2011年职称英语[理工类C]幺建华押题班第一位阅读理解第236篇

1、大家论坛职称英语 /forum-109-1.html 大家论坛职称英语版块/forum-109-1.html2011年职称英语教材（理工类C）幺建华押题班第一位阅读理解第236篇WORD【第一位】第二篇 （新增）World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict第三篇 Citizen Scientists第六篇（新增）Weaving with Light【第一位】第二篇World Crude Oil Productio

2、n May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict In a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil, scientists in Kuwait predict that world conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014. This prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictionsTheir study is in ACS EnergyFuels1 Ibr

3、ahim Nashawi and colleagues point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a growing interest in predicting peak oilPeak oil is the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines. Scientists have developed several models to forecast this point, and some put the dat

4、e at 2020 or later. One of the most famous forecast models is called the Hubbert model2. It assumes that global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve3. A related concept is that4 of Peak Oil. The term Peal Oil indicates the moment in which world wide production Will peak, afterwards to star

5、t on irreversible decline The Hubbert model accurately predicted that oil production would peak in the United States in 1970. The model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide However, recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for5 mo

6、re complex oil production cycles of some countriesThose cycles can be heavily influenced by technology changes, politics, and other factors, the scientists say. The new study describes development of a new version of the Hubbert model that provides a more realistic and accurate oil production foreca

7、stUsing the new model, the scientists evaluated the oil production trends of 47 major oil-producing countries, which supply most of the worlds conventional crude oil6 They estimated that worldwide conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014, years earlier than anticipated. The scientists als

8、o showed that the worlds oil reserves7 arebeing reduced at a rate of 2.1 percent a year. The new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate, they suggest.词汇：Conserve v 保护，保存crude oil原油spark v闪耀；激发；鼓舞curve n曲线irreversible adj不可逆的，不可改变的insufficient adj.充分的，不足的注释：1ACS Ene

9、rgy & Fuels：ACS是American Chemical Society(美国化学学会)的缩写。该学会成立于l876年，现已成为世界最大的科技协会。多年来，ACS一直致力于为全球化学研究机构、企业及个人提供高品质的文献资讯及服务。ACS出版的期刊有34种，这些期刊在化学领域中是被引用次数最多的化学期刊，EnergyFuels即是其中一本。2the Hubbert model：赫伯特模型是美国地质学家MKing Hubbert于1956年创建的，这是一个随时间增长的模型，Hubbert将其引入油气田开发，经推导使其成为一个可以预测油气田累积产量、瞬时产量、年产量和可采储量等多项开发指标

10、的多功能预测模型。3a bell shaped curve：钟形曲线4that of peak oil：that指代concept。5account for：说明，解释6conventional crude oil：常规原油7oil reserves：石油储量。通常使用复数形式reserves。练习：1Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word sparked appearing in paragraph 2?AflashedBstimulatedCchangedDended2The term a bell shaped c

11、urve appearing in paragraph 2 indicates that global oil production willAtake the shape of a flat curveBkeep growingCkeep decliningDstart to decline after global oil production peaks3Which of the following is NOT true of the Hubbert model?AIt successfully predicted that oil production peaked in the U

12、Sin l 970BIt has been used to predict oil production in many countriesCIt is insufficient to explain oil production cycles in some countriesDIt provides a very realistic and accurate oil production4What is the major achievement of the new study mentioned in the last paragraph?AIt predicts global oil

13、 production will peak in 2014BIt predicts oil production will decline in 47 countriesCIt confirms further the effectiveness of the Hubbert modelDIt discovers a new trend of Worldwide oil production5Who develop the new version of the Hubbert model?AAmerican scientistsBKuwaiti scientistsCBritish scien

14、tistsDScientists of 47 major oil-producing countries答案与题解：1B spark一词做及物动词使用时有发动、激发的意思，在此意为stimulated，即引发，这个句子的意思是：全球石油消费的快速增长已引发了对石油峰值预测的兴趣。2D此句接下来的句子中所提到的a related concept即是与a bell shaped curve相关的概念，也就是说，接下来的这个句子对a bell shaped curve做了解释，即世界石油生产达到最大峰值后将下降。3D 文章的第三段告诉我们，Hubbert预测模型精确地预测到美国石油生产于1970年将

15、达到峰值。这一模型自受到公认后，已用于预测世界石油生产。第四段说，这一模型对于某些国家更加复杂的石油生产周期而言，其计算尚不充分。这些生产周期受到技术的改变、政策和其他因素的很大影响。所以，A、B和C都是对Hubbert模型的正确说明。4A选项8、C和D所述内容均未在文章中提到。最后一段告诉我们，科学家使用新的模型评估了47个主要的产油国家的石油生产趋势，并预计全球常规原油生产到2014年将达最高峰值。所以，A是答案。5B 短文第一段的第一个句子提供了答案。第二篇世界原油产量可能提前十年达到峰值科威特科学家预测世界常规原油产量将在2014年达到峰值，这一发现可能会促进储存石油的 努力。这一预测

16、比其他预测提前了将近十年，已经发表在美国化学学会能量与燃料杂志上。伊布赫姆纳夏威和同事们指出，全球石油消耗的快速增长使人们对“石油峰值”预测的兴 趣越来越浓。“石油峰值”指的是石油产量达到最大值然后开始下降的时间点。科学家已经构建 了几个模型来预测这一时间，有些模型认为这一时间在2020年或更晚。其中最著名的预测模型之 一是赫伯特模型。赫伯特模型认为世界石油产量呈钟型曲线，与此相关的概念是“石油峰值”。 这一术语指的是世界石油产量达到峰值的那一刻，之后将呈现无法逆转的下降趋势。赫伯特模型精确地预测到美国石油产量于1970年达到峰值。这一模型从此受到欢迎，已经用 于预测世界石油生产。.但是，最近

17、研究表明，这一模型不足以解释某些国家更加复杂的石油生产周期。科学家称， 这些生产周期受到技术变化、政策和其他因素的很大影响。最新研究描述了赫伯特模型的新版本，提供了更加实际、更加准确的石油生产预测。科学家 使用新模型评估了 47个主要产油国家的石油生产趋势，这47个国家是世界常规原油的主要提供 者。科学家预计全球常规原油产量将于2014年达到峰值，比之前预计的要早很多年。科学家还指 出，世界石油储量正在以2.1%的速度逐年减少，他们认为新模型会帮助做出与能源相关的决定， 帮助进行国家政策辩论。第三篇Citizen ScientistsUnderstanding how nature respo

18、nds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle1 events 一 flowering, the appearance of leaves , the first frog calls of the spring all around the world. But ecologists cant be everywhere so theyre turning to non-scientists, sometimes called citizen scientists, for help.Climate scientist

19、s are not present everywhere. Because there are so many places in the world and not enough scientists to observe all of them, theyre asking for your help in observing signs of climate change across the world. The citizen scientist movement encourages ordinary people to observe a very specific resear

20、ch interest birds, trees, flowers budding, etc. and send their observations to a giant database to be observed by professional scientists. This helps a small number of scientists track a large amount of data that they would never be able to gather on their own. Much like citizen journalists helping

21、large publications cover a hyper-local beat2，citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live. All thats needed to become one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and send it3 in.A group of scientists and educators launched an organization last year called the Nationa

22、l Phenology4 Network. Phenology is what scientists call the study of the timing of events in nature.One of the groups first efforts relies on scientists and non-scientists alike to collect data about plant flowering and leafing every year. The program, called Project BudBurst, collects life cycle da

23、ta on a variety of common plants from across the United States. People participating in the project which is Qpen to everyone 一 record their observations on the Project BudBurst website.People dont have to be plant experts -they just have to look around and see whats in their neighborhood, says Jenn

24、ifer Schwartz, an education consultant with the project. As we collect this data, well be able to make an estimate of how plants and communities5 of plants and animals will respond as the climate changes. ”词汇：frog /frog/ n.蛙业的；n.职业选手，专业人员ecologist/|i:kDbd3ist/ n.生态学家phenology /finDbdgi/ n.物候学bud/bAd

25、/v.发芽，萌芽；芽，花蕾neighbor(u)rhood /neibohud/ n.近邻；邻近 database /deitgbeis/ n.数据库 地区 professional /prg (u) fejgnsl/ adj.专业的，职注释：life cycle：生命周期，即生物发展过程的系列变化。hyper-local beat： beat在此做名词用，意思是:某类新闻报道，如，a business beat:商业专题报道。这是近年来出现的新词。hyper-local beat即hyper-local news,指的是被传统新闻报道方 式所忽略的小型社区或居民居住区里发生的相关信息报道。在

26、美国由此而诞生了 hyper- local news websites，专门对主流媒体没有覆盖的地区所发生的事件进行报道，其形式多以网 民，即短文中所提及的citizen journalists，上传所在社区发生的事件报道、照片或视频为主。 这是网络时代产生的又一种新生事物。data是复数形式，但常用做单数，所以这里的代词是it。另参见最后一段“As we collect this data. ”。这里的data也用做单数。phenology:物候学或生物气候学，是气候学和生态学的边缘学科，主要研究气候环境对生物 的影响。communities：生态学词汇：生物群落，即在比较相似的环境条件下在

27、特定自然区域或环境中生活和相互影响的一群植物和动物。练习：、Ecologists turn to non-scientist citizens for help because they need them A to provide their personal life cycles.B to observe the life cycle of plants. C to collect data of the life cycle of living things. D to teach children knowledge about climate change.What are cit

28、izen scientists asked to do?A To develop a specific research interest and become professional scientists. B To send their research observations to a professional database. C To increase their knowledge about climate change. D To keep a record of their research observations.In All thats needed to bec

29、ome one (paragraph2)，what does the Word “one” stands for? A a citizen journalist.B a citizen scientist. C a scientist. D a citizen.What is NOT true of Project BudBurst? A Only experts can participate in it.B Everybody can participate in it.C It collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants.

30、D It has its own website.What is the final purpose of Project BudBurst?A To study when plants will have their first buds. B To find out the types of plants in the neighborhood.C To collect life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the United States. D To investigate how plants and an

31、imals will respond as the climate changes.答案与题解：C第一和第二段的第一句告诉我们，要在世界范围观察气候对大自然中生物的生命周期 的影响，数量有限的科学家不可能足迹遍及天下，为此科学家求助于普通公民的参与。所以 C是正确选择。B 第二段第三句中 encourage ordinary people to observe 的主语是 The citizen scientist movement，即公民参与科学观察的运动。所以D不是正确选择。A和C不符合文章的句 意，因此也不是正确的选择。这个句子的大意是:这一运动鼓励普通公民根据自己的兴趣爱 好进行科学观察

32、，并将观察结果送交数据库，让专门领域的科学家作进一步的观察。B正确表达了这个意思。B one在这里是一个代词，其前置词是citizen scientists，而不是citizen journalists，这里的 one指的是one of citizen scientists。所以A、C和D都不是正确选择。这个句子的意思是，只 要每天或每星期花上几分钟收集数据并发送出去，就能成为一个公民科学家。A文章最后一段说，这个计划向所有的人开放（open to everyone),所以应选择A。B，C，D 所述内容都在该段中提到。D C表述的内容是Project BudBurst所要做的工作，但其最终目的

33、不仅仅是收集数据，而是 研究气候变化对生物生命周期的影响。因此，D才是正确选择。公民科学家理解大自然对气候变化有怎样的反应需要监视世界各个角落的关键生命周期事件花开、 叶子的出现、第一只青蛙叫出春天的到来。但是生态学家不可能去到世界的各个角落，所以他们 向非科学家求助，这些非科学家有时也被称作公民科学家。气象科学家不可能足迹遍及天下。因为在世界上有如此多的地方，没有足够的科学家来观察它 们。所以他们请求你来帮助观察全世界气候变化的迹象。公民科学家运动鼓励普通人根据自己的兴 趣来观察某一个特定的方面鸟儿、树木、花开等等并把他们的观察结果发送到一个巨大的 数据库来供专业科学家研究。这有助于数量有限

34、的科学家得到如果只靠他们自己根本收集不到的巨 大数据。就像公民记者帮助报道传统新闻报道方式所忽略的小型社区的相关信息一样，公民科学家 也对他们所居住的环境很熟悉。所需要的就是每天或每周留出几分钟来搜集数据并发送过来。一群科学家和教育家在去年发起了一个叫做纽约国家物候学的组织。“物候学”就是科学家 们所说的在自然中研究每个事件的时间。其中一个小组的首要尝试就是依靠科学家和非科学家来收集关于每年植物开花和长叶子的数 据。这一项目叫做花季追踪计划，它收集遍布美国的各种各样的植物生长周期的数据。参与这一 项目的人们这一计划对所有人开放把他们的观察记录在花季追踪计划网站上。“人们不需要是植物学家他们仅仅

35、需要环视四周看看周围有什么。” Jennifer Schwartz说， 她是这项计划的教育顾问。“通过收集数据，我们就能够估算出气候变化对植物和生物群落会有 怎样的影响。”第六篇Waving With Light In the Sierra Madre mountain range of west central Mexico1, the native Huichol people2 live much the way their ancestors did-without electricity. Thats because its too expensive to string power

36、 lines3 to the remote mountain areas where they live. To help support themselves, the Huichol create beautiful artwork. They sell their art in cities hundreds of miles away from their villages. And without electricity-at home or on the road, they can only work during daylight hours. When it gets dar

37、k, they must stop whatever theyre doing. Now, a team of scientists, designers, and architects is using4 new technologies to provide the Huichol with light after the sun setsThe scientists technique involves weaving tiny electronic crystals into fabrics that can be made into clothes, bags, or other i

38、tems. By collecting the suns energy during the day, these lightweight fabrics provide bright white light at nightTheir inventors have named the fabrics “Portable Lights.” Portable Lights have the potential to transform the lives of people without electricity around the world, says project leader She

39、ila KennedyOur invention, Kennedy says, came from seeing how we could transform technology we saw every day in the United States and move it into new markets for people who didnt have a lot of moneyAt the core of Portable Light technology are devices called high-brightness light-emitting diodes，or H

40、B LEDs6These tiny lights appear in digital clocks，televisions，and streetlightsLEDs are completely different from the light bulbsMost of those glass bulbs belong to a type called incandescent lightsInside，electricity heats a metal coil to about 2，200 degrees CelsiusAt that temperature，bulbs give off

41、light we can seeNinety percent of energy produced by incandescent lights, however, is heatand invisibleWith all that wasted energy, bulbs burn out quicklyThey are also easily brokenLEDs，on the other hand，are like tiny pieces of rock made up of molecules that are arranged in a crystal structureWhen a

42、n electric current passes through an LED，the crystal structure produces lightUnlike incandescent bulbs, they Can produce light of various colorsWithin an LED, the type of molecules and their particular arrangement determines what color is produced词汇：Portable adj轻便的，手提式的lightemitting diode(LED) 发光二极管

43、bulb n灯泡；球状物incandescent adj白灼的coil n线圈，卷，圈molecule n分子注释： 1Sierra Madre mountain range of west central Mexico：墨西哥中西部的马德雷山脉o Sierra；一词在西班牙语中本身就包含了“山脉”的意思，确切地说是“呈齿状起伏的山脉”，因为在西班牙语中Sierra有“锯子”的意思。2Huichol people：维克人。他们是居住在墨西哥中西部地区马德雷山脉的土著印地安人。该地区山路崎岖，所以西班牙人未涉足于此，墨西哥文化也没能影响维克人的土著文化。据估计，维克印地安人现仅存约一万人。3st

44、ring power lines：架设输电线。4Now，a team of scientistsis usin9：a team of scientists可以视作单数，也可以视作复数。本句用作单数，所以后接的谓语动词是is。5At the core of：此处the core of意为the basic or most important part of(最重要的部分)。6At the core of Portable Light technology are devices called highbrightness lightemitting diodes, or HB LEDs：本句是倒

45、装句，主语是“devices called highbrightness lightemitting diodes，or HB LEDs”，谓语动词是“are”。highbrightness lightemitting diodes可译为“高亮度发光二极管。练习：1To make a living, the Huichol create artwork and Asell it to tourists in their villages Bsell it in cities far away from their villages Cdisplay it in their village mu

46、seum Dkeep it in their homes to attract tourists2Why can Portable Lights emit light? AElectronic crystals are woven into fabrics BItems such as clothes and bags are used to carry lights CThe suns energy is collected during the day DAll of the above3What does Sheila Kennedy say about Portable Lights?

47、 AThis invention can change the lives of people，both rich and poor BThey are widely used in the United States CPortable Lights can help poor people around the world to get light DThey are expensive to make but easy to carry4What is the most important part of the Portable Light technology? AHB LEDs BGlass Bulb