工程硕士英文入学考试完形与阅读.ppt

1、能够运用英语语言知识,在语篇的水平上理解一篇150200词的题材熟悉、难度适中的一般性短文，并完成短文中的选择填空。,完形填空题,单词及词组 词的搭配 基本句型结构 语法规则 上下文逻辑关系,完型填空,词汇及搭配知识,语法及句法知识,-语篇知识,在语篇水平上对英语的理解及应用能力,这不仅需要词汇知识、语法知识，还需要对文章上下文逻辑关系有清晰的认识。 完形填空所进行的“阅读理解”是对短文的情节、内容进行理解，结合上下文，对选择项进行正确判断，使短文的意思和结构完整。,词汇知识,1. 名词的可数不可数，加不加s，前面用什么限定形式 2. 形容词、副词用什么级 3. 代词的性、数和格是否对应 4.

2、 动词用及物还是不及物 5. 动词用谓语形式还是非谓语形式，前者用什么时、体、语态、语气；后者用什么体、语态 6. 情态动词用哪种情态意义 7. 连词用连接副词还是介词 8. 介词由后面的名词（介词宾语）决定还是受前面的词（动词、名词或形容词）的支配 9. 词形相近，拼写哪个正确，各为什么词性，如为动词，哪个及物哪个不及物 10. 词的意义，根据上下文需用什么意义的词 11. 词义相近，有何差异（有搭配和上下文决定取舍）,句法结构知识,1. 空档所缺应是什么句子成分 2. 主语和谓语动词是什么，主谓是否一致 3. 空档所在句是什么句型（陈述、否定、疑问、祈使） 4. 空档所在句是否涉及什么特殊

3、句型（存在、强调、省略、倒装） 5. 句子是否需要或已经用了倒装 6. 句子是否完整，动词缺不缺补足成分 7. 句中包含什么类型的从句，从句完整不完整 8. 两个分句在意义上是什么关系（并列分句或主从句），该用什么意义上的连接词,搭配知识,1. 习语、惯用法的固定搭配 2. 关联词，句中有没有与空缺相呼应的关联部分 3. 动词需什么类型的主语 4. 动词需什么类型的状语修饰语 5. 动词允许有哪些动词搭配模式，后接什么类型的宾语（从句、双宾语、复合宾语等），宾语用不定式还是动名词 6. 动词、名词、形容词需什么介词与之搭配 7. 形容词允许用什么形容词搭配模式，后接从句、不定式还是介词短语 8

4、. 动词与宾语名词的搭配用法 9. 名词需什么类型的修饰语,语篇知识,表示转折：but, yet, however, on the other hand, nevertheless, 表示并列：and, or, for, neither, nor 表示递进：also, moreover, furthermore, besides, in addition, 表示让步：although, though, as, despite, in spite of, for all 表示列举：first(ly), first of all, to start/begin with, second(ly),

5、third(ly), then, next, last, finally, for one thingfor another thing 表示举例：for example, for instance, takefor example, such as 表示解释：namely, in other words, in fact, rather, actually 表示强调：indeed, certainly, above all 表示比较：similarly, likewise, like, in comparison (with) 表示对比：in/by contrast (to), unlike

6、, on the contrary, contrary to, in opposition to 表示原因：because, since, now that, as 表示结果：so, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a result, in consequence, accordingly 表示总结：in conclusion, to sum up, in short, in brief, in a word, on the whole, finally, ultimately 表示时间：at the same time, in the mea

7、ntime, meanwhile, while ,阅读理解,能够综合运用英语语言知识和基本阅读技能，读懂难度适中的一般性题材和体裁的文章。能够基本上掌握文章大意并能领会作者的意图和态度。,阅读理解题,归纳概括题(主旨题) 正误判断题 推理结论题 暗示推测题 语气态度题,客观试题,细节论据题 词汇释义题,主观试题,基本语言知识,1. 词汇知识 - 核心,构成文章的基础 2. 语法知识 -组词造句的手段,构成文章的必要条件 3. 文体知识 -连句成章的手段,使文章丰富多彩,1. 能够掌握文章的中心思想、主要内容和细节； 2. 理解上下文的逻辑关系,能根据上下文猜测词义; 3. 能根据所读材料进行一

8、定的判断和推论; 4. 能对文章的结构和作者的态度等作出分析和判断,基本阅读技能,主旨大意题,具体提问方式通常为： 1. What is the main idea/ the subject of the passage? 2.The key point/The main idea of the passage /The best summary is _. 3.The passage mainly deals with (is mainly about) _. 4.Which of the following best reflects the main idea of the articl

9、e? 5.The main point the author makes in the passage is _. 6.The best suitable title for the passage would might be _. 7.With what topic is the passage primarily concerned? 8.The authors purpose of writing this passage is _.,要把握文章的中心，首先必须抓住每一段落的中心，然后就可归纳出文章的中心思想。而各个段落的要点一般是由主题句体现的。,事实和细节题 问句式,What do

10、es (did) somebody (something) do? What do people like to do for? What effect did something have on? What is (was) the purpose of? Why is (was) if necessary for somebody (not) to do something? Why is (was) somebody becoming? Where should somebody do something? Where is (was)located? How many (days, m

11、onths, years, hours, minutes, etc.) does (did) somebody do something? How/when did something happen? Which of the following people should (not) do it? Which of the following did somebody have to deal with?,事实和细节题 不完整的陈述句式,Somebody has (had) been known to do something only when he (she) is (was) . Ac

12、cording to the passage, somebody does (did) something (in order) to The value of something amounts to A certain kind of person is someone who People are looking for better ways to From their experience, they concluded that When doing something, it is important to Apparently he (she) felt (thought) t

13、hat When “it” happened, he was doing The reason why he did it was According to the author, “it” was caused by ,事实和细节题 排除式,In the passage, the author refers to something or somebody as all of the following except . Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage? According to the passage, whic

14、h of the following is NOT true? Which of the following is NOT stated in ? Which of the following is NOT listed as ? Which of the following is NOT necessary for ? From the report you can NOT get the information of Which of the following is NOT included in the display? Which of the following could NOT

15、 be a consumer as described in the passage? The author does NOT tell us ,判断推理题,有关判断推理题常见的题型有： It can be inferred from the passage that The writer implies that The author apparently suggests that Which of the following cant be inferred from the passage? It can be concluded from the passage that The p

16、aragraph preceding this one would most likely state Where would this paragraph most probably appear? The purpose of this passage is ,推理题,1. 对文章中某些细节的推断; 2.针对主题思想，作者的意图的推断 3.针对作者思路的推断； 4.针对作者的态度、语气、观点的推断,1. The student looked at his returned exam. He tore it up and threw it in the waste basket. Q: Wh

17、at inference can we make from this sentence? 2. The child took a toy off the shelf in the store. Her mother spoke to her and she began to cry. Q: What do you think her mother said to her? Why did the child cry? 3. The student took a book from the shelf in the library. Then he put it back. Q: Did the

18、 student get the book he was looking for? 4. Let me say immediately that if I thought more gun control laws would help diminish the tragic incidence of robberies, muggings, rapes and murders in the United States, I would be the first to vote for them. Q: What did the author think of the gun control

19、laws? 5. While the strike was on, the students had to clean their own dormitories. Q: Did the students clean their own dormitories as a rule? Who held the strike?,In the living room, the grandmother sat in her usual chair. She looked down at her lap while one hand absently stroked the other. The mot

20、her pressed the drip-dry mens shirts, one after the other, and hung them on hangers with more than the usual thump of her iron and clanking of the hangers. Every few minutes she glanced at the wall clock, with a worried twitch of her eyebrows. Davey, the ten-year-old, ran into the room and turned on

21、 the television. But the mother pushed past him, snapped it off, and gritted between her teeth, “You cant have that boob tube on tonight!” he opened his mouth in surprise, then turned and ran out, slamming the door. Once again, the iron thumped, the shirt hangers clanked. To the two women, the hands

22、 of the clock seemed to be paralyzed. 1. What are some of the stated details? 2. What feeling or emotion is implied by these black-type phrases and words in the passage? 3. What are some of the simple unstated facts? 4. What deeper inference can we make about this situation?,推理时必须： 1. 理解文章的字面意义； 2.

23、注意作者遣词造句的特点，弄清词的含蓄意义； 3. 提醒自己作者想让我们推断什么； 4. 利用文章中明确表示的内容，进行推理，挖掘作者在文章中的隐含意义。 必须记住：在推理时，要忠于原文，要在文章中寻找并确定可供推理的依据，即 已知的部分- 推理的前提，从中推测出未知的部分- 推理的结果，切忌把自己的观点当作作者的观点。,作者在写一篇文章时，经常持有某种态度或倾向。在表露自己感情态度时，作者往往非常注意表达思想的不同方法。作者的语气和态度往往不是直接在文章中写出来，而是通过对词汇的选择或其他修辞手段(如：嘲讽、讽刺等)体现出来。运用不同含义或具有不同感情色彩的词汇，可以表明作者对某些具体事物或问

24、题的不同态度。因此要特别注意琢磨文中所使用词汇的特点，可以通过对作者使用词汇(特别是动词、形容词和副词)的分析，推断作者的思想倾向和感情，弄清作者的态度是赞成，还是反对；是肯定还是否定；是中立、冷淡还是同情、厌恶等，从而把握作者的论述基调。,观点态度题,通常有以下几种方式： 1. According to the author, _. 2. In the authors opinion, _. 3. The author thinks (believes, suggests, deems) that _. 4. The author gives impression that _. 5. How does the author feel about _. 6. What is the authors opinion (idea) about _? 7. Which of the following will the author agree (disagree) with? 8. The authors attitude towards might be summarized an one of _. 9. The tone of the passage can best be described as (is) _. 10. What