2010年高考英语名词语法系列复习专题——名词

语法系列复习专题名词名词的分类专有名词：指某人，某地，某机构等专有的名称，其首字母要大写。如 HongKong,China,Bill Clinton,Red Cross个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如 student,book名 普 可数名词 词 通 集体名词：表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：family,school,group, people名 词 不可数名词 物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：cotton,air,tea抽象名词：表示抽象概念，如 :work，happiness,news2名词的复数可数名词有单、复数形式，其复数的构成规则如下：1）绝大多数在词尾加 s。如： book,books;bag,bags;cup,cups;face,faces.2）以 ch,sh,s,x,o 结尾的名词加 es。如：watch,watches;brush,brushes;hero,heroes;class,classes;下列以 o 结尾的词加 s 构成复数：piano , photo ,radio ,zoo, bamboo ,kilo3）以辅音字母y 结尾的名词，将 y 改为 i，再加 es。例如：baby,babies;family,families;以元音字母y 结尾的名词，直接加 s。例如：boy,boys;key,keys4） 以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词，先将 f 或 fe 改为 v，再加 es 构成复数形式，如：leaf,leaves;wife,wives.但有些以 f 结尾的名词，是在 f 后加 s 构成复数，常见的有： roof,chief,belief,gulf 等。个别的两种方式都可以，如： handkerchief,s,handkerchieves5）少数名词的复数形式是不规则的，要一一背记：manmen; womanwomen; EnglishmanEnglishmen;footfeet;toothteeth; childchildren; mousemice少数名词的单、复数形式相同，如：Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish,means(注： fishes 表不同种类的鱼 )6）复合名词：A.含 man 或 woman 的复合名词，两部分都变为复数形式。如： two men teachers, four women doctors B.将复合名词中的主体名词变为复数形式，如：lookers-on 旁观者，editors-in-chief 总编辑, passers-by 过路人C.如果没有主体名词，就在词尾后加 s。如：grown-ups 成年人，go-betweens 中间人7）以复数形式出现的名词：trousers,glasses 眼镜，scales 天平，savings 储蓄，findings 调查结果， doings 行为，surroundings 环境，arms 武器，fireworks 烟火，remains 残余，thanks 感谢，riches 财富，ashes 灰烬 ，stairs 楼梯8）有些名词在一定的词组中要用复数形式。例如：take pains 下功夫,made preparations 作准备，give regards to 问候2.名词的所有格1）名词的所有格一般用于有生命的名词。其构成多在词尾加上“s”,如：Toms bike,Marxs works以 s 结尾的专有名词，在词尾后加“”或“s”。如：Engels/Engelss works以 s 结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加“”。如：students homework,a workers night school 一所工人夜校，不以 s 结尾的复数名词，仍在词尾加“s”。如：mens clothes男士衣服 childrens books 儿童读物2） 如果一个事物为两个人共有，只在后一个名词的词尾加“s”，如果不是共有，就要在两个名词的词尾分别加上“s” 。例如：Tom and Mikes room 汤姆和迈克合住的房间 Toms and Mikes rooms 汤姆、迈克各自的房间3） 表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格后省去 shop,house 等名词。如：the tailors 裁缝店，the barbers 理发店，go to the doctors 上诊所， at my uncles 在我叔叔家4） 表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词，可以在词尾加“s”或“” 来表示 所有格。如：todays newspaper,half an hours rest,two weeks work,ten minuteswalk,Chinas population,Shanghais industry5） 表示无生命的名词一般用 of 短语表示所有关系。如：the students of their school, the teachers of Grade 26） 表示所属物的名词前如果有不定冠词、数词、不定代词，常用“of所有格” 来表示所属关系。例如：He is an old friend of my fathers. This is a picture of Marys.考点分析1He gained his _by printing _of famous writers A.wealth; work B.wealths; works C.weaths;work D.wealth ;works析：此题答案 D。因为 wealth 是不可数名词故可排除 B、C 两个选项;work 既可作不可数名词表“工作” 意，又可作可数名词表“ 作品”意，常用复数形式。根据题目意思，此处work 应作可数名词用，于是又可排除 A。2.Many people agree that_ knowledge of English is a must in _ international trade today.A.a; B.the ; an C.the ;the D.;the 析：knowledge 是抽象名词，一般不与不定冠词连用，但指具体 “一门学问”或“一门学问的掌握了解”可与不定冠词连用，这可称之为抽象名词具体化。类例如：a strong character 坚强的性格； a bright future 光明前途；a waste of time 浪费时间；a pressure on sb.对某人的压力；have a good time 玩得痛快；He is a failure /a success as a leader 他当领导不行/很出色。抽象名词不与冠词连用是泛指一般概念、意义。如：what fun! fine weather ;common knowledge 常识；Knowledge begins with practice .foreign trade.因此 international trade 前不用冠词。由以上两点可确定答案为 A。3.Oh, John _you gave us !A.How a great surprise B.How pleasant surprise C.What a pleasant surprise D.What pleasant surprise析：正确答案为 C。 “a/an形容词抽象名词”是抽象名词具体化的常见形式。又如：an advanced culture 一种先进文化；a great interest 极大的兴趣； do him a good kindness 帮了他一个大忙。4. She broke a _ while she was washing up .A.glass wine B.wine glass C.wines glass D.glass of wine 析：根据 broke 一词及四个选项，可确定空白处应选“酒杯”故可排除 A、D；C 不是表达“酒杯”的正确形式，只有 B 才是正确答案。英语中用名词作定语修饰名词的情况很多，这些作定语用的名词可表分类意义表时间、地点、称呼 表目的、手段、原料、来源、所属等意义。例： woman driver ,telephone number ,school education ,research work ,coffee cup ,English teacher ,air pollution 例：book store ,winter sleep ,country life ,college student ,South China例：milk bottle ,steam boat ,goat skin ,stone wall ,gas station ,lunch room ,tooth brush5._terrible weather weve been having these days!A.What B.What a C.How D.How a 析：这是一个感叹句，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词，what 修饰名词。weather 是不可数名词，其前不可加不定冠词 a。因此这题正确答案是 A。6.Shortly after the accident ,two _police were sent to the spot to keep order .A.dozens of B.dozens C.dozens of D.dozen析： 正确答案是 D。dozen, score ,hundred, thousand ,million 等名词前面有数词或 many ,several 等词，且表示具体数目时，这些名词一般不用复数形式，但在下列短语中却加 S，并与 of 连用:dozens of (许多的)，scores of ( 好几十的)，hundreds of (成百的)，thousands of (上千的)，millions of （数百万的）7.Ill look into the matter as soon as possible .Just have a little _.A.wait B.time C.patience D.rest析：由题干第一句意“我会尽快调查那件事”，可知下句是要对方不要着急，故答案应为C。这是由情景，语境确定答案题目。8.If by any chance someone comes to see me ,ask them to leave a _.A.message B.letter C.sentence D.notice析：答案为 A。道理同第 7 题。专题练习1._from Beijing to London!A.How long way it is B.What a long way is it C.How long way is it D.What a long way it is 2.Weve worked out the plan ,and now we must put it into_.A.fact B.practice C.reality D.deed 3.Electrcity , like other forms of _ ,has greatly increased in price.A.pressure B.force C.strength D.energy4That fellow is clever ; he has _.A.brain B.a brain C.the brain D.brains5.Julie went to the _ to buy a pair of shoes.A.shoes store B.shoes store C.shoe store D.shoes store 6.Those _ took lots of _ in the Summer Palace.A.Germen; photoes B.Germen; photosC.Germans; photos D.Germans; photoes7.All possible means _ to save the hero.A.has tried B.have tried C.has been tried D.have been tried8.Whose car is it ?Its_.A.Tom and Mary B.Toms and MarysC.Toms and Mary D.Tom and Marys9.There are 5_ in th fields.A.heads of cattles B.heads of cattleC.head of cattles D.head of cattle 10.He is the very thief the police _ looking for .A.is B.are C.has D.have11.All but Jack _ here just now .A.is B.are C.was D.were 12.He knows almost everything .So we say he is a man of many _.A.knowleges B.presents C.gifts D.rewards13.Carelessness is the usual _ of fire.A.way B.excuse C.cause D.reason14.The girl is quite _to her mother now .A.a help B.helps C.help D.helpness15._is coming to give us a lecture .A.A manager and an expert B.A manager and expert C.Manager and expert D.Manager and an expert16.Most of the bridges over the river are made of _.A.stone B.the stone C.a stone D.the stones17.If you hurt her _ ,you should apologize.A.feelings B.feel C.feels D.feeling18.Ill go and call at _ right after school.A.the doctor B.the Smiths C.Smith D.my uncles19.The shop will be closed during_.A.repairs B.a repair C.repair D.repairing20.The_we saw yesterday come out to the farm once in a while. A.mouse B.deer C.dog D.cow21.My brother didnt find army life to his _.A.like B.taste C.quality D.favour22.Though they hadnt met for long ,he recognized her _.A.voice B.noise C.sound D.laughter23.Learning that they were to have a picnic,the children were in _.A.the high spirit B.high spirits C.a high spirit D.high spirit24.After _ silence ,they began to write letters to each other .A.three-year B.a three-year C.three years