conditioning, water supply, waste disposal, electricity and vertical transportation. a wide range of such facilities and complex, high-rise buildings constitute the main part of the cost. once the functional design, engineers must design the structure of the system, as efficiently as possible, the economy to meet the design standards have been identified, at the same time needed to adapt the design and construction. the structure of the key criteria for the destruction of anti-sufficient strength, sufficient lateral stiffness and buildings to meet the functional requirements of life.skyscraper it is often said to be the skyscrapers of the 20th century synonym, there is no doubt that high-rise building is a sign of our times. the structure of a miracle to reach the peak level, reflects the architecture of human efforts to build a higher goal. sakura is a skyscraper of this centurys most amazing architectural achievements. how to design high-rise building, however the problem still feel pins and needles to make the practice of what to do. people in the aesthetics and style as vacillating attitude of the day and night, like the turn is to be expected, at the moment we are busy re-design of skyscrapers. in this process, we are not sure we have the right to learn whether anything is being replaced by the wrong things. the success of skyscrapers and construction of the solution depends on the art itself, caused by the structure of skyscrapers, uses, the environment, as well as the role of the public how to resolve such issues. no matter what kind of style have to be taken into account and reacting to problems, architecture first and foremost a performance art. we completely changed the skyscraper city of the size, appearance and the concept of living has also changed the mindset of the people, no doubt this situation will continue. builders and architects should be related to the high-rise buildings and urban design and the integration of the environment be taken into account all the factors, which today more than ever, even more important. the entire history of skyscraper design process can be divided into four major stages: the functional, and eclectic, modern, as well as the news media now known as the post-modernism. we call modernism has not changed. contains only a scope. meaningful is that people in the early development of high-rise building, in a very short period of time on the most important issues of structure solution. as a result of these construction in the last century the last 20 years mainly in chicago, soon to be recognized by people known as the chicago style. from 1890 to 1920 period has been considered the golden era of architecture development. in the high-rise buildings have been built, almost without a few clever and original in concept can be designed with the architect louis sullivans architecture is comparable to send as an anti-trend is the emergence of the eclectic despite faction, sullivan that the skyscraper the design of the structure and planning is to become the inside and outside decoration, the answer can not be found in the norms of the past. due to some builders do not have the courage at that time, do not want to invest in has not been recognized architectural style, so with the early modernist style (also known as the international style) characterized by very few skyscrapers. but after world war ii, which the descendants of the early modernist skyscrapers, such as dumping of macedon a manta hill buildings, constitute the beginning of the common modernist style, the flat-topped glass frame in the past decade to become it is the focus of criticism. these massive construction has given us a serious lesson. but the blame lies primarily with aesthetics is wrong, because the investment patterns and social unrest of these issues have the same responsibility. unfortunately, the minimalist aesthetic of modern abstract art is to allow the cutting edge angle. as this is the way to maximize profits, of course, welcomed by the construction companies, resulting in an elegant noble architectural language as soon lun cliches. many people are coming to sad things, because it is in a layer of thin, decorative glass sparkling form inside the structure itself, have had our times of some of the most innovative design. the answer in the search for the ideal process, these ideas should not be abandoned. after all, the history of skyscrapers is the 11 century is a historical exploration of personality.tower of strength eiffel tower caused a high fever. tourists who come to paris, and soon will be able to look to the worlds tallest concrete structure construction. investigation report text eiffel tower for centuries has been the highest building in paris, however. today, devolution is about the crown, the french builders are being planned in the vicinity of the arc de triomphe in the construction of a slender tube-shaped glass office building. this is a named la tour sans fins building 425 meters high, once completed, will no doubt much higher than people like to sign the paris - seoul tower and egypt, as well as non-european other buildings. one might hope that the british partner of arap engineers for this building than the canary port tower is almost twice as high as the selection of steel buildings, usually do so. however, every reason for the cost of 200 million pounds of concrete structure construction chosen - because of its low cost. wind loads dominate the design of high-rise buildings. commonly used solution is to use high-strength frame structure, so that the building in the permit, may be appropriate swing. however, this idea of this project is obviously not desirable, because the glass towers are too small and too long, people will be inside the rock, so there will be sick feeling. furthermore, the circular taki in contrast, only 1450 square meters, the canary taki port tower has 3364 square meters. another program, that is, by making the structure is more vigorous to reduce the degree of swing. once this kind of rigidity, it is equivalent to a concrete structure. arup of company is working with the modern sense of the most prestigious architects of the french institute of architecture that is, cooperation. in addition to the construction area of 106,000 square meters, 100 floor-storey tower, the construction program also includes 12-storey building, the bottom circumference of 250 meters short of the cone-shaped office, and its 8-storey underground parking to 2000 vehicles in the parking lot. the total construction area of 133,000 square meters. as the arab institute in paris and the famous architects. he asked eapc. arup companies bid on this project in co-operation, and in 1988 in the standard. since then, the two companies with their own strengths to come up with a detailed design, technical review of departments reported the approval of france. ring support arup of designed the entire structure of the tube-shaped floor no other support, both from the ring support structure. two and a half months of the tooth structure from the framework of the composition of the two seven-story post-tensioned concrete pillar cross-linking. rise up along the building along, which is like a pillar, like scallops. arup the company does not adopt the high-strength concrete, he took unusual measures, selection of 60 n / sq m of ultra-dry hard as concrete mixing materials used in construction, 30,000 cubic meters is expected to build the framework of the ring. the lower part of the 90-storey concrete frame construction will be mainly used for office and related recreational facilities. the remaining 53 meters of the upper and the lower part of a different structural design. into a steel ring, only one part of the glass installed. at the top of the use of lighter weight steel to weaken inertial force. and semi-enclosed glass wall can directly through the wind, the wind can reduce the aggregation of the so-called vortex shedding effect. these two design features to improve the stability of the tower, an increase of permeability degrees. its internal concrete is a drum-shaped structure, with certain machinery and equipment, bars, sightseeing platform and further reduce the shaking of the equipment, that is, inertia damper tuning. will be the transition structure of the shock absorber - steel floor and the upper layer 90 from the concrete floor of the platform framework - support. construction methods have not yet finally agreed. hurst tend to slip-form construction, the use of wire rope traction lift upgrading concrete, however, used for pouring concrete to the floor are more likely to use pumping. slip at the top of the template platform will combine the transition structure, which could have the double benefit: namely, how to make the platform down on the structure or how to make the transition up. such a high degree of architectural practice is equivalent to the multi-storey is divided into three operating areas, each district has its own facilities. service facilities in the peripheral, rather than through the center. there is a bold idea: hanging in the house with the support of the steel-framed high-speed tourist elevator operations for the three services, so that the formation of the cross-section diagram of a small bubble like things that look like. it will not make the eiffel tower will be eclipsed this natal said, is far from out of the question, because it is not paris, the sacred relics of the war zone. it will become like the eiffel tower and the pana seth hill tourist area, as a new tourist spot.prospects of high-rise building regional planning of the density of high-rise buildings and may lead to the design of natural light will have an impact on moral issues. limited energy resources will continue to be the architectural design of the unique challenges faced. the combination of old and new construction will bring to our city humane. to design the construction of economical and practical, people-oriented buildings, will be the concept of owners and designers in the 21st century challenges. in 1980 by the scomol, austria and ince (som) designed apartment leverton was awarded the american institute of architects 25 year award to reward outstanding far-reaching architectural design. the annual award of a prize in the 25-35 years age of the building. by lewis mumfords words, leverton apartment is the first set of modern materials, modern construction, modern features and modern design of the building as a whole. at the time, so only like the idea of bold designers and owners leverton brothers charles lukman, president of the illusion of wealth to the people as can be created. moreover, the project contains a number of the first: (1) is the first all-glass building closed; (2) is the som to design the first three office buildings (3) park avenue is the first floor retail shopping centers with no office soe. today, after the appearance of similar large changes in the design of column network, we have classified the building difficult, perhaps this is the epitome of high-rise building design. in addition to the recent completion of several buildings appears to be a more pleasant low-rise buildings, in many of our cities, the majority of high-rise buildings look like the chart on the s column, like a block of stone and monotonous, is this high-rise building right end of the design industry? perhaps not. there are indications that their development is very encouraging. architects and owners have recently begun to openly discuss design issues. perhaps we are in a new era in the beginning of the 20th century, the 80s may have some and as visionary as lukman. if so, what they would face restrictions or challenges? regional planning it is clear that the city may limit the density of high-rise buildings, that is, per square mile to reduce the number of high-rise buildings. in 1980, the plug the network the term first used publicly in new york city. it appears in the minds of the public alarm. the term refers to the city blocks in all directions of traffic at the same time the phenomenon of stagnant, or even have to plug into the tunnel and viaduct. strangely enough, this kind of thing has happened in new york fuel shortages, high oil prices of the year. it is very obvious. to avoid the emergence of a similar situation, it is necessary to significantly reduce the population, activities, as well as the density of vehicles. regional planning may be the only long-term solution. imo rose renovation and transformation of design sanz two new york palace hotel on madison avenue is a renovated old apartment building willard and hyperchromic added. this is a how to deal with the rescue of old buildings can be an outstanding example of quality. the 20th century, the size of the 80s on the reuse of the building will be a warm human touch and the way back to the building. for whatever reason, if we must continue to carry out the use of glass and aluminum to form the kind of mechanical design, we will find that the combination of old and new construction will become a human face on the design of the future trend. journal of the conceptual design and some construction that is located at bank of america building in san francisco for the city size is too large, boston-based john hancock center, not only out of proportion to the size of the city, but its features do not match. around the world for the major high-rise buildings there are many similar comments. such comments put forward a proposal for the design process, who is the focus of project design, decision-makers, as well as the last century, the architectural design of the 80s who should be the basic problem of decision-making. visionary future, that is, architects and owners will return to more humane design it? in the next few years sociologists and psychologists will play an important role in their family believe that these illusions of a different, in line with the body size of the new building design should have been put into practice it? if the problem has its own rationality, then the sixties and seventies that we regarded as most outstanding to eighty or ninety architect on behalf of you turned into the worst? them at the university, architectural history, this course should understand that the construction of civil society is often a reflection of the success and failure, they will learn a useful lesson in this and reacting to it? only time will answer. 高层建筑自人类文明一开始，人类对高塔高楼就很着迷，这些高楼的建造本是为了防卫，但最终被用于宗教目的。现代高层建筑始于19世纪80年代，其发展主要是为了满足商业和居住的需要。高层商业建筑首先是为了适应商业活动必需尽可能集中、靠近市中心的需要，因而对现有土地造成极大的压力的情况。其次，由于其醒目的标志性，高层商业建筑物常常作为公司声誉的象征被矗立在市中心，此外，商务和旅游团体由于其日益增长的流动性，加剧了需要更多的位于市中心的旅馆饭店。城市人口的迅速增长和随之而来对有限空间造成的压力在很大程度上影响了城市住宅的发展。高额的土地费用、避免市区无限向外扩张的愿望以及保护重要的农业生产的需要，所有这些因素都促使住宅建筑向高层发展。在有些城市，比如香港和里约热内卢，由于地形的限制，高层建筑成为满足住宅需求的唯一可行的解决办法。高层建筑主要是为了满足居住、商用或者在某些情况下商住两用的需要而设计的。因此，主要的设计要求是为建筑物提供合适的室内布局。同时，满足客户对建筑物外部的审美要求也是建筑师的基本职责。因此。主要的设计标准是建筑标准，工程师就是在这些标准范围内安排结构的。只有在特殊的高层建筑物中，结构需要才会成为主要的考虑因素。基本布局将包括在结构网内，结构网对建筑物功能要求的妨碍应尽量小。同时，建筑结构必须与各项服务系统相结合，如供热、通风、空调、供水、垃圾处理、供电及垂直运输。这类设施面广而复杂，构成了高层建筑造价的主要部分。功能设计一旦确定，工程师必须设计出结构系统，尽可能高效、经济地满足已确定的设计标准，同时还需与建筑设计相适应。关键的结构标准是预留足够的抗破坏强度，足够的横向刚度和建筑物在使用寿命内满足功能要求。摩天大楼人们常把摩天大楼说成是20世纪的同义语，毫无疑问，高层建筑是我们这个时代的标志。结构上的奇迹达到了登峰造极的地步，体现了人类要修建更高建筑的目标。摩天大樱是本世纪最令人惊异的建筑成就。但是如何设计高层建筑这一问题仍然使实践者感到如坐针毡，不知所措。人们在审美观和风格上摇摆不定的态度就象昼夜交替一样是可以预料的，此刻我们正忙于重新制定摩天大楼的设计规范。在这一过程中，我们不能肯定我们所学到的正确的东西是否正在被错误的东西所取代。摩天大楼的成功的解决办法和建筑艺术本身取决于摩天大楼所引起的结构、用途、环境、以及