张维友英语词汇学教程.ppt

1、Lexicology,魏冕 2013.9.17,Chapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary,Why do we learn this chapter?,To answer the questions like: 1. Where does the English language come from? 2. In what way is English related to other languages? 3. Why the Germanic dialects known as English now? 4. What is th

2、e size of the vocabulary of the first settlers? 5. How has it developed into what is now a huge modern vocabulary? 6. What influence do other languages have on English?,2.1 The Indo-European Language Family,Europe， the Near East， India Ten principal groups: the Eastern set: Balto Slavic斯拉夫语 Indo-Ira

3、nian印度伊朗语 Armenian and Albanian亚美尼亚语 the Western set: Celtic凯尔特语 Italic意大利语 Hellenic希腊语 Germanic日耳曼语 Hittite赫梯语 Tocharian 吐火罗语,the East set,Armenian and Albanian are the sole modern language in the two repective families. The Balto-Slavic: Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian an

4、d Russian. The Indo-Iranian: Perisan, Bengali, Hindi, Romany (derived from the dead language Sanskrit.,the Western set,Hittite and Tocharian find no descendants of their own. Hellenic: Greek Celtic: Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Cornish, Breton and Pictish. Italic: Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian and

5、 Roumanian Germanic: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish,Swedish(Scandinavian),German, Dutch, Flemish and English.,2.2 Three Phases of the Historical Development,1） Old English （450-1150） totally 50,000-60,000 words The 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts, the language was Celtic. The second lan

6、guage was the Latin of the Roman Legions. The Germanic tribes called angles, Saxons and Jutes and their language, Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. At the end of 6th century, the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the En

7、glish vocabulary. In the 9th century, many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English, our daily life and speech. 特点： highly inflected language, complex endings or vowel changes （full ending）,2） Middle English （1150-1500） English, Latin,French Unti

8、l 1066, although there were borrowings from Latin, the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English. By the end of the 13th century, English gradually come back into public areas. Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of Fren

9、ch origin come into English. 75% of them are till in use today. 特点： fewer inflections, leveled ending,3） Modern English （1500-up to now） early modern English （1500-1700） late modern English（1700-up to now） The Renaissance, Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western worlds great

10、literary heritage. The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization, British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe, thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world. After World War II, many new words have been

11、 created to express new ideas, inventions and scientific achievements. More words are created by means of word-formation.,2.3 General Characteristics,1. Receptivity, Adaptability and Heterogeneity 2. Simplicity of Inflection 3. Relatively Fixed Word-order It may fairly be said that English is among

12、the easiest languages to speak badly, but the most difficult to use well.,2.5 Growth of Contemporary English Vocabulary,There are three main sources of new words: The rapid development (growth) of modern science and technology; Social, economic and political changes; The influence of other cultures

13、and languages.,Coin 创造 Source 来源 Changing 变化 Life-style 生活方式 Breed 繁殖 Astrobiology 太空生物学 Shuttle 穿梭机 Earthrise 地出 Orbit 轨道 Retrovirus 逆转录酶病毒 Surgery 外科手术 Fallout 放射尘 Irradiation 放射 Atomic 原子的 Megavitamin 大量维生素 Soy milk 豆奶 Granny glasses 金框眼镜,Pant suit 喘气装 Hip hugger 拥抱 Punk rock 朋克摇滚 Soul music 黑人乐

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