地板供暖系统实现人工环境中的热舒适性 毕业论文外文翻译.doc

内蒙古科技大学毕业设计说明书k.a.antonopoulos.m.vrachopoulos.c.tzivanidisnational technical university of athens. mechanical engineering department.thermal section.42 patission street.athens.106 82.greecereceived 5 february 1998text floor heating : achieving thermal comfort in artificialenvironmentsmodern man demands high levels of thermal comfort in artificial environments.linked to this international pressure grows to reduce demand on the earths energy reserves. modern technology has made great strides forward in developing new innovative heat sources but probably the greatest advance in combined thermal comfort and energy conservation is the modern wet floor heating system. the advent of high quality plastics pipes has made possible the utilization of low temperature water in floor heating systems perfectly compatible with the new heat source technology. fully developed for all types of floor construction, u.f.h. combines types of heat, conduction, radiation and convection, matching the ideal temperature gradient throughout an entire building. the safe, invisible, space saving, vandal and tamper proof system is both responsive and energy conscious offering passive self regulation.thermal comfort can be defined as the state of mind where satisfaction id felt with the thermal environment. research shows that people feel most comfortable when their feet are a little warmer than their heads. independent tests reveal that the most acceptable indoor climate is one in which the floor temperature ranges between ninetentytwenty-nine and the air temperature at head level ranges between twenty and twenty-four. however, since individuality is integral to all human activity it is not possible to specify one set of environmental conditions which will meet all cases. the best results we are likely to achieve depend on a 5% dissatisfaction factor. there is no temperature that will please everyone, but we can aim to establish a comfort zone that will satisfy the highest possible percentage of those using the area.with radiator or convector heating systems a vertical temperature gradient is produced; colder at foot level than at the head. a modern indoor climate surely demands a heating system which will match the required conditions for human thermal comfort with the principal heating effect being evenly distributed at ground level and not above head level. we have seen that warm feet create good sensations, so let us examine the effect upon the indoor climate if we warm the whole floor to just the right temperature.we have touched on improvements in building standards but no amount of insulation can change the laws of physicheat still rises. efficient insulation will, however, serve to trap heat above head level in an area where it can make no contribution to human comfort. solving this problem involves a close study of the there types of heat available to us. radiant heat provides the most pleasurable sensation of comfort. it contributes to the exhilaration of a walk in the spring sunshine even though the ambient air temperature may be only a few degrees above freezing. we humans also respond well to conducted heatthe cat-like pleasure that comes from the warmth of a hot water bottle or just cuddling up to another person. lastly, there is convected heat caused by the effects of the radiation and conduction warming the air and causing it to rise. by using all three types of heat in association we can achieve a specified outside ambient temperature. when designing a floor heating level of overall radiation and the added benefit of conduction from warm, friendly floors.in modern, well insulated building the temperature of the floor surface need be only just above air temperature differentials result in gentle, low velocity convection throughout the entire building. low velocity convection reduces the amount of dust in the air in comparison with other dust or dirt can collect. it is also cost efficient to operate. eliminating high velocity convection means there will be no stack of high temperature air above head level.a heated floor is a radiant plane: subjects standing on it will therefore receive the benefit of all round radiation.a high level of radiant comfort means that air temperatures can actually be slightly lower with an in floor heating system than those usually required for other methods of heating. radiation, conduction and convection combine to create the ideal thermal environment for health and comfort中文翻译地板供暖系统:实现人工环境中的热舒适性现代人要求, 在人工环境中有高水平的热舒适性。与之相联系的是，减少地球储存能消耗的国际压力日益增长。 现代技术在发展新型变革性热源方面迈出了巨大步伐。然而，在热舒适性和能源保护相结合方面，最大的进展还是现代地板供热加湿系统。高质量塑料管的出现使得在地板供热系统用低温水成为可能。地板供热加湿系统完全可以和新热源技术配伍。地板供热系统已完全发展为适合于各种地板结构，把传导、辐射、对流等所有传热结合起来，从而适应整个建筑物内理想温度梯度要求。这种安全、隐蔽、节约空间，并且防破坏和防受损的系统敏感又具有节能意识，提供了被动的自动调节。热舒适性可以定义为，人们对环境感到满意时的精神状态。研究表明，脚比头略温暖时，热感觉更舒服。单独进行的实验表明，人可接受的最佳室内气候条件是19的地板温度范围和20至24的头部位置的空气温度。然而，由于个人兴趣爱好是一切人类活动必不可少的，因此可能规定一套满足各种情况的环境条件。我们能够达到的最佳结果取决于5%的不满意因素。不存在使每个人都高兴的温度。但是，我们可以建立一个舒适区域为目标，是最大数量的处于这个区域的人感到满意。在辐射散热器或对流散热器的供热系统中，产生竖向温度梯度，地板比头部位置热。现代室内气候条件无疑需要一种与人类热舒适条件相匹配的供热系统，即热效应均匀分配在地面而不是头部。我们已经看到，温暖的脚步会产生良好的感觉，因此，让我们来考察一下，如果把整个地面加热到恰当的温度，将对室内气候产生什么影响。我们已经涉及到对建筑物标准的改进，然而无论怎么保温也不能改变物理学的规律热仍然上升。但是有效的绝热会把热量截留在对舒适无帮助的头部以上区域，要解决这个问题涉及到仔细研究我们可利用的三种热。辐射热提供了最令人愉快地感觉。有助于增加人们的春天阳光下散步的情趣，虽然环境空气温度之比冰点高几度。我们对传导热反应良好，给人一种好像抱着热水瓶或依偎在别人怀中而得到的象猫似的愉快感觉。最后还有一种使空气温暖并使空气上升的辐射和传导效应引起的对流热。通过综合使用这三种热，就可达到高水平的热舒适程度。供热系统设计的正常标准是要获得指定的气温，这个指定的气温是指在一定的室外气温下，抵消建筑物一定热耗后的气温。在设计地板供热系统时，由于全面辐射程度较高以及温暖便利的地板到热的好处，较低空