曼昆经济学原理课件13.ppt

1、,生产成本,Chapter 13,生产成本,供给定理: 当一种物品价格上升时，企业愿意生产并销售更多的这种物品。 这种反应导致了向右上方倾斜的供给曲线。,企业的目标,Maximum Profits,企业的经济目标就是要使其获得的利润最大化。,企业的总收益与总成本,总收益 企业出售其产品所得到的货币量。 总成本 企业用于生产的投入品的市场价值。,企业的利润,利润即企业的总收益减去总成本 Profit = Total revenue - Total cost,作为机会成本的成本,企业的生产成本包括所有用来生产商品与服务的投入品的机会成本。,显性成本与隐性成本,企业的生产成本包括显性成本与隐性成本。

2、 显性成本（Explicit costs）指企业为购买生产用投入要素而直接支出的货币成本。 隐性成本（Implicit costs）指不包括在直接货币支出中的投入成本。,经济利润 versus 会计利润,经济学家衡量企业的经济利润用企业的总收益减去生产所销售物品与劳务的总机会成本（显性的与隐性的）。 会计师衡量企业的利润用企业的总收益减去显性成本，也就是说，他们忽略隐性成本。,Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit,当总收益超过显性成本与隐性成本，企业将获得经济利润。 经济利润小于会计利润。,Economic Profit versus Account

3、ing Profit,生产函数与总成本,The Production Function,生产函数（The production function）展示了用于生产一种物品的投入量与该物品的产量之间的关系。,边际产量,生产过程中任何一种投入的边际产量（marginal product）是增加一单位投入所引起的产量增加。,Marginal Product,边际产量递减,边际产量递减（Diminishing marginal product）指一种投入的边际产量随着投入量增加而减少的特征。 例如: 当越来越多的工人被雇用到企业，每个增加的工人对产量的贡献却越来越少，因为企业的设备数量是有限的。,A P

4、roduction Function.,Quantity of,Output,(cookies,per hour),150,140,130,120,110,100,90,80,70,60,50,40,30,20,10,Number of Workers Hired,0,1,2,3,4,5,Production function,Diminishing Marginal Product,生产函数的斜率测量了投入品的边际产量，如劳动的边际产量。 随着投入品数量的增加，边际产量不断减少，生产函数变得越来越平坦。,从生产函数到总成本曲线,企业生产的产量与成本的关系决定了价格决策。 总成本曲线展示了产量

5、与成本的几何关系。,A Production Function and Total Cost,Hungry Helens Cookie Factory,Total-Cost Curve.,Total,Cost,$80,70,60,50,40,30,20,10,Quantity of Output,(cookies per hour),0,20,40,140,120,100,80,60,Total-cost,curve,成本的各种衡量指标,生产成本可以被分为固定成本与可变成本。,固定成本与可变成本,固定成本指不随着产量变动而变动的成本。 可变成本指随着产量变动而变动的成本。,Family of

6、Total Costs,Total Fixed Costs (TFC) Total Variable Costs (TVC) Total Costs (TC) TC = TFC + TVC,Family of Total Costs,Quantity,Total Cost,Fixed Cost,Variable Cost,0,$ 3.00,$3.00,$ 0.00,1,3.30,3.00,0.30,2,3.80,3.00,0.80,3,4.50,3.00,1.50,4,5.40,3.00,2.40,5,6.50,3.00,3.50,6,7.80,3.00,4.80,7,9.30,3.00,6.

7、30,8,11.00,3.00,8.00,9,12.90,3.00,9.90,10,15.00,3.00,12.00,平均成本,平均总成本（Average costs）以总成本除以产量。 平均总成本是每单位产量的成本。,Family of Average Costs,Average Fixed Costs (AFC) Average Variable Costs (AVC) Average Total Costs (ATC) ATC = AFC + AVC,Family of Average Costs,$3.00,Family of Average Costs,Quantity,AFC,AV

8、C,ATC,0,1,$0.30,$3.30,2,1.50,0.40,1.90,3,1.00,0.50,1.50,4,0.75,0.60,1.35,5,0.60,0.70,1.30,6,0.50,0.80,1.30,7,0.43,0.90,1.33,8,0.38,1.00,1.38,9,0.33,1.10,1.43,10,0.30,1.20,1.50,边际成本,边际成本（Marginal cost (MC) ）指额外一单位产量所引起的总成本的增加。 边际成本有助于理解如下问题： 生产额外一单位产量的成本是多少？,Marginal Cost,Marginal Cost,Total-Cost Cur

9、ve.,$0.00,$2.00,$4.00,$6.00,$8.00,$10.00,$12.00,$14.00,$16.00,0,2,4,6,8,10,12,Quantity of Output,(glasses of lemonade per hour),Total Cost,Total-cost curve,Average-Cost and Marginal-Cost Curves.,$0.00,$0.50,$1.00,$1.50,$2.00,$2.50,$3.00,$3.50,0,2,4,6,8,10,12,Quantity of Output,(glasses of lemonade p

10、er hour),Costs,成本曲线及其形状,边际成本随着产量增加而上升，具有递增的特点。 这反映了边际产量递减的性质。,Cost Curves and Their Shapes,$0.00,$0.50,$1.00,$1.50,$2.00,$2.50,0,2,4,6,8,10,12,Quantity of Output,(glasses of lemonade per hour),Costs,Cost Curves and Their Shapes,平均总成本曲线呈 U-形. 当产量水平很低时，平均总成本很高，因为固定成本分摊到了很少的产量上。 当产量增加时，平均总成本递减。 当平均可变成本

11、上升到能抵销平均固定成本的递减时，平均总成本开始上升。,Cost Curves and Their Shapes,U-形曲线的底端对应着使平均总成本最小的产量，这种产量有时被称为企业的有效规模。,Cost Curves and Their Shapes,$0.00,$0.50,$1.00,$1.50,$2.00,$2.50,$3.00,$3.50,0,2,4,6,8,10,12,Quantity of Output,(glasses of lemonade per hour),Total Costs,边际成本与平均总成本的关系,当边际成本低于平均成本时，平均成本下降。 当边际成本大于平均成本时

12、，平均成本上升。,Relationship Between Marginal Cost and Average Total Cost,边际成本曲线穿过平均总成本曲线于其有效规模的点上。 有效规模即平均总成本最小的产量。,Relationship Between Marginal Cost and Average Total Cost,$0.00,$0.50,$1.00,$1.50,$2.00,$2.50,$3.00,$3.50,0,2,4,6,8,10,12,Quantity of Output,(glasses of lemonade per hour),Costs,各种成本的计算,现在考察

13、各种成本的计量及其内在的关联。,The Various Measures of Cost Big Bobs Bagel Bin,Big Bobs Cost Curves.,$0.00,$2.00,$4.00,$6.00,$8.00,$10.00,$12.00,$14.00,$16.00,$18.00,$20.00,0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,Quantity of Output,(bagels per hour),Total Cost,Total Cost Curve,Big Bobs Cost Curves.,0,0.5,1,1.5,2,2.5,3,3.5,0,2,4,6,8

14、,10,12,14,16,Quantity of Output,Costs,成本曲线的三个重要特性,当产量增加时，边际成本最终会上升。 平均总成本曲线是 U-形. 边际成本曲线经过平均总成本曲线的最低点，即U-形的底端。,长期成本,对许多企业而言，总成本分为固定成本与可变成本取决于所考察的时间长短。 在短期，一些成本是固定的。 在长期，固定成本将变为可变的。,Costs in the Long Run,由于许多成本在短期是固定的，但在长期却是可变的，因此企业的长期成本曲线与短期成本曲线是不同的。,Average Total Cost in the Short and Long Runs.,Qu

15、antity of,Cars per Day,0,Average,Total,Cost,规模经济与规模不经济,规模经济（Economies of scale）指当长期平均总成本随着产量增加而减少的特性。 规模不经济（Diseconomies of scale）指当长期平均总成本随着产量增加而增加的特性。 规模收益不变（Constant returns to scale）指长期平均总成本不随产量变动而变动的特性。,Economies and Diseconomies of Scale,Quantity of,Cars per Day,0,Average,Total,Cost,Summary,Th

16、e goal of firms is to maximize profit, which equals total revenue minus total cost. When analyzing a firms behavior, it is important to include all the opportunity costs of production. Some opportunity costs are explicit while other opportunity costs are implicit.,Summary,A firms costs reflect its p

17、roduction process. A typical firms production function gets flatter as the quantity of input increases, displaying the property of diminishing marginal product. A firms total costs are divided between fixed and variable costs. Fixed costs dont vary with quantities produced; variable costs do.,Summar

18、y,Average total cost is total cost divided by the quantity of output. Marginal cost is the amount by which total cost would rise if output were increased by one unit. The marginal cost always rises with the quantity of output.,Summary,The average-total-cost curve is U-shaped. The marginal-cost curve always crosses the average-total-cost curve at the minimum of ATC. A firms costs often depend on the time horizon being considered.,Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit,A Production Function.,Total-Cost Curve.,Total