《恩波考研阅读词汇》word版.doc

红色字体为生词，加下划线句子为每篇背诵句drewxunUnit 1Web BusinessIn the year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another .Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product theyre looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability.” Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,”says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research .Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the companys private internetAnther major shift in the model for internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to”push”information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a companys Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. Thats a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards,A,and other pioneer show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of ineractivity,hospitality,and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now many well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.名人名言：Nature is conquered by obeying her.Nature never deceives us, it is always us who deceive ourselves. -Rousseau单词web-internetrevolve-rotate-rotary-spin-reelconsume-consumertypical-representativenonetheless-neverthelesshesitatereliable-reliability-reliance-relyanalysis-analytic-analyze-analystrisk-hazard-peril-venturetransactionaccess-entryshift-transfercommerce-commercialavailablestrategy-contrivetransmit-relaydeliver-conveyscreen-shuttersubscribecontempt-scornpromote-promotionprospecthorrify-horror-horrible-terrifyhospitalityenterprisesilicon-quartz-mercury-sulfur/sulphur-acid-carbonplunge-insert-thrustobey-obedience-obedientdeceive-deceit-cheatUnit TwoMad Cows FearsThe Unite States on Friday followed Canadas lead in temporarily suspending imports of Brazilian beef, gelatins and other processed beef products as a precaution against mad cow disease.The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) said although there was no evidence of mad cow disease in Brazil, it was concerned that certain Brazilian beef products may have come into contact with beef from Europe, which has been hit with an outbreak of the brain-wasting disease.“This decision is a temporary action,” USDA said in a statement .Further action would be taken if needed to keep the disease out of the United States, which has never had a case.Mad cow disease is believed to have spread from Britain to other countries when the bones and other remains of diseased cattle were ground up for use in livestock feed.Nearly 90 people in Britain, France and Ireland have died from mad cow disease. Canada is the leading exporter of beef to the U.S., with 345,069 tons shipped in 1999, according to the USDA. Brazil shipped 50,376 tons of beef to the U.S. in 1999, up from 33,534 tons in 1998.Brazils ministry said canned beef exports to the United States were worth around $82.5 million per year while sales to Canada were about $5.5million.Earlier Friday, Canada became the first NAFTA country to announce it was banning Brazilian beef products after receiving information that Brazil had imported live animals from Europe until 1999.Ottawa said it was suspending all imports of Brazilian canned beef and would pull the products from grocery store shelves.Mexico, the other U.S. trade partner under the North American Free Trade Agreement, said it expected to issue its own ban on Brazilian beef products.An angry Brazil criticized Canada for overreacting and initiating a ban that would force similar action by NAFTA partners. “Brazil.s beef is absolutely safe, and there is no mad cow in Brazil.” Said Marcio Fortest, executive secretary of the agricultural ministry.Brazil home to the worlds largest herd of cattle, is locked in a bitter trade battle with Canada.The USDA said it was working with Brazilian agriculture officials to complete a mad cow risk assessment in Brazil as quickly as possible.“Once this data has been received and USDA is assured that Brazil has taken sound measures to prevent mad cow disease, the suspension will be lifted.” the USDA said. 名人名言：There is no royal road to science , and only those who do not dread the fatiguing climb of its steep paths have a chance of gaining its luminous summits. -Marx单词：temporary-temporarily-momentary-transientsuspend-suspension-postpone-delaygelatin-proteinprocess-procedure-disposeprecaution-caution-cautiousevidence-evident-testimony-testifycontactoutbreak-eruptstatement-declarationremainscattle-livestock-donkey-bullgrind-mill-flourministry-minister-premier-bureauban-prohibit-forbid-taboo-restrict-restriction-restrain-restraintissue-circulate-distributeinitiateinitiative-initial-commence-launch-originateabsolute-thorough-sheer-utterexecutive-executeassess-assessment-estimate-verdict-appraisalroyal-royalty-dignitydreadsteep-cliff-summitluminous-brilliantMarxismUnit ThreeHackers: The Enemy on the InternetUntil comparatively recently the opportunities for criminal activity on the Internet have been low. However, the volume of business done on the Internet is growing rapidly, ad people order books and other products and make money transactions. All this is creating temptations for hackers.Hackers are often young people who are obsessed by computers. They use them to prowl the Internet, looking for ways to break into computer systems run by banks, telephone companies and even government department. They look for samples of credit cards and try to steal the numbers.Recently in America, hackers have been caught testing the security system at the Pentagon, headquarters of the American Defense Department. But still the hackers persist often for a dare “because its there” although with what success nobody really knows.Estimates for worldwide sales on the Internet now range between $US 40 billion and $US 90 billion by the end of the year 2000. Much of this is in publishing and software purchases, which require the disclosure of credit card numbers, but there is really no limit to what can be conducted on the Internet.“You just dont give your credit card out to anybody,” experts say. “And in the same way that you should regularly change your credit card access number, you can defeat hackers by regularly changing your Internet password. If you dont ,its like leaving the bank vault door wide open.”When it comes to creating your password, experts recommend including a few punctuation marks and numbers rather than relying on letters in the alphabet. Telecom media communications manager Gien Sowry says that when it comes to security of credit cards, the Internet offers a higher standard than many others whose honesty is taken for granted.For example, few people think twice about giving a credit card number over the phone and many are equally careless about what happens to the carbon copy when completing a transaction over the counter.Some customers may inadvertently reveal their passwords to hackers via what is known as a Trojan horse form of virus. These are attached to documents or messages being received, and lodge in a computers hard drive. Next time the customer logs on to an Internet service provider the virus reveals where it is and the password to anyone who is prowling the Net looking for such information. They can then tap in. The two ways to defeat such snooping are:1) to have an up-to-date virus scanner which can recognise the invader and delete it, and 2) constant password changes.名人名言：Glass, porcelain and reputation are easily cracked and never well mended. -Franklin单词：hackercomparative-comparativelyopportunitycriminal-crimetempt-temptation-obsessprowlsample-specimencreditpentagonpersistrange-scopepublish-publicationsoftware-hardware-compute-input-keyboardrequire-requirement-necessitate-necessitydisclose-disclosure-enclose-enclosure-reveal-leak-leakageaccess-admissionvaultrecommendpunctual-punctuationmedium-moderateinadvertent-indifferent-accidental-deliberateviavirusattachdocument-documentarylodge-lodginglogsnoopup-to-date-contemporary-fashionable-out-of-datescaninvade-invasion-assaultdelete-detachporcelain-china-earthenware reputationcrack-split Unit Four El Nino (厄尔尼诺)El Nino is the term used for the period when sea surface temperatures are above normal off the South American coast along the equatorial Pacific, sometimes called the Earths heartbeat, and is a dramatic but mysterious climate system that periodically rages across the Pacific.El Nino means “the little boy” or “the Christ child” in Spanish, and is so called because its warm current is felt along coastal Peru and Ecuador around Christmas. But the local warming is just part of an intricate set of changes in the ocean and atmosphere across the tropical Pacific, which covers a third of the Earths circumference. Its intensity is such that it affects temperatures, storm tracks and rainfall around the world.Droughts in Africa and Australia tropical storms in the Pacific, torrential rains along the Californian coast and the Peruvian deserts have all been ascribed to the whim of El Nino.This at least is the theory, and it has worked pretty well over the past century, with El Nino occurring about every three to five years and La Nina in between. But there have been some baffling developments in recent years. For one thing, El Nino has returned three times in the past four years. For another, since 1976 El Nino has dominated relative to the cooler phase(La Nina). There has been only one significant La Nina, but five El Ninos, including an extremely severe one in 1982-83 that caused damage costing 8 billion dollars. Moreover a huge pool of warm water has settled down near the dateline in the central Pacific.Yet it is important to understand the changes if scientists are to be able to forecast the climatic effects of El Ninos with any degree of accuracy. This is not just an academic taskaccurate forecasts can spell out feast or famine in many tropical countries around the world. Forecasting efforts have focused on El Nino, whose effects are generally more severe than those of La Nina.A worrying possibility is that the changes maybe due to greenhouse warming. If so, the recent fluctuations may be an early glimpse of worse things to come.名人名言：The reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable man persists in trying to adapt the world to himself. Therefore all progress depends on the unreasonable man. -ShawA fool may ask more questions in an hour than a wise man may answer in a year.If things were to be done twice, all would to wise.生词与联想词：equator-arcticdrama-dramatic-operamysterious-mystery-mythclimateperiodicalcurrent-currencyChristianChrist-Christianity-Christmasintricate-sophisticated-elaborateatmosphere-atmospherictropical-tropiccircumference-diameter-radiusintensity-intense-intensivedroughttorrentascribewhimbaffle-puzzle-bewilder-riddle-perplexdominate-dominant-predominatephaseforecast-cast-foresee-predictaccuracy-accurate-precise-precisionacademy-academic-feast-festival-evefamine-starvegreenhousefluctuate-sway-swingglimpse-gaze-peepreasonable-rational-plausibleadapt-reviseUnit FiveAmerican Economic SystemThe American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus , in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources(private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.名人名言：The newspaper must provide for the reader the facts, objectively selected facts. But in these days of complex news it must provide more; it must supply interpretation, the meaning of the facts. This is the most important signment confronting journalism- to make clear to the reader the problems of the day, to make international news as understandable as community news, to recognize that there is no longer any such thing as “local” news, because any event in the international arena has a local reaction.生词与联想词enterprise-ambitionorient-oriental-orientationconsume-consumer-consumption-exhauststrive-contend-exert-strainprofit-profitablemotive-motion-intentionmaximum-maximize/-se-minimum-minimize/-seresourcefactormechanism-mechanic-mechanical-mechanicsrespond-response-reactbideliminate-discard-delete-cancelcommodityconcept-conceptionpropertyembraceownershipcontract-compactobjectiveselect-selectioncomplex-complexityinterpret-interpretation-interpreterconfrontjournal-journalist-journalismreporterarena-platformUnit SixH