英语国家概况-谢福之-Chapter-6-literature.ppt

1、A Guide to English-Speaking Countries,英语国家概况,英语国家概况,The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,Chapter 6 Literature,The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,英语国家概况,CONTENT,I,The Postmodern Period (1945- ),VII,The Old English Period and Middle English Period (450-1500),I

2、,1.1 General Knowledge,In practice, works of literature fall into four categories or genres: narrative fiction叙事小说 drama poetry non-fiction prose散文,1.1 General Knowledge,The two kinds of narrative fiction you will read most often are short stories and novels. Myths (神话), parables (寓言), romances (传奇)

3、, and epics (史诗) are also part of the genre.,1.2 The Old English Period,Old English: the epic Beowulf贝奥武夫 A folk legend brought to England by the Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes.,1.3 The Middle English Period,With the Norman Conquest in 1066, Britain entered the Middle Ages (1066-1485). Mi

4、ddle English: The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷的故事集 (1387-1400) Geoffrey Chaucer (1340?-1400),The Renaissance (1500-1660),Renaissance is characterized by admiration of the Greek and Latin classic works. sonnet (十四行诗) drama The drama types are tragedy, comedy and farce (滑稽剧) .,2.1 General Knowledge,Blank vers

5、e is a type of poetry, distinguished by having a regular meter, but no rhyme. In English, the meter most commonly used with blank verse has been iambic pentameter 。 无韵诗是诗歌的一种，特点是有整齐的格律，却没有韵脚（即句尾不押韵）。英语中，无韵诗最常用的格律是抑扬格五音步（因此无韵诗又被称为无韵五节拍诗）。每行用五个长短格音步十个音节组成，每首行数不拘，不压韵。 不押韵的诗称无韵诗或白体诗。 应用 多用在戏剧和叙事诗中。莎士比亚的

6、戏剧和弥尔顿的Paradise Lost 都是用无韵诗写成的。 押韵的诗叫rhymed verse。无韵诗不同于自由诗。无韵诗虽不押韵，但是有固定节奏，以扬抑格五音步最常见。自由诗节奏不固定，如同白话。 Free verse is a form of poetry which refrains from meter patterns, rhyme, or any other musical pattern. 自由诗是一种不受格律、韵脚或其他音乐节拍约束的诗歌形式。,2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616),2.2 William Shakespeare (1564

7、-1616),Shakespeares Birthplace,2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616),English playwright William Shakespeare was born in that house on Henley Street in Stratford-upon-Avon in April 1564. Shakespeares father, John, purchased the building in two stages, in 1556 and 1572. Today, Shakespeares birthplace is

8、 a museum, furnished as it might have been in Shakespeares time. It also houses an exhibit on Shakespeares life.,The Globe Theatre, where dramatist William Shakespeare saw his plays performed 400 years ago, has been rebuilt near its original location on the south bank of the Thames River in London,

9、England.,2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616),Comedy A Midsummer Nights Dream (1595) The Merchant of Venice (1598) As You Like It (1599)皆大欢喜 Twelfth Night (1601),2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616),2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616),Historical plays Richard III (1591) Henry IV (1597) Antony and Cleo

10、patra (1606)安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉,2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616),Tragedies Hamlet (1601) Othello (1604)奥赛罗 King Lear (1605)李尔王 Macbeth (1606)麦克白 Romeo and Juliet (1595),2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616),Jaques: All the worlds a stage,And all the men and women merely players; 全世界是一个大舞台,所有的男男女女都只是一些演员! Th

11、ey have their exits and their entrances,And one man in his time plays many parts,His acts being seven ages. As You Like It (Act 2, scene 7, 139143),2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616),To be, or not to be (from Hamlet 3/1) To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether tis nobler in the mind to s

12、uffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them?,2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616),Q. Which play is regarded as a milestone in Shakespeares dramatic development?,A: Hamlet.,2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616),Q. What makes Shak

13、espeare so famous?,A: His great understanding of human nature and his ability to find universal human qualities and to put them in dramatic situations.,Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,Macbeth,MERCHANT VENICE,The Neo-classical Period (1660-1785),III,The 17th century witnessed the Bourgeois Revolution and th

14、e Restoration. The 18th century is a comparatively peaceful development period. (The Industrial Revolution),3.1 Historical Background,3.1 Historical Background,Classicism prevailed for the most part of the century with Alexander Pope as its representative. Satire (讽刺文学), making fun of people, came t

15、o full growth in this century. Alexander Pope亚历山大蒲柏 Jonathan Swift乔纳森斯威夫特 Daniel Defoe丹尼尔笛福,3.2 Representatives,John Milton (1608-1674) Paradise Lost (1667)失乐园 Paradise Regained (1671)复乐园 Samson Agonistes (1671) 诗剧力士参孙,3.2.1 John Milton,3.1 Historical Background,Alexander Pope亚历山大蒲柏（Alexander Pope，1

16、688年5月22日 - 1744年5月30日）是18世纪英国最伟大的诗人；杰出的启蒙主义者。,3.2.2 Alexander Pope,Alexander Pope (1688-1744)亚历山大蒲柏（1688年5月22日 - 1744年5月30日）是18世纪英国最伟大的诗人；杰出的启蒙主义。 An Essay on Criticism (1711)批评论 The Rape of the Lock (1712-1714)劫发记 translated Homers Iliad伊利亚特 and part of Odyssey奥德赛 the first English poet who could

17、lived off the sales of his works,3.1 Historical Background,Jonathan Swift乔纳森斯威夫特（英语：Jonathan Swift，1667年11月30日1745年10月19日）英国-爱尔兰作家。讽刺文学大师，以格理弗游记和一只桶的故事等作品闻名于世。,3.2.3 Jonathan Swift,Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) Gullivers Travels (1726)格列佛游记 an unparalleled satirical depiction of vice, folly and mere we

18、akness of mankind. Yahooa creature representing the human race, is inferior to and governed by a noble breed of reasoning and high-minded horses. Yahoo一词发明于格列佛游记的作者Jonathan Swift。在小说里，它代表一个在外表和行为举止上都非常讨厌的家伙。Yahoo！的创始人杨致远和David Filo选择这个名字的原因就是他们觉得自己就是Yahoo。还有一种说法，David Filo和杨致远坚持他们选择这个名称的原因是他们喜欢字典里对Y

19、ahoo的定义“粗鲁，不通世故，粗俗”。,3.2.4 Daniel Defoe,Daniel Defoe (1660?-1731) Robinson Crusoe (1719)鲁滨逊漂流记,3.1 Historical Background,Daniel Defoe丹尼尔笛福（DanielDefoe 16601731），英国作家，英国启蒙时期现实主义小说的奠基人，被誉为“小说之父”。其代表作鲁滨逊漂流记闻名于世，鲁滨逊也成为与困难抗争的典型模范，因此他被视作英国小说的开创者之一。,The Romantic Period (1785-1830),4.1 Pioneers of Romantic

20、Poets,名词解释：浪漫主义，“湖畔派诗人” Romanticism: At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, it appeared in England as a new trend in literature. Its a revolt against the prescribed rules of Classicism. Its writers are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with reason and intellect. Lake poets:,4.1 P

21、ioneers of Romantic Poets,Pioneers: William Wordsworth (1770-1850) : The Prelude序曲 “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”我好似一朵孤独的流云 “My Heart Leaps Up When I Behold我的心跳跃起来当我看到彩虹时 Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”古舟子咏 “Declaration of Independence” of romantic poetryLyrical

22、 Ballads (1798) 抒情歌谣集 a volume of poems written by Wordsworth and Coleridge 抒情歌谣集是英国诗人华兹华斯 和柯尔律治于1798年共同发表的诗集。它宣告了西方文学的浪漫主义运动的开始。,4.2 The Major “Second Generation” of Romantic Poets,A: The major “second generation” of Romantic poets included Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats.,Q. Who are t

23、he major “second generation” of Romantic poets?,4.2 The Major “Second Generation” of Romantic Poets,George Gordon Byron (1788-1824), known as Lord Byron Child Harolds Pilgrimage (1812, 1816, 1818)恰尔德哈罗德 Don Juan (1818-1823)唐璜,4.2 The Major “Second Generation” of Romantic Poets,Percy Bysshe Shelley (

24、1792-1822) long poem“The Revolt of Islam” (1818)伊斯兰的反叛 political lyric“The Masque of Anarchy” (1819) 专制者的假面游行 essay“A Defense of Poetry” (1821)诗辩 lyrical dramaPrometheus Unbound (1819)解放了的普罗米修斯 short poems “Ode to the West Wind”西风颂 (1819) and “Ode to a Skylark” (1820)致云雀,The Victorian Period (1832-1

25、901),V,5.1 Critical Realism,A: The critical realists described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.,Q. Whats the characteristic of the Critical Realism novels?,5.2 Representatives,5.2.1 Charles Dickens,Charles Dickens (1812-1870)查尔斯狄更斯 a f

26、ierce critic of the poverty and social stratification of Victorian England,5.2.1 Charles Dickens,The Pickwick Papers (1836-1837)匹克威克外传 brought him immediate fame Great Expectations (1860-1861)远大前程 Oliver Twist (1837)奥利弗特维斯特（雾都孤儿） A Tale of Two Cities (1859)双城记 David Copperfield (1849-1850)大卫科波菲尔,5.2

27、.1 Charles Dickens,A: In his enormous body of works, Dickens combined masterly storytelling, humor, pathos (伤感), and irony with sharp social criticism and acute observation of people and places, both real and imagined. His works had great social relevance, psychological insight, and narrative and sy

28、mbolic complexity.,Q. Whats the writing style of Charles Dickens?,5.2.1 Charles Dickens,5.2.2 Jane Austen,Jane Austen (17751817)简奥斯丁 Sense and Sensibility (1811)理智与情感 Pride and Prejudice (1813)傲慢与偏见 Mansfield Park (1814)曼斯菲尔德庄园 Emma (1816)爱玛 Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺 Persuasion劝导,5.2.3 Bronte勃朗特 Sisters,

29、Bronte sisters: Charlotte (1816-1855)夏洛蒂勃朗特 Jane Eyre (1847)简爱 Emily (1818-1848)艾米莉勃朗特 Wuthering Heights (1847)呼啸山庄 Anne (1820-1849) Agnes Grey艾格尼丝格雷,5.2.4 George Eliot乔治艾略特,George Eliot (1819-1880)“philosophical writer” Adam Bede (1859)亚当比德 The Mill on the Floss (1860)弗洛斯河上的磨坊 Silas Marner (1861)织工

30、马南 Middlemarch (1871-1872)米德尔马契 Romola罗慕拉 Felix Holt菲利克斯霍尔特 Daniel Deronda丹尼尔德龙拉,5.2.4 George Eliot乔治艾略特,动物是挺棒的朋友，它们既不发问，也不批评。 一位自高自大的人，就像是一只公鸡，它以为太阳上升，是为了聆听它的啼声。 原文:As conceited man is like the cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 我不但喜欢被人爱，还喜欢有人告诉爱上了我；沉默的领域，大得足以超出了坟墓。 原文:I like not

31、only to be loved, but to be told I am loved. The realm of silence is large enough beyond the grave.,5.2.5 Thomas Hardy托马斯哈代,Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) The Return of the Native (1878)还乡 The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886)卡斯特桥市长 Tess of the DUrbervilles (1891)德伯家的苔丝 Jude the Obscure (1895)无名的裘德 A Pair of B

32、lue Eyes一双蓝眼睛 The Trumpet Major号兵长 Desperate Remedies非常手段 The Hand of Ethelberta艾塞尔伯塔的婚姻 Under the Greenwood Tree绿荫下 Far from the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣,Neo-Romanticism and Aestheticism,The essential difference between neo-Romanticism and classic Romanticism lies in time change, in cultivating the abilit

33、y to be used to the classic expression such as description, emotion and meditation etc, not in emphasis on empathy of human beings with nature. 新浪漫精神和古典浪漫精神的最大区别在于：美学生态人的新浪漫精神不是一味地强调人对自然的感情的移入，而是要立足于时代风貌，让人更多地习惯于对自然的更为古老的表达方式，比如描写、抒情与沉思等。,Robert Louis Stevenson罗伯特路易斯史蒂文森,Treasure Island 金银岛 Kidnappe

34、d诱拐 The Strange Case of Doctor Jekyll and Mr. Hyde化身博士,Aestheticism唯美主义,Representative: Oscar Wilde奥斯卡王尔德 “art for arts sake” “为艺术而艺术”的唯美主义主张 The Picture of Dorian Gray道林 格雷的画像 Salome莎乐美 前两种主义(特别是现实主义和浪漫主义)基本上还是把语言文字做为表达的主要手段.后现代主义则充分利用语言之外的符号,包括图画、摄影、行为艺术等等.乱七八糟,无所不做,一堆大便,一包垃圾,都是所谓艺术,可以这样说 如果说文学是要改

35、变人 改造人的灵魂 思想的话 那么 现代主义比 现实主义的效果更好 后现代主义比现代主义又更进步！ 它们与生活紧密相连,7.1 Fiction,George Orwell (1903-1950)乔治奥威尔 Nineteen Eighty Four (1948) Animal Farm动物农场,William Golding威廉戈尔丁,是一位英国小说家，诗人，1983年诺贝尔文学奖得主。戈尔丁是20世纪现实主义文学的代表人物,他的小说富含寓意，广泛地融入了古典文学，神话，基督教文化以及象征主义。其作品的主题一般是与黑暗邪恶有关，但他的小说中也表达一种昏暗的乐观主义。他的第一本小说Lord of the Flies蝇王（1954年）突出了他一直不停探讨的主题：人类天生的野蛮与文明的理性的斗争。这部小说也奠定了他的世界声誉。,V.S Naipaul奈保尔,印度裔，但出生在美洲的特立尼达和多巴哥。1950年18岁留学英国牛津大学。获文学学士学位。从此定居英国。身为文学、史学、宗教学大师，1990年58岁荣获英国皇家封爵。1993年61岁荣获柯恩文学奖（英国健在的文学大师终生成就奖）。2001年69岁荣获诺贝尔文学奖。,International analysis: The Middle Passage中途航道 An India trilogy: An Area