17.复合句

复合句 Compound Sentence 英语复合句一般有三大类：名词性从句； 形容词性 (定语 )从句；副词性 (状语 )从句。 正确、快速理解英语的复杂句子是提高英 语阅读和写作能力的一个重要方面。 学会 正确把握句子结构、熟练使用主从复 合句 : 能更准确的理解 句子所传递的信息，提 高阅读理解能力；能写出 更简明、流畅的文 段，更贴切、优美的语句 , 提高写作水平。 复合句的语用功能 名词性从句 在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫名词性 从句。名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从 句、宾语从句、同位语从句和补语从句。 本节我们着重复习前三种。 主语从句 subject clause 在复合句中，如作主语 的是一个从句，该从句 被称为主语从句。 That she was beautiful was plain to everyone. Whether hell come hasnt been decided. How a book will sell depends much on the reviewer(评论者 ). = It hasnt been decided whether hell come. 形式主语 真正主语 常用来引导主语从句的词 连词 that, whether 连接代词 what, whatever, who, whoever, which, whichever, whosever等 连接副词 when, where, how, why等 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words or expression in the box. that what who why whichever 1 _ will take charge of the task has not been decided. 2 _ he didnt come here is not known to us. Who Why 3. _ he said was perfectly true. 4. _ you want is yours. 5. It is my fault _ this has happened. that that what who why whichever Whichever What 表语从句 predicative clause 在复合句中，如作表语的 是一个从句，该从句被称 为表语从句。 My opinion is that the villager really didnt understand the policeman. This is what we should do. The question is how the tiger got out of the cage. 主语 谓语 表语 (that在从句中不作成分， 没有词义，不可省略。 ) what在表语从句中作宾语，不能省略。 how在从句中作状语，不能省略。 常用来引导表语从句的词 连词 that, whether 连接代词 what, whatever, who, whoever, which, whichever, whosever等 连接副词 when, where, how, why等 宾语从句 objective clause 在复合句中，如作宾语的 是一个从句，该从句被称 为宾语从句。 I dont care whether he is rich or not. Ive made it clear I will never go back there. 主语 谓语 宾语从句 主语 谓语 形式宾语 宾语补足语 宾语从句 review 说出简单句中带宾语的句式。 主语 +谓语 (及物动词 )+宾语 主语 +谓语 (及物动词 )+间接宾语 +直接宾语 主语 +谓语 (及物动词 )+宾语 +宾语补足语 嗷 原来宾语 在这里！ Compare the objects of the following sentences. 1. I cant forget his help. 2. I cant forget what he did for me. 3. My mother bought me a new bike. 4. My mother bought me what I wanted most. 从句类型 连接词 例句 由 that引导 的陈述句性 的宾语从句 that（在口语或非 正式文体中常省略 ） I think that you are right. 由连词 ifwhether引 导的宾语从 句 Whether, if (在口语 中常用 if) I wonder if/ whether they will have the races again next year. 由 wh-引导 的宾语从句 who, what, which, when, where, how, why Could you tell me please where the restrooms are? if或 whether引导宾语从句时，作 “是否 ”讲，一般情况 下，两者常可换用。 只用 whether 在动词不定式之前 只能用 whether Please tell us whether to go or stay here. 在 whether or not 的固定搭配中 I dont know whether or not I can come. 在介词后，只能用 whether。 We worried about whether he was in good health. 宾语从句放在句首 表示强调时 Whether it is true or not, I cant tell. 主句使用现在时，从句可使用任何时态 ； 主句 使用一般过去时 ，从句除表示 “ 真理 ” 可使用 现在时态外， 一律使用过去时态 。 I think that you are right. Lin Tao thought the TV play was very boring. My brother told me that the earth is round. 宾语从句的时态取决于主句的时态 用所给动词的正确形式填空 I hope he _ (come) back in a week. Our teacher told us that light_ (travel) much faster than sound. Please tell me if she _ (come) again next time. will come travels will come 改错 1. Do you know that what time the train leaves? 删去 that 2. He asked me when did I arrive. when did I arrive改成 when I arrived 3. I dont understand what did you say. what did you say改成 what you said 4. They want to make it clear to the public they do an important job. they do an important job 改为 that they do an important job 定语从句 Attributive Clauses 在复合句中，如作定语的 是一个从句，该从句被称 为定语从句。 The boy who is wearing a black coat bought an iPod yesterday. Water, which is a liquid, has many uses. 主语 定语从句 定语从句主语 修饰 the boy 修饰 water 为下列句子填上合适的关系词。 The time _ I first met Mr. White was a difficult period of my life. when Beijing, _ is the capital of China, is a very beautiful city. which Lori is going to marry Mark, _ she does not love. whom Mr. Pattis, in _ office Ms King was working, was very surprised when he found out her secret. whose 帕蒂思先生发现在他办公室工作的金女士的 秘密时，感到非常吃惊。 This is the factory _my father worked. where/ at which His wife, _ he loved dearly, died in an earthquake. whom 定语从句的种类 Mum, this is Kate, who I knew in Paris. Shanghai is a city (that) Ive always wanted to visit. 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 限制性定语中，从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的 定语。如果关系代词在限定性定语从句中作宾语， 关系代词通常可以省略。 非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作附加补充说明。 从句和主句在书写时往往用逗号分开。 为下列句子填上合适的关系词。 This is the college _ I visited.that/which This is the college _ I studied three years ago. where Ill never forget the day _ we spent together. that/which Ill never forget the day _ I got married.when 对于同一个先行词，要确定是用关系代词还 是用关系副词，关键是要弄清楚关系词在定 语从句中担任什么成分。如果关系词在从句 中作主语或宾语，就是关系代词；如果关系 词作状语，就是关系副词，口语用法除外。 用定语从句改写下列句子。 This is a Chinese restaurant. I often go to the Chinese restaurant. The ladys necklace was lost the other day. The lady has reported it to the police. This is the Chinese restaurant that/which I often to go. The lady whose necklace was lost the other day has reported it to the police. 为下列句子填上合适的关系词。 She is the girl _ I will go to Shanghai with. who/whom The person _ you just talked to is Mr. Depp. who/whom The person _ you just talked is Mr. Depp. to whom Well go to the hospital to see the patients, most of _ are children.whom who和 whom who和 whom都用于指代人， who往往 可以代替在从句中担任宾格的 whom， 但 who的前面不能有介词，如果带介词 必须用 whom，即 “介词 +whom”。 只用 who不用 that的情况 Anyone who laughs last laughs best. No words are strong enough to express our thanks to those who worked hard to rescue survivors in the earthquake. I met a girl in bule yesterday who grew up in western Yunnan province. 先行词是 one, ones和 anyone时 先行词是 those时 当先行词有较长后置定语时 The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard. There is a young man who wants to see your father. 只用 who不用 that的情况 一个句子中带有两个定语从句时，其中一个 定语从句的关系代词是 that，另一个用 who。 在 there be开头的句子中 whose的用法 Do you know Peter whose father happens to be working in your company? Xian, whose walls remain as good as before, is one of the few cities with city walls. 你认识彼得吗？他的父亲恰巧在你们公司工作。 西安是少数几座有城墙的城市之一，它的城墙保持 得和以前一样好。 whose是 who的所有格形式，可以指代人或物 。当指代物时，相当于 of which， whose可以 引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 关系代词 which和 that 只用 that的情况 Which of the cars that are in front of the hotel belongs to you? He talked about the schools and teachers that he had visited. 主句已有疑问词 who或 which时 先行词既有人又有物时 We havent got much that we can offer you. This is the best way that has been used against pollution. This is the third time that they have met. 先行词为 all, much, few, little, any, no, something, nothing, none等不定代词时 先行词有形容词最高级修饰时 先行词有序数词修饰时 This is the very room that I slept in that evening. Edition built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before. 先行词有 the very, the only, the same, one of 等修饰时 有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已 用 which，另一个宜用 that 关系代词 which和 that 只用 which的情况 Jim passed the driving test, which surprised everybody in the office. This is the hotel in which you will stay. 引导非限制性定语从句 在限制性定语从句中，关系代词前有介词 Correct mistakes 1. under the big tree are 34 students, many of them come from class two. 2. this is the best TV which is made in china. 3. the famous writer and his works which the radio broadcast have aroused great interest among the students. 4. my mother has a good book, which cover looks terrible. which whose which that which that them whom as和 which 引导非限制性定语从句的区别 He didnt tell me any news, as/which upset me. As is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress. 在非限制性定语从句中， as和 which都可以代 替整个句子， as引导的定语从句，代表整个主 句时可以放在主句之前或之后， which引导的 定语从句，代表整个句子时不能放在主句之前 。 长难句分析 The study also showed that the most sought- after quality in a person who was looking for a job was communication skills, noted as “very important” by 92% of the company. 主语 谓语 定语从句 定语从句 分词结构 修饰 communication skills 研究表明，用人单位最希望他们的雇员能够 有与人交际的能力，这种能力被 92%的公司 认为是最重要的。 1. Gun control is a subject _ Americans have argued for a long time. A. of which B. with which C. about which D. into which 2. Whenever I met her, _ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. A. who B. which C. when D. that 1. they have four children, the youngest of _ is a boy. 2. thatll be the last thing _ I will do to you . 3. he arrived Beijing in 1984 _ he was already in his fifties. 4. is this the museum _ they stayed yesterday. whom that when where Fill in the blanks. translation 1. 这就是那个男孩解出这道题的方法。 This is the way in which that boy worked out the problem. 2. 我获得工作的原因是我努力工作。 The reason why I got a job was that I worked hard. 3. The result is not the same as they had expected. 结果和他们所预想的不一样。 While were staying with our friends, were going to spend one day in Qingdao. Since youre not interested, I wont tell you about it. Look at these sentences 什么是状语从句 ？ Adverbial Clauses 状语从句 在复合句中，如作状语的是一个从句， 该从句被称为状语从句。作什么样的状 语就叫什么类型的状语从句，状语从句 可以表示 时间、地点、原因、条件、目 的、结果、让步、比较和方式 等。 时间状语从句 before by the time after till/until when/while /as whenever each time the moment once directly as soon as instantly hardly when immediately No soonerthan scarcelywhen (一 就 ) 常用引导词 引导词 when 释义 when既可以表示在某一时间点发生的事，又可以表示在某一时间段发生同时发生也可以的事。 例句 When the weather is fine, many people go out for a walk. 引导词 while 释义 在该类状语从句中，主句行为在从句行为进行的过 程中发生。 （ while从句表示持续的行为，从句中要用 持续性动 词或状态动词 ，且持续性动词常用进行时态。 例句 Do not make any noise while I am recording. 引导词 as 释义 强调两动作同时进行，有对比含义。 例句 As she walked along the street, she sang happily. 很多时间状语从句，都是连词引起的： When we lived in town we often went to the theatre. After she got married, she changed completely. We must strike while the iron is hot. It was a long time before I got to sleep again. As the sun rose the fog dispersed. Tell him as soon as he arrives. 也有些时间状语从句不由连词引起： Now that we have decorated the house, we can move in. I came immediately you called. The moment I saw him I knew that there was no hope. I had no sooner checked into the hotel than he arrived. Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining. Often she would weep when (she was) alone. He retained the consciousness of it while (he was) asleep. Even as a boy he was hopeless at maths. A friend is never known till needed. Whenever possible, they should be typed. Once over the pass you will see the town before you. 有时从句中可省略一些词： Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words or expression in the box. as soon as once by the time before 1 It wont be long _ he finishes his work. 2 _ you receive this letter, I will left this city for my hometown. by the time从句用一般现在时，主句用 将来完成时，从句用一般过去时，主句 则用过去完成时。 before By the time 3. _you understand the rules of the game, youll enjoy it. 4. He will be set free _ the fine is paid. 当主句是一般将来时， as soon as引导的 从句要用一般现在时。 as soon as once by the time Before Once as soon as 引导词 例句 where You should have put the book where you found it. wherever Wherever there is smoke, there is fire. (无风不起浪 ) 地点状语从句 where引导的地点状语从句与定语从句的区别 Bamboo grows best in places where it is warm and it rains often. Bamboo grows best where it is warm and it rains often. 地点状语从句 定语从句 引导定语从句时， where在从句中作地点状语，前面 有表示地点的先行词， where引导的从句修饰先行词 。引导状语从句时， where引导的从句修饰主句的谓 语动词， where前没有表示地点的先行词。 条件状语从句 连接词 例句 if If you have any questions or comments, you can voice them now. unless(ifnot ) Unless you visit him tomorrow, he will be angry. in case Take a coat in case the weather turns cold. as long as I am sure we are safe as long as in his care. provided(that )/supposing (that) We shall sign the contract provided that there is no opposition. 原因状语从句 引导词 例句 because He is disappointed because he failed again. since Since no one is against it, well pass it. as As it is snowing, youd better take a taxi