生物学导论Biology1

1、Concepts on Biology,Eldon D. Enger Frederick C. Ross 10th Edition,Contents,1.1 The significance of biology in your life 1.2 Science and the scientific method 1.3 Science, nonscience and Pseudoscience (self-learning) 1.4 The science of biology,1.1 Significance of biologyin your life - Population,Worl

2、d population：6 billion, China population: 1.3 billion,Significance of biologyin your life - Environment,Clear cutting,Significance of biologyin your life - Health,Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (传染性非典型肺炎) first reported in Asia in February 2003 8,098 was sick Virus transmitted by respiratory drop

3、let,Significance of biologyin your life - HIV and AIDS,8,000 /year died 5 people/minute 1 million in China 30% increase each year,杭州市的情况,截至2010年5月31日，杭州市今年已新发现的艾滋病感染者超过3位数；杭州市西湖区疾控中心在所辖的三所大学结合体检，抽查了三所大学2000名大学生，结果发现有8名学生感染上艾滋病病毒。,Significance of biologyin your life more?,Avian flue (禽流感）,What is Bio

4、logy?,Biology is the science that deals with life. Biology is a scientific discipline Dealing with living things,1.2 Science and the scientific method,What is science?,Science: noun, from scientia (Latin term) meaning knowledge or knowing Science is a process used to solve problems or develop an und

5、erstanding of natural events that involves the testing possible answers.,What is a scientific method?,Scientific method is a way of gaining information (facts) about the world by forming possible solutions to questions followed by rigorous testing to determine if the proposed solutions are valid.,Sc

6、ientific method,Observation (观察) Question formulation (提出问题) Hypothesis formation (提出假设) Test hypothesis (检验假设) Agreement or new laws (认同或提出新定律） Conclusion and communication ( 总结与交流),Scientific method,Flying rods 飞棍 an example,Observations:,Flying rods an example,Observations,Baghdad, aired on April

7、 3, 2003, 4:00pm,Flying rods an example,What are Rods? Rods are cylindrical（圆柱） or cigar shaped objects that are not like the typical cigar shaped UFOs that have not been reported throughout history.,Flying rods an example,Characters: From four inches to a hundred,(or more), feet in length 2. “Appen

8、dages” along their torsos（躯干） resembling centipedes （蜈蚣） 3. Travel at extremely high velocities barely visible with the naked eye 4. Do exhibit some form of intelligence 5. Appearing everywhere. Alive!,Flying rods an example,Computer simulation,Flying rods an example,Ask questions: UFOs? New species

9、? Alien species?,Flying rods an example,Hypothesis Flying rods = flying insect sequences on cameras?,Flying rods an example,Design experiments and test the hypothesis,www.nature-,Flying rods an example,Design experiments and test the hypothesis,Flying rods an example,Agreement or new laws,祝辰洲， 2005,

10、Story, 2002,Flying rods an example,Conclusion: flying rods are motion-blurred bugs,祝辰洲， 2005,Story, 2002,Scientific method,Recent Story,Review,The significance of biology in your life What is science? What is scientific method? Observation, Questioning and exploration, Constructing Hypotheses, Testi

11、ng hypotheses, development of theories and laws, and communication,Limitation of science,Science is only a way of thinking and seeking information to solve problems It only can be applied to questions that have factual (实际的) bases Science is also limited by the ability of people to pry (探查) understa

12、nding from the natural world Science is self-correcting,Challenge previous beliefs,Limitation of science,Science cannot answer all the problems of our time. Science does not have, nor does it attempt to provide, all the answers to the problems of human race Science is merely one of the tools at our

13、disposal.,1.4 The science of biology,The ability to manipulate (利用) energy and matter is unique to living things. Energy (能量): is the ability to do work or cause things to move Matter (物质): is anything that has mass and takes up space,1.4 The science of biology,Characteristics Metabolic processes (新

14、陈代谢） Generative processes （生长和繁殖过程） Responsive processes （反应过程） Control processes （控制过程） A unique structural organization （独特的组织和秩序性）,Metabolic process (新陈代谢）,Metabolic processes involves the total of all chemical reactions and associated energy changes that take place within an organism. 新陈代谢：在生物体内

15、与外界不断进行物质和能量交换。,Metabolic process (新陈代谢）,Three essential aspects: 1) Nutrient uptake 2) Nutrient processing 3) Waste elimination,Generative processes,Are activities that result in an increase the size of an individual organism growth (生长）or an increase in the number of individuals in a population of

16、 organisms - reproduction （繁殖）,Reproduction,Reproduction includes sexual reproduction （有性繁殖） and asexual reproduction （无性繁殖）,Responsive processes,Organisms respond to changes within their bodies and in their surroundings in a meaningful way, called responsive processes （反应过程）.,Responsive processes,O

17、rganized into three categories: irritability （应激能力） individual adaptation （个体适应） adaptation of populations, also called evolution （进化）,Control processes,Control processes are mechanisms that ensure an organism will carry out all metabolic activities in the proper sequence (coordination 协调) and at th

18、e proper rate (regulation 调节).,Control processes,The molecules responsible for coordinating these reactions are known as enzymes (酶). Enzymes are molecules, produced by organisms, that are able to increase and control the rate at which lifes chemical reaction occur.,Unique structural organization,DN

19、A sequence,Characteristics of life,Living things share basic structural similarities. All living things are made up of complex, structural units called cells Any unit that is capable of functioning independently is called an organism (生物体）,Characteristics of life,Characteristics 特性 of life,All livin

20、g things share the structural and functional characteristics. Organisms are special kinds of matter that interact with their surroundings at several different levels,Levels of organization,Biosphere 生物圈 Ecosystem 生态系统 Community 群落 Population 种群 Individual Organism 生物体 Organ system 器官系统 Organ 器官 Tiss

21、ue 组织 Cell 细胞 Molecules 分子 Atoms 原子,Consequence of not understanding biological principles,Clear cutting, deforesting (砍伐森林) Desertification (沙漠化) Introduction of exotic species (引进外来生物）,Future directions in biology,Relationship between genetic information and diseases Ecology: climate change, destruction of natural ecosystem, human population, etc.,Summary,What is science? What is science method? Characters of life Levels of organization,Key terms,Scientific method 科学方法 Metabolic processes 新陈代谢 Generative processes