状从名从定从复习.ppt

1、Unit 1 Other countries, other cultures,Grammar and usage Overview of subordinate clauses,What are subordinate clauses,When a number of ideas are combined in one sentence, some ideas are more important than others. We can use subordinate clauses to express less important ideas. These can be divided i

2、nto three kinds: adverbial, noun or attributive clauses.,The adverbial clause, When you find an interesting book in a bookshop, dont hesitate to buy it at once. Where there is waste, there is pollution. I want to live how I want to live.,expressing time,expressing place,expressing manner, He left ea

3、rly in order that he might arrive on time. She wrote the message on a piece of paper so that she didnt forget it.,expressing purpose,expressing result, Some people waste food while others dont have enough. If you do have difficulties, please come and ask me. When in Rome, do as the Romans do. Becaus

4、e silk paper was so expensive, people developed a kind of paper made from the fires of plants.,expressing contrast,expressing condition,expressing manner,expressing reason,1. _the day went on, the weather got worse. (MET90) A. With B. Since C. While D. As 2. I had just stepped out of the bathroom an

5、d was busily drying myself with a towel _ I heard the steps. (湖南卷) A. while B. when C. since D. after,状语从句疑难点(1),(A) as, when, while的区别,D,B,3. Im going to the post office. _ youre there, can you get me some stamps? (NMET 99) A. As B. While C. Because D. If,B,as,when,while这三个词都有“当时候”之意，但用法有所不同。when意为

6、“在时刻或时期”，它可兼指“时间点”与“时间段”，所引导的从句的动词既可以是终止性动词，也可是持续性动词。as意为“一边一边”或“与同时”，重在表示动作同时发生、伴随进行。while只指“时间段”，不指“时间点”，从句的动词只限于持续性动词，而且主从句的时态常用进行时。,_ I really dont like art, I find his work impressive. (山东卷) A. AsB. SinceC. IfD. While 【解析】答案选D。while在此表示“尽管”“虽然”，又如：While the work was difficult, it was interestin

7、g. 尽管工作有难度，但很有趣。/ While I understand what you say, I cant agree with you. 虽然我理解你的意思，但我还是不同意。,当主从句之间表示转折或对比关系时，多用while, 不用as或when。如： She thought I was talking about her daughter, while in fact, I was talking about my daughter. 她以为我在谈论她女儿，而事实上，我在谈论我的女儿。,1. Wheres that report? I brought it to you _ you

8、 were in Mr. Blacks office yesterday. (北京卷) A. ifB. whenC. becauseD. before 2. Why do you want a new job _ youve got such a good one already? A. thatB. whereC. whichD. when 3. He was about halfway through his meal _ a familiar voice came to his ears. (辽宁卷) A. whyB. whereC. whenD. while,当的时候; 既然; 这时(

9、突然),He was about to leave when the telephone rang. 他正要离开，忽然电话铃响了。 We were watching TV when suddenly the lights went out. 我们正在看电视，突然灯灭了。 They had just arrived home when it began to rain. 他们刚到家，天就开始下雨了。,1. Not until I began to work _how much time I had wasted. (NMET90) A. didnt I realize B. did I real

10、ize C. I didnt realize D. I realized,B,状语从句疑难点(2),2. It was not _she took off her glasses _I realized she was a famous star.(MET92) A. when; that B. until; that C. until; when D. when; then,B,until和till都可表示“直到为止”, 与持续性动词的肯定式连用。如： He waited until / till we finished our meal. 他一直等到我们吃完饭。,until与till及 n

11、otuntil / till的用法,(2) 当until和till表示“直到才”时, 通常与短暂动词的否定式连用, 这时, until和till也可用before代替。如： I didnt leave until / till / before she came back. 直到她回来, 我才离开的。,1. Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her？ Yes，I gave it to her _ I saw her (2001北京春招) A. while B. the moment C. suddenly D. once,B,状语

12、从句疑难点(3),2. I thought her nice and honest _ I met her. A. first time B. for the first time C. the first time D. by the first time,C,the moment (当的时刻), by the time(到 时候为止), next time (下次), the first time(第一次的时候), the last time(上次的 时候)，immediately（一就), instantly(一就), directly(一就)等词或词组以及hardly / scarce

13、lywhen(刚就), no soonerthan(刚就)等关联词也可引导表示时间的状语从句。,例如： Be sure to call on us next time you come to town. 下次你进城一定来看我们。 By the time he was fourteen, Einstein had learned advanced mathematics all by himself. 爱因斯坦到十四岁时就自学完了高等数学。,She rushed into the room immediately / the moment she heard the noise. 她一听到这声音

14、, 就冲进房间。 He left me a good impression the first time I met him. 我第一次见他时, 他给我留下了好 印象。,例如: He had no sooner arrived there than he fell ill. 他刚到达那里就生起病来。 He had hardly finished when someone rose to refute his points. 他还没全说完，就有人起来反驳他的论点。,当hardly, scarcely, no sooner位于引起的句子的开头时，常用倒装语序。上面的例句可以依次改写成： No so

15、oner had he arrived there than he fell ill. Hardly had he finished when someone rose to refute his points.,The WTO cannot live up to its name _ it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind. A. as long as B. while C. if D. even though,if和unless的用法,C,状语从句疑难点(4),2. The men will ha

16、ve to wait all day_ the doctor works faster.（01北京春） A. if B. unless C. whether D. That,B,一般情况下, unless相当于ifnot, 可以互换。如: I wont let you in unless you show me your pass. = I wont let you in if you dont show me your pass. 如果你不出示通行证，我就不让你进来。,if和unless的用法,但是, 在下列情况下, 两者是有区别的。 1) 当ifnot引导非真实条件分句时，一般不可改用un

17、less。 例如： If she had not had an alarm clock, she would have missed the train.（事实：她有闹钟。） 2)如果主句描述的是情感或情绪活动方面的内容，ifnot结构不能换成unless。 如: Ill be quite glad if she doesnt come this evening. (她今晚如果不来我很高兴.),because, since, as, for的区别 1. She was ill, _ she didnt come to school this morning. A. since B. becau

18、se C. as D. for 2. We had better hurry _ it is getting dark A. and B. but C. as D. unless,D,C,状语从句疑难点(5),because, since, as, for的区别 (1) 在这四个连词中, because语气最强, 它引导的从句表达的是未知的新信息, 也是该主从复合句中的焦点, 一般都置于主句之后(也可以放在主句之前, 用逗号隔开)。在回答”why”引导的特殊疑问句时,一般只能用because；在强调结构”It is/ was that ”中, 也只能用because。例如:,Its becau

19、se he helped you that Im prepared to help him. 正是因为他帮助过你，所以我乐意去帮助他。 Why didnt you phone me last night?你昨天夜里为什么没给我打电话？ Because I didnt want to disturb you.因为我不想在夜里打扰你。,(2) since和as语气不如because强, as的语气最弱。他们引导的从句大多置于句首, 有时放在主句之后(as从句在复合句中的位置更为灵活), 表达的往往是已知信息, 即所指的原因是人们已知的客观事实, 所以, 复合句的重心在主句, 不在从句。例如:,be

20、cause, since, as, for的区别,Since you have no license, you are not allowed to drive. 因为你没有驾驶执照, 所以不允许你开车。As he was not well enough, I had to go without him. 由于他身体欠佳, 我只好不带他去了。,(3) for的语气不及because, since, as强, 为并列连词, 引导的分句常放在主句之后，从句前通常用逗号，表示说话者为所做的推断和预测提供理由, 或对前一分句进行补充和解释。如:,because, since, as, for的区别,I

21、t must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. (for分句表示说话者推断“昨晚天下雨”的理由。此时, because不能替代for, 因为地湿不是造成下雨的直接原因。原句可改为:The ground is wet, for / because it rained last night.),so that, sothat, suchthat 1. We were in _ when we left that we forgot the airline tickets.(2003上海高考) A. a rush so anxious B.

22、 a such anxious rush C. so an anxious rush D. such an anxious rush,D,状语从句疑难点(6),2. Sally worked late in the evening to finish her report _ her boss could read it first the next morning. Aso that Bbecause Cbefore Dor else,A,so that, sothat, suchthat so that “以便”、“结果”表目的和结果。注意：在从句中有情态动词表目的。无情态动词表结果。 s

23、othat “如此以致于”表结果。该结构常见于:,1. so+形副that 2. so+形a (an)单数名词that 3. somany/much复数名词(不可数名词) +that suchthat “如此以致于”表结果该 结构常见于: 1. sucha(an)形名词that 2. such形复数名词/不可数名词that,as, though 引导的倒装句 1. _ , he talks a lot about his favourite singers after class. A. A quiet student as he may be B. Quiet student as he m

24、ay be C. Quiet as he may be a student D. As he may be a quiet student,B,状语从句疑难点(7),2. _, he was unable to make much progress. A. Hard as he try B. Hard as he tried C. As he tried hard D. He tried hard,B,as, though 引导的倒装句 as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前)。 Fast as you read, you cant finis

25、h the book so soon. 纵然你读得快, 你也不能这么快读完这本书。,注意: a.句首名词不能带任何冠词。 Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. = Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.,as, though 引导的倒装句 注意: b.句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。 如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。,Try hard as he will, he never

26、seems able to do the work satisfactorily. = Though he tries hard, he never seems 虽然他尽了努力, 但他的工作总做的不尽人意。 Object as you may, Ill go. =Though/Although you may object, Ill go. 纵使你反对, 我也要去。,1. This is a very interesting book. Ill buy it, _. A. no matter how it may cost B. how may it cost C. how much may

27、it cost D. however much it may cost,D,状语从句疑难点(8),2. _, mother will wait for father to have dinner together. (NMET 1997) A. However late is he B. However late he is C. However is he late D. However he is late,B,3. He tried his best to solve the problem, _ difficult it was. (Tianjin 2005) A. however B

28、. no matter C. whatever D. although 4. You can eat food free in my restaurant _ you like. (Chongqing 2004) A. whenever B. wherever C. whatever D. however,A,A,no matter +疑问词 或疑问词+后缀ever No matter what happened, he would not mind. Whatever happened, he would not mind. 注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。,1. (错

29、)No matter what you say is of no use now.(对) Whatever you say is of no use now. (Whatever you say是主语从句) 2. (错) I will give a present to no matter who works hard. (对) I will give a present to whoever works hard.,9. where引导的状语从句 where可以用于引导地点状语从句，其意为“在的地 方”，此用法许多同学都不是熟悉，但高考经常考查，应 引起特别注意。如： If you are

30、traveling _ the customs are really foreign to your own, please do as the Romans do. (天津卷) A. in whichB. whatC. whenD. where 2. Mom, what did your doctor say? He advised me to live _ the air is fresher. (四川卷) A. in where B. in which C. the place where D. where,Noun clauses function like nouns in a se

31、ntence, and can be the subject, the object or the predicative. They start with the word that, or with a question word ( what, which, whose, when, how, why, where and who, or if or whether.,What is Noun Clause?,Your word was right. What you said was right. What you said 作主语，为subject clause I want to

32、know your opinion. I want to know whether you agree it or not. whether you agree it or not 作宾语为object clause,The problem is not settled yet. The problem is how we can settle the problem. how we can settle the problem作表语为predicative clause The news of our victory is exciting. The news that we have wo

33、n in the game is exciting. that we have won in the game作同位语为apposition clause,1. 在主语从句中连词的确定。 (一看意义, 二看在从句作何成分)。 _ knowledge comes from practice is known to all. A. What B. Where C. If D. That 2. _ is known to all that WTO stands for World Trade Organization. A. Which B. What C. As D. It,D,D,主语从句应注意

34、的问题,3. _ we cant get seems better than _ we have. A. What; what B. What; that C. That ; that D. That; what 4. _ well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where 5. _ there is life on another planet is almost impossible. A. How B. That C. Why D. whether,A,B,B,2.主语从句作

35、主语时谓语动词一般为单数： 1. That I can pay back the help people give me _ me happy. (make) 2. Whether hell be able to come _ not yet known. (be) 3. Why they have not left yet _ unclear. (be),makes,is,is,4. What they want to buy _ books. (be),are,当what引导主语从句时谓语动词有时可是复数。,3.由于主语从句在句首往往会造成主语过长, 因此在句首的通常是it 做形式主语,

36、而真正的主语放到后面。这时在句中的that不能省略。 That the wounded soldier is still alive is a wonder. It is a wonder that the wounded soldier is still alive.,4. If 一般不能用于引导主语从句。表示是否，应用whether 来引导。 1. _ or not Ill offer help is up to me. 2. _ he will help us is still a question.,Whether,Whether,5. 在It is necessary (import

37、ant, strange, unusual, natural, surprising, necessary, required, suggested, ordered, recommended ) that 句型中，会出现虚拟的结构。 如： 1) It is required that everyone _ the rules. (obey) 2) Its important that we _ good care of the patient. (take) 3) It is suggested that we _ a meeting next week. (attend),(should)

38、 obey,(should) take,(should) attend,在宾语从句中连词的确定。 (1看意义，2看在从句作何成分)。 1) We know little about the young lady except _ you told me. A. what B. that C. how D. /,A,宾语从句应注意的问题,2) The fire destroyed _ was in the building. A. all B. what C. that D. which 3) You will realize _ break the law will be punished.

39、that those who B. that those that C. whoever D. those whoever,B,A,4) _ is the most useful invention? A. Do you think which of these B. Which of these do you think C. Which of these you think D. You think which of these 5) These photographs will show you _. A. what our village looks like B. what does

40、 our village look like C. how our village looks like D. how does our village look like,B,A,2. Think, believe, suppose, expect等动词的宾语从句如是否定, 往往转移到主句上来。如: I dont think that he is right. I dont expect that he is at home.,3. 在带复合宾语的句子中, that引导的宾语从句要放到句子的后面, it 做形式宾语。 You may think it strange that anyone

41、could live in such a place. I heard it said that he had won the first prize.,4. 关于that 的省略。宾语从句中的that 一般都是可以省略的。但是当有两个宾语从句时, 第二个从句的引导词that 不能省略。 He said he was not in at that time and that he should be blamed for the accident.,5. 当宾语从句中动词与从句被插入语分开是, that 不能省略。 When he got to London, he found, howeve

42、r, that his English was too poor.,6. 当以下动词后带宾语从句时, 会出现虚拟的结构, insist, order, suggest, require, demand, advise, recommend, urge, propose, wish 等。 1) He suggested that we _ his offer. (accept) 2) The general ordered that another attack _ as soon as possible. (make),accept,should be made,3) He ordered t

43、hat the clothes _ every week by the students themselves. (wash) 4) He insisted that all of us _ there on time by any means. (arrive),should be washed,arrive,5. He wished he _ that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。 6. I wish I _to the moon. 我希望我能飞到月球去。,hadnt said,could fly,何为同位语？,1. 由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构, 其中前项与后项所指相同, 句

44、法功能也相同, 后项是前项的同位语。 Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us. 我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好。,our new teacher是主词Mr. Smith的同位语, 指同一人。 Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brothers. 昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。,a friend of my brothers, 是受词Tom的同位语指同一人。 He taught us students English. students是us的同位语 We youth should study hard

45、 for our country. youth是we的同位语,同位语从句,在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面, 用以说明该名词表示具体内容。如： I heard the news that our team had won. 我听到了我们队获胜的消息。 I had no idea that you were here. 我不知道你在这里。,可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news, idea, view, fact, promise, question, problem, doubt, thought, hope, message, suggestion, word(消

46、息), possibility等。如: Ive come from Mr wang with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon. 我从王先生那里来, 他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。,英语中引导同位语从句的词通常有连词 that, whether, 连接副词 how, when, where等。如: l have no idea when he will be back. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or no

47、t. 他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。,1. 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后，而是被别的词隔开，以使得整个句子的及结构显得更平衡。 He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.,同位语从句应注意的问题,2. 要区分是同位语从句还是定语从句 The news that we heard just now is really encouraging. The news that our class has won the game is really encouraging. The problem th

48、at you raised at the meeting is well worth discussing. The problem whether all the students should come to school in the evening is well worth discussing.,定从，that可以改为 which也可以省掉,定语从句，that可以改为 which也可以省掉,同位语从句,同位语从句,“If” 和 “whether”,1. 引导主语从句时用whether 不用if, 2. 与不定式连用时用whether 不用if; 3. 与or not 连用的多为wh

49、ether, 不用if; 4. 引导表语从句用whether , 不用if; 5. 容易引起歧意的用whether, 不用if; Tell me whether you like it. Tell me if you like it. 告诉我你是否喜欢它。/如果喜欢它, 告诉我。,Attributive clauses are like adjectives- they give more information about something. They start with a relative pronoun (which, that, who, whom and whose), or

50、a relative adverb (where, when and why). There are two kinds of attributive clauses, restrictive and non-restrictive.,What is Attributive Clause?,The attributive clause (the adjective clause) the restrictive attributive clause the non-restrictive attributive clause noun/pronoun + the attributive cla

51、use the antecedent (person/thing) 先行词,the relative pronouns/adverbs + clause 关系代词/ 副词 + 从句,The use of the relative pronouns Form 1:,person(s),subject/object,person(s),object,person(s)/thing(s),subject/object,thing(s),subject/object,person(s)/thing(s) (of whom/which),attribute,The use of the relative

52、 adverbs,time,adverbial of time,place,adverbial of place,reason,adverbial of reason,Practice: complete the sentences with suitable relatives. 1. I know the reason he came late. 2. Do you know the woman, _son went to college last year? 3. The house _ color is red is johns. 4. This is the best film Iv

53、e ever seen. 5. Thats the town _ he worked in 1987. 6. I have 2 brothers, are both soldiers. 7. Next week, youll spend in your hometown, is coming. 8. Ive tried 2 pairs of shoes, neither of _fits me well.,why,whose,whose,that,where,who,which,which,1. Pay more attention to the agreement between the v

54、erb and the antecedent in person and number in the attributive clause, and then complete the sentences: Those who _ to go to the cinema must be at the school gate by 3:30 p.m. (want) 2. He who _ the great wall is not a true man. (not reach) 3. She is the only one of the girls who _ been to Beijing.

55、(have) 4. He is one of the boys who _ seen the film. (have),want,doesnt reach,has,have,当关系词在定语从句中做主语时,从句的谓语动词必须和先行词保持人称和数的一致. (2) 当先行词的结构是 “one of +n. (pl.)”, 从句的谓语动词要用复数形式. 但是, 如果one前有 “the” , “the only” “the very” 修饰, 从句的谓语动词则要用单数形式.,Conclusion 1:,2. The Difference Between “that” and “which”. Comp

56、lete the following sentences with “that” or “which”. This is the 2nd article _ I have written in English. 2. It is the best film _ he has ever seen. 3. This is the very book _ I want to read. 4. All _ they told me surprised me. 5. They talked about the teachers and schools _ they had visited.,that,t

57、hat,that,that,that,6. Who is the comrade _ was there? 7. Which is the book _ you like best? 8. Our village is no longer the place _ it used to be. He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows, most of _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year. 10. The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. 11. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, through_ he could see what was going on inside the house. 12. The boy got the first prize in the English Speaking Contest, _made his parents very happy.,that,that,that,which,which,which,which,Conclusion 2: 当先行词指代物时,以下几