报纸与现代记者职业的兴起

1、,Newspapers strickly forbidden any person or persons for the future to Set forth any thing in Print without License first obtained from those that are or shall be appointed by the Government to grant the same.,Colonial Newspapers New-York Weekly Journal (est. 1733, ed. John Peter Zenger). Belonged t

2、o Popular Party and criticized Royal Governor of New York. Zenger arrested in 1734, charged with seditious libel. Sympathetic jury rules in 1735 that newspapers have a right to criticize public officials, as long as report is true.,Colonial Newspapers l By 1765, about 30 newspapers in American colon

3、ies l Two types: l Political/partisan press l Commercial press,Ben Franklins Pennsylvania Gazette, Jan. 2, 1750,Colonial Newspapers Read by relatively few political and mercantile elites About 6 cents each/$10-12 year subscription Circulations 1000-2000 for most popular 1791: First Amendment,The Pen

4、ny Press, 1830650 weeklies65 dailies, 18401,141 weeklies 138 dailies,U.S. Population, 183012.9 million (.9 million urban), 184017.1 million (1.5 million urban),The Penny Press,New York Sun (Sept. 3, 1833), ed. Benjamin Day,New York Herald (est. 1835), ed. James Gordon Bennett,New York Tribune (est.

5、1841), ed. Horace Greeley,New York Times (est. 1851) ed. Henry Raymond,The Penny Press,Jacksonian Era,Universal white male suffrage,Nation expanding westward,Cheaper paper/steam-powered press,Higher literacy rates,Favored human interest stories,Developed beat reporting,Rise of classified ads (want a

6、ds),Printed nearly every advertisement (patent medicines, etc.),The Penny Press,Big City Papers l Rise of consumer ethos l Sociological shift in U.S. population:,1880: 80% rural20% urban,1920: 80% urban20% rural,The Age of Yellow Journalism,Pulitzer, New York World, 1883,Hearst, New York Journal, 18

7、95,The Age of Yellow Journalism Put in visuals, maps, pictures Sensational human interest stories LOTS of ads Rise of consumer ethos=Sociological shift.,The Age of Yellow Journalism The “Yellow Kid” cartoon by R.F. Outcault,R.F. Outcaults work,Buster Brown by R.F. Outcault,The Age of Yellow Journali

8、sm The Spanish-American War, 1898 U.S.S. Maine,The Age of Yellow Journalism The Spanish-American War, 1898 U.S.S. Maine,Hearsts New York Journal, after Feb. 15, 1898 explosion of U.S.S. Maine,l Artist Frederic Remington telegrammed Hearst to tell him all was quiet in Cuba and There will be no war. l

9、 Hearst responded Please remain. You furnish the pictures and Ill furnish the war.,Citizen Kane = Randolph Hearst Referencing the Spanish American war Referencing the Yellow Kid =,“Pulitzers audacity, and his historical accomplishment, lay in trying to supply it all - high-minded editorials and soci

10、ally conscious crusades alongside a gritty procession of headless corpses, adulterous clergy, and circulation- boosting stunts. He offered readers a journalistic supermarket, not a Holiday Inn.” -Richard Norton Smith, CJR,The Advent of Modern Journalism l Ochs and the New York Times, 1896 “just the

11、facts”,The idea of objectivity as a marketing tool,l Style influenced by AP wire service (1848) and Edwin Stanton, Lincolns Sec. of War,Since national and international newspapers reflected a wide range of political orthodoxies, wire service reporters and editors stayed neutral.,Also: the less words

12、, the cheaper to transmit over the wires.,The Inverted Pyramid 1) most important details - 5 Ws and H 2) key quotes, supporting evidence 3) supporting facts, more details 4) supporting quotes, more explanation 5) least important details Cut from bottom up,l Edward Stantons wire report of Lincolns as

13、sassination, 1865: l “This evening, at about 9:30 P.M., at Fords Theater, the President, while sitting in his private box with Mrs. Lincoln, Mrs. Harris and Major Rathburn, was shot by an assassin, who suddenly entered the box and approached behind the President-The wound is mortal.”,Interpretive Jo

14、urnalism Objective style becomes standard by 1920s Limits of objectivity begin to become apparent. After WWI, some newspapers begin to explore analytical function of news. Wider use of newspaper columns Press-Radio War. Newspapers angry at broadcasters for reading their news. Development of broadcas

15、t commentary,New Journalism (circa 1960s) Again, criticism of objective-style reporting Advocacy Journalism Precision Journalism,New Journalism (circa 1960s) Literary Journalism,Roots in writers like Mark Twain Stephen Crane James Agee Ernest Hemingway A.J. Leibling Lillian Ross John Steinbeck,Conte

16、mporary Practioners: Hunter S. Thompson (gonzo journalism), Tom Wolfe, Truman Capote, Joan Didion. Later John McPhee, Tracy Kidder.,Hunter S. Thompson,Joan Didion,Truman Capote,Tom Wolfe,Hunter S. Thompson, Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail 72 (1973) There is nothing in McGoverns campaign, so

17、far, to suggest that he understands this kind of thing. For all his integrity, he is still talking to the Politics of the Past. He is still nave enough to assume that anybody who is honest and intelligentwith a good voting record on “the issues”is a natural man for the White House.,Hunter S. Thompso

18、n, Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail 72 (1973) But this is stone bullshit. There are only two ways to make it in big-time politics today: One is to come on like a mean dinosaur, with a high-powered machine that scares the shit out of your entrenched opposition (like Daley or Nixon) . . . and t

19、he other is to tap the massive, frustrated energies of a mainly young, disillusioned electorate that has long since abandoned the idea that we all have a duty to vote. This is like being told you have a duty to buy a new car, but you have to choose immediately between a Ford and a Chevy.,Tom Wolfe,

20、The Right Stuff (1979) But Jane has heard nothing except that other husbands, and not hers, are safe and accounted for. And thus, on a sunny day in Florida, outside of the Jacksonville Naval Air Station, in a little white cottage, a veritable dream house, another beautiful young woman was about to b

21、e apprised of the quid pro quo of her husbands line of work, of the trade off, as one might say, the subparagraphs of a contract written in no visible form. Just as surely as if she had the entire roster in front of her, Jane now realized that only two men in the squadron were unaccounted for. One w

22、as a pilot named Bud Jennings; the other was Pete. She picked up the telephone and did something that was much frowned on in a time of emergency. She called the squadron office. The duty officer answered.,Tom Wolfe, The Right Stuff (1979) I want to speak to Lieutenant Conrad, said Jane. This is Mrs.

23、 Conrad. Im sorry, the duty officer saidand then his voice cracked. Im sorry . . . I . . . He couldnt find the words! He was about to cry! ImthatsI mean . . . he cant come to the phone! He cant come to the phone! Its very important! said Jane.,Tom Wolfe, The Right Stuff (1979) Im sorryits impossible

24、 The duty officer could hardly get the words out because he was so busy gulping back sobs. Sobs! He cant come to the phone. Why not? Where is he? Im sorry More sighs, wheezes, snuffling gasps. I cant tell you that. II have to hang up now! And the duty officers voice disappeared in a great surf of em

25、otion and he hung up.,Tom Wolfe, The Right Stuff (1979) The duty officer! The very sound of her voice was more than he could take! The world froze, congealed, in that moment. Jane could no longer calculate the interval before the front doorbell would ring and some competent long-faced figure would a

26、ppear, some Friend of Widows and Orphans, who would inform her, officially, that Pete was dead.,Joan Didion, Slouching Towards Bethlehem (1968) This is a story about love and death in the golden land, and begins with the country. The San Bernadino Valley lies only an hour east of Los Angeles by San

27、Bernadino Freeway but is in certain ways an alien place; not the coastal California of the subtropical twilights and the soft westerlies off the Pacific, but a harsher California, haunted by the Mojave just beyond the mountains, devastated by the hot drop Santa Ana wind that comes down the passes at

28、 100 miles an hour and whines through the eucalyptus windbreaks and works on the nerves.,Joan Didion, Slouching Towards Bethlehem (1968) October is the bad month for the wind, the month when breathing is difficult and the hills blaze up spontaneously. There has been no rain since April. Every voice

29、seems a scream. It is the season of suicide and divorce and prickly dread, wherever the wind blows.,Literary Journalism Differences from objective-style? Strengths/weaknesses?,European Journalism l Much more based on interpretation of “the facts” l Journalists are more respected: their opinions are valued,Contemporary Journalism Emphasis on “infotainment”,Consensus vs. Conflict in Newspapers,News Values,1.Timeliness,2.Proximity,3.Prominence,4.Consequence,5.Human interest,Objectivity Objectivity not a science, but a style of reporting. “Facts” are just