复旦大学本科生非英语专业外语能力培养方案-学术英语社科.ppt

1、学术英语 社科,Academic English for Social Sciences,5,Sociology Matters Cultures all share certain basic characteristics despite differences. In this unit we will see how those characteristics change as cultures develop, and how cultures influence one another through their technological, commercial, and ar

2、tistic achievements.,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Unit Contents,Text A,Text B,Listening,Speaking,Writing,Lead-in,Text C,Lead-in,Task Read the first paragraph of the text. Work in pairs and write down two examples of the development of culture in China.,1 _ 2 _,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical read

3、ing and thinking Difficult sentences Group discussion English language for academic purpose,Collocations Signpost language Formal English,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis Analyzing the text by explaining key terms 1 Culture,the totality of learned,

4、 socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 2 Cultural universals,adaptations to meet essential human needs, such as peoples need for food, shelter, and clothing e.g. athletic sports, co

5、oking, funeral ceremonies, medicine, and sexual restrictions (Anthropologist George Murdock) (Para.2),Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis,the process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture: 1) discovery: making known or sharing the existence

6、 of some aspect of reality e.g. the finding of the DNA molecule; identification of a new moon of Saturn(Para.5) 2) invention: an invention results when existing cultural items are combined into a form that did not exist before. e.g. the bow and arrow, automobile, the Internet (Para.5),3 Innovation,U

7、nit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 4 Globalization,the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas e.g. Starbucks in China (Para.6),Unit 5Sociology Matters,Tex

8、t A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 5 Diffusion,the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society. e.g. Diffusion can occur through a variety of means: exploration, military conquest, missionary work, the influence or the mass media, tourism

9、, and the Internet. (Para.7),Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 6 McDonaldization,the process through which the principles of the fast-food restaurant have come to dominate certain sectors of society, both in the United States and throughout the worl

10、d,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,McDonaldization is associated with the melting of cultures. Examples: In Japan: African entrepreneurs have found a thriving market for hip-pop fashions popularized by teens in the United States. (Para.9) In Austria: the McDonal

11、ds organization has drawn on Austrians love of coffee, cake, and conversation to create the McCafe fast-food chain. (Para.9),Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,In some societies, McDonaldization has met resistance to the invasion of too much culture from other cou

12、ntries. Examples: In Canada: 35% of a stations daytime radio programming is required be devoted to Canadian songs or artists. (Para.10) In Brazil: Barbies popularity has been eclipsed by Susi, a doll that looks more like Brazilian girls. (Para.10),Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and

13、thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 7 Technology,cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires e.g. Technology has increased the speed of cultural diffusion and broadened the distribution of cultural elements. (Para.11),Unit 5Sociolog

14、y Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 8 Material culture,the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives, including food items, houses, factories, and raw materials,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 9 Nonmat

15、erial culture,ways of using material objects and customs, beliefs, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication It is more resistant to change than material culture.,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 10 Cultural lag,the period of maladju

16、stment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions e.g. the ethics of using the Internet, such as issues concerning privacy and censorship (Para.12),Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Difficult sentences,The cultural practices listed by Murdock may be universal,

17、but the manner in which they are expressed varies from culture to culture. (Para.3), These cultural practices in Murdocks list are common to many societies, but these practices are carried out in ways that differ greatly among different cultures.,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Difficult sentences,Ea

18、ch generation, and each year for that matter, most human cultures change and expand through the processes of innovation and diffusion. (Para.4), For that matter is used to show that a statement is true in another situation. Here it emphasizes the fact that human cultures change rapidly.,Unit 5Sociol

19、ogy Matters,Text A,Difficult sentences,Today, more and more cultural expressions and practices are crossing national borders, transforming the traditions and customs of the societies exposed to them. (Para.7), Today cultural expressions and practices of different countries are influencing each other

20、. Hence the traditions and customs of many societies are changed under the influence .,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Difficult sentences,Sociologist George Ritzer coined the term “McDonaldization” (Para.8), Coin: to use a word or phrase that no one has used before. Coining of new terms is common in

21、 social science studies, often serving to introduce a new concept or theory.,Her wardrobe includes(Para.10), The clothes that the Brazilian doll has,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Difficult sentences,Todays technological developments no longer need await publication in journals with limited circulat

22、ion. Press conferences, often carried simultaneously on the Internet, now trumpet new developments.(Para.11), Today when new technology is developed, it does not have to introduce itself in specific journals; rather it normally draws on online press conferences to spread the information.,Unit 5Socio

23、logy Matters,Text A,Difficult sentences,the ethics of using the Internet, particularly issues concerning privacy and censorship, have not yet caught up with the explosion in Internet use and technology. (Para.12), The Internet ethical issues, particularly privacy and censorship issues are not fully

24、discussed and well developed, thus is lagging behind the rapid increase in the Internet use and technology.,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Group Discussion,It is said that people in different societies take different attitudes toward diffusion. What kind of attitude do Chinese people take toward dif

25、fusion? Use examples to illustrate your point.,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Collocation,Text A,English language for academic purpose,人们对衣食住的需求 推出新概念 解除现有的工作关系 改变社会传统和习俗,Task 1 Translate the following expressions related to sociology into English (P96), peoples need for food, shelter, and clothing introdu

26、cing a new idea sweep away existing working relationships transform the traditions and customs of the society,Unit 5Sociology Matters,1,Text A,English language for academic purpose, dilute the distinctive aspects of a societys culture the cultural invasion from other countries satisfy human needs an

27、d desires issues concerning privacy and censorship,削弱社会文化中的特殊方面 来自于其他国家的文化侵略 满足人类的需求和欲望 关于隐私和审查的问题,Collocation,Task 1 Translate the following expressions related to sociology into English (P96),Unit 5Sociology Matters,1,Text A,2,Task 1 Complete the sentences with the collocations in the box. (P97),E

28、nglish language for academic purpose,Collocation,Unit 5Sociology Matters,human needs and desires level of privacy material culture social consequences working relationship worldwide integration,2,Text A,2,Task 1 Complete the sentences with the collocations in the box. (P97),English language for acad

29、emic purpose,Collocation,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Internet users may achieve an adequate _ through controlled disclosure of personal information. This book presents a comprehensive analysis of the _ of population decline and aging in Japan. Sociologists use the term “globalization” to refer to the re

30、sulting _ of government policies, cultures, social movements and financial markets.,level of privacy,social consequences,worldwide integration,2,Text A,Task 1 Complete the sentences with the collocations in the box. (P97),English language for academic purpose,Collocation,Unit 5Sociology Matters,A fi

31、nal recommendation of the consultants was a radical attempt to forge a closer _ between the board and staff members. In the social sciences, “_” is a term that refers to the relationship between artifacts and social relations. Abraham Maslow wrote his Hierarchy of Needs theory wherein he attempted t

32、o document the five levels of _.,human needs and desires,material culture,working relationship,2,Signpost language,may be classified in a variety of ways At the essay level be sorted into functional groups Depending upon the purpose or intent of the writer Paragraphs may also be classified,Text A,En

33、glish language for academic purpose,Task 2 Classification Read the paragraph on Page 98 and underline signpost language of classification.,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,In academic writing, claims are often couched in tentative language. This is known as hedging.,English language for academic purpo

34、se,Formal English,Modal auxiliary verbs:can, could, may, might, should, would Other modal verbs:appear, look, seem, tend Probability adjectives:likely, possible, probable, unlikely Probability adverbs:perhaps, possibly, probably, presumably Frequency adverbs:generally, occasionally, often, seldom, u

35、sually,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,2,Task 3 Complete the sentences with hedging expressions. (P98),English language for academic purpose,Formal English,Unit 5Sociology Matters,The cultural practices listed by Murdock _ be universal, but the manner in which they are expressed varies from culture t

36、o culture. For example, one society _ let its members choose their own marriage partners. Another _ encourage marriages arranged by the parents.,may,may,may,Text A,2,Task 3 Complete the sentences with hedging expressions. (P98),Formal English,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Globalization _ be defined as the

37、 worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas. One economist went so far as to suggest that the entire field _ be simply summarized: “People respond to incentives. The rest is commentary.”,may,could,English la

38、nguage for academic purpose,Text A,2,Task 3 Complete the sentences with hedging expressions. (P98),Formal English,Unit 5Sociology Matters,When deciding how safely to drive, rational people compare, _ unconsciously, the marginal benefit from safer driving to the marginal cost. Economists, like astron

39、omers and evolutionary biologists, _ have to make do with whatever data the world happens to give them. Workers unemployed for many months are more _ to suffer economic and psychological hardship.,likely,usually,perhaps,English language for academic purpose,Text B,Critical reading and thinking Diffi

40、cult sentences English language for academic purpose Researching,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text B,Sociologists view on globalization “Globalization means an increase in the geographic range of locally consequential social interactions.” (Charles Tilly) tourist gaze the expectation on the part of the t

41、ourist that he or she will have exotic experiences while traveling abroad,Critical reading and thinking,Main points of the text,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text B,Effects of globalization on international tourism Globalization has greatly expanded the possibilities for international travel. (Para.2;find

42、 statistics to illustrate it) High level of international tourism translated into an increase in the number of face-to-face interactions between people of different countries.,Critical reading and thinking,Main points of the text,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text B,exotic experiences experiences that vio

43、late our everyday expectation about how social interaction and interaction with the physical environment are supposed to proceed e.g. Americans traveling in England may delight in the fact that the British drive on the left-hand side of the road.(Para.3),Critical reading and thinking,Main points of

44、the text,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text B,Most of tourists do not want their experiences to be too exotic. e.g. the popularity of McDonald in Paris among young American tourists (Para. 4),Critical reading and thinking,Main points of the text,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text B,What can sociologists study a

45、bout the tourist increases with the march of globalization? e.g. dominant patterns of interaction that emerge between tourists and locals; whether these interactions are friendly or antagonistic (Para.6),Critical reading and thinking,Main points of the text,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text B,Difficult s

46、entences,Americans, of course, have always interacted with people from foreign lands if for no other reason than America itself is an ethnically and culturally diverse nation.(Para. 1),Americans, of course, have always communicated with people from other cultures simply because America itself is an

47、ethnically and culturally diverse nation.,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text B,Difficult sentences,“globalization means an increase in the geographic range of locally consequential social interactions” (Para. 1),Globalization means those social interactions that used to just impact the local community now

48、 has an impact that reaches beyond the local area.,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text B,Difficult sentences,High levels of international tourism, of course, translate into an increase in the number of face-to-face interactions between people of different countries. (Para.3), High levels of international t

49、ourism, of course, leads to an increase in face-to-face communications between people of different countries.,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Collocation,witness the effects of globalization social interaction a proportion of delight in be disconcerting to take pleasure in put strains on with the march of g

50、lobalization,Text B,English language for academic purpose,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Team work: Form groups of 4-5 and conduct a research about Chinese tourists traveling abroad. The following prompts may be helpful:,the number of Chinese tourists abroad every year the countries they visit and the leng

51、th they stay there the aspects or things they are interested in their shopping behaviors how the tourists interact with locals,Researching,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text B,Task 1 (P103),The “tourist gaze” refers to the expectation of a tourist when he or she travels abroad to have experiences differen

52、t from that he or she enjoys back at home. The tourist gaze may put strains on face-to-face interactions between tourists and locals, especially those who do not benefit from tourism because some tourists may require too much and become too judging.,Suggested answers,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text B,T

53、ext C,Critical reading,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text C,Suggested answers,Translate Paragraph 5 of Text C into Chinese 要了解你与人沟通的风格不是件容易的事。随意拉住别人问他们觉得你是哪种人，随意的？好辩的？友好的？活泼的？这样做颇为尴尬，也不太妥当。所以要进行自我观察和分析，你必须对别人给你的反馈保持敏感，并诚实地解读收到的反馈。这样的观察和分析通常称为“自我监控”，其好处在于能够帮助你发现各种状况下恰当、得体的行为，控制你的情绪反

54、应，给别人留下良好印象，还能在你从一种状况转换到另一种状况时帮助你修正行为。,Listening,Note-taking symbols,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Listening: Note-taking symbols (See Page 106),Listening,Academic activities,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Task 1 (P106),Listening,Suggested answers,Unit 5Sociology Matters,1 Four concepts the speaker explains in t

55、he lecture: 1) culture identity2) ethnic identity 3) cultural group4) ethnic group 2 Definitions of the four concepts: 1) Culture identity embodies standards of behavior and the ways in which beliefs, values, and attitudes are transmitted to the younger generation. It also entails the ways in which

56、kinship relationships and marital and sexual relationships are structured.,Task 1 (P106),Listening,Suggested answers,Unit 5Sociology Matters,2) Ethnic identity refers to the geographic origin of a minority group within a country or culture. 3) Cultural group refers to a set of people who embrace cor

57、e beliefs, behaviors, values, and norms and transmit them from generation to generation. 4) Ethnic group is a set of people who are embedded within a larger cultural group or society and who share beliefs, behaviors, values, and norms that are also transmitted from generation to generation.,Task 2 (P107),Listening,Suggested answers,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Dictation Ones cultural identity is an important aspect of being human. Cultural identity evolves from the shared be