大学英语第四册第三课

1、1.superstitious: full of superstition; believing in superstitions,the superstitious regard the numbers related to 4 and 13 as bad luck numbers.,迷信的人认为4和13 是不祥的数字。,2.advance:,to put forward; propose or suggest 提议或建议,the idea of resuming the long vacation for 5.1 is advanced by some deputies to people

2、s congresses.,mary is too shy to advance her opinion at the meeting.,collocation:,advance an idea / a plan,提出一种想法 / 一个计划,advance sb. (money),提前向某人支付钱款,in advance,预先，提前,3.swallow vt. move (food or drink) down the throat from the mouth; believe too easily 吞；咽；轻信；轻易接受,some books are to be tasted, other

3、s to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. (bacon),i swallowed what he said. 我轻信了他所说的话。,taking pills is easy; just put them in your mouth and swallow.,swallow up 淹没, 耗尽,waste is threatening to swallow the countrys resources up.,浪费有耗尽这个国家资源的危险。,the increase in travel cost swallow up o

4、ur pay increase.,旅行费用的增加耗尽了我们的工资增长。,the waves swallowed up the little boat.,波浪吞没了小船。,n.c,1. 吞,咽,he took the medicine at one swallow.,他一口吞下这药。,2. 一次吞咽之物(+of),he took a long swallow of wine.,他喝了一大口酒。,4.appeal,1) please, attract or interest,出国工作的想法吸引你吗？,does the idea of working abroad appeal to you?,2)

5、 make a serious public request for help, money, information, etc.,the prime minister appealed for economic aid from the neighboring countries.,appeal against sb.,collocation:,对某人提出申诉,appeal to sb.,吸引某人,appeal to sb. to do sth.,呼吁某人做某事, 恳求某人做某事,appeal to sb. for help,向某人求助,appeal,这种设计吸引了各个年龄的人。,the d

6、esign apples to all ages.,appeal to sb,吸引某人,领导呼吁人们要冷静。,the leader appealed to people for calm.,appeal to sb for sth 呼吁，恳求,公司正对判决提出申诉。,the company is appealing against the ruling.,appeal against,对提出申诉,grab,how does the idea of a holiday in spain grab you?,你对于到西班牙去度假这个主意感兴趣吗?,fascinate,i am quite fasc

7、inate by his adventure in africa.,the children is fascinate by the toy in the shop window.,the public is fascinate by the private lives of public figures.,this title is going to grab your attention.,5.sake,for gods / christs / goodness / heavens sake 看在老天的份儿上；天啊！；千万；务必,for the sake of safety, you mu

8、st keep all medicines away from children.,缘故,for the sake of,为了；为了的利益,the retired lawyer moved to the country for the sake of peace and quiet.,为了安全,要把所有的药都放在孩子们拿不到的地方。,6. horizon n.,1) the line where the sky seems to meet the land or sea地平线（the horizon),the sun rose above / sank below the .,太阳从地平线升起

9、 / 落下。,on the horizon,已见端倪，即将发生,2) (usu. pl.) the limit of ones ideas, knowledge, experience（知识、兴趣、经验等的）范围；界限,travel broadens / expands / widens ones s.,旅游开阔人的眼界。,a man of narrow s 眼界狭小的 人,the s of knowledge 知识范围,7. justify vt.,give a good reason for,证明（行为、言语）是正当的 / 合理的；为辩护,you shouldnt attempt to j

10、ustify yourself.,你不应该想方设法证明自己有理。,pattern:,justify (doing) sth.,证明（做）某事是正当的； 为（做）某事辩护,be justified in doing sth.,做理所应当的,the heavy rain doesnt your being late for school.,你不能因为下大雨就有理由上学迟到。,他完全有理由拒绝你的要求。,he is fully ied in refusing your request.,相关单词： just adj. 公平的；公正的 justice n. 公平；公正；合理 justification

11、 n. 正当的理由,这样的行为不管怎样说总是不对的。,如此粗心的错误不可原谅。,没什么能为如此粗暴的行为辩护。,你几乎无法证明此种行为是正当的。,nothing can justify such behavior.,nothing can justify such careless mistakes.,nothing can justify such rude behavior.,you can hardly justify such conduct.,you should note that some price cut will justify itself by an increase

12、in business.,你应当注意到,当交易量上升的时候很多价格自动调整下降了.,the ends justify the means.,为达到目的可以不择手段,8. authority n.,1) power to give orders and make others obey; power to influence 权威；权力；影响力,prof. brown has international authority in the field of sociology.,have authority over sb. / sth. :,对某人某事有 / 行使权力,the governmen

13、t has authority over the citizens.,政府对其公民行使权力。,have the authority to do sth. : 有权力 / 权限 / 职权 做某事,我们有权搜查这座建筑物。,we have the authority to search this building.,2) a person with special knowledge 具有专门知识的人；权威,an authority on 在某方面有权威的人,he became an authority on linguistics.,他成为一名语言学方面的权威。,吕叔湘（1904-1998）中国

14、语言学家,3) a book , etc that can supply reliable information or evidence,提供可靠资料或证据的书籍等；权威著作,what is your authority for that statement?,你的说法出处何在？,cite an authority 引经据典,4) (usu. pl.) person or group having the power to give orders or take action,有权发号施令的人或团体；当局；官方；有关方面,the local authorities 地方当局,the scho

15、ol authorities 学校当局,the proper authorities = the authorities concerned 有关当局,9. predict,vt. announce or tell beforehand; forecast,经济学家预言利率会在这个秋天下跌。,economists predicted a fall in the interest rate in the coming fall.,cf:,predict, foretell explain sth. 使某事清楚；使明白；解释,illustrations throw light on the tex

16、t.,this newspaper article throws some / much / a clear light on the situation in the middle east.,这篇报纸上的文章使我们对中东局势有了一些 / 很多 / 清楚的了解。,his diary casts light on life in england in the 17th century.,他的日记使我们了解了十七世纪英格兰的生活。,插图有助于课文的理解。,11.fall back on a)turn to for help；to rely on 求助于，依赖,i had to fall back

17、 on my savings when i was unemployed. 失业时我不得不动用我的积蓄.,you can always fall back on old friends in time of need. 在需要时总是能求助于老朋友们。,b)to resort to 再使用,12. stray (away) from: 1) move away from ones group or proper place; wander 离群；走离；走失；闲逛,his sheep strayed away from his fields over to a neighbors.,不应该让儿童离

18、开父母到处乱跑。,2) leave (a subject) 偏离；离题,你又离题了，请回到正题上来。,他的羊走离自家牧场，跑到邻家的田里。,young children should not be allowed to stray (away) from their parents.,youre straying (away) from the subject again; do please keep to the point.,useful expressions,1. 广为传播的信念,a widespread belief,2. 全盘接受这一理论,swallow the theory,3

19、. 二十世纪的思维方式,twentieth-century mentality,4. 值得进一步探讨,be worth following up,5. 观察得来的证明,ocular proof,6. 理论知识,theoretical knowledge,7. 这并不意味着 / 不能因此而推断,it doesnt follow that ,8. 盲目接受,take sth. blindly,9. 几个小小的回合 / 交锋,minor exchanges,10. 预报（月）蚀,foretell eclipses,11. 有充分理由（做）,be justified in doing sth,12.

20、接受关于的论断,accept ones say-so about ,13. 检验结论,test the pronouncements,14. 不这样又有什么办法呢？,how can it be otherwise?,15. 知识的范围,range of knowledge,16. 不愿,would not bother to do sth,17. 无力的论据,weak arguments,18. 轻信的时代,a credulous age,19. 靠不住的理由,precarious reasons,20. 负部分责任,be partly responsible for,text structu

21、re,(para.1) put forward the argument that we are more gullible and superstitious through citing the words of bernard shaw.,(paras.27) the author lists five reasons in order to refute the “oval earth theory”, but fails, which further proves the argument.,(paras.8) the author illustrates the reason wh

22、y people are more gullible is that it is the age of knowledge explosion and we have too much knowledge to master.,part one,part three,part two,for details,for details,text structure analysis,for details,what does bernard shaw say in the preface to saint joan?,bernard shaw remarks that we are more gu

23、llible and superstitious today than we were in the middle ages,what example does he give to support his view?,the widespread belief that the earth is round.,how can common people prove the theory that the earth is round?,the average man can advance not a single reason for thinking that the earth is

24、round, they merely swallow this theory.,difficult sentences,1. somewhere or other i think it is in the preface to saint joan bernard shaw remarks that we are more gullible and superstitious today than we were in the middle ages, and as an example of modern credulity he cites the widespread belief th

25、at the earth is round. (para.1),此句为并列句，and 是连接词，起递进作用。i think it is in the preface to saint joan 为插入语。modern credulity 意思是credulity in modern times.,释义：as far as i can remember, it is in the preface to saint joan that bernard shaw writes that we are more gullible and superstitious today than we were

26、 in the middle ages. and he gives us an example of credulity in modern times, that is, it is widely believed that the earth is round.,we are more gullible and superstitious today than we were in the middle ages.,we are more easy to accept beliefs without reasoning by ourselves than the people in the

27、 middle ages were. actually people in the middle ages were quite gullible and superstitious because they tended to accepted whatever beliefs the churches input.,2. he merely swallows this theory because there is something about it that appeals to the twentieth-century mentality.(para.1),because 为原因状

28、语从句，it 指前面的 theory, that appeals to 为 it 的定语从句。twentieth-century mentality 意思是the way of thinking in the twentieth century.,释义：he just accepts this theory without giving it a second thought because it has something attractive to people in the twentieth century.,译文：他仅仅是囫囵吞枣地接受了这个理论，原因是该理论中有迎合20世纪人们心态

29、的某种东西。,how does the author refute the flat earth theory?,if you stand by the seashore on a clear day, you can see the masts and funnels of invisible ships passing along the horizon. this shows that the earths surface is not flat but curved.,the debate between the oval earth man and i,the first card

30、argument 1: analogy of the sun and moon.,counter-argument 1: i only know that they are round but dont know for sure they are spherical. i have no reason to convince that the earth must be the same shape as the sun and the moon.,the first round,the debate between the oval earth man and i,i dont know

31、for sure whether the eclipses of the moon are caused by the shadow of the earth.,my second card,argument 2: the earths shadow: it appears to be the shadow of a round object during eclipses.,the second round,counter-argument 2:,the debate between the oval earth man and i,my queen of trumps argument 3

32、 the opinion of the experts: astronomer royal says the earth is round.,would i know a way of testing it? have i tested it?,the third round,counter-argument 3 (king):,the debate between the oval earth man and i,the ancient egyptians who didnt have the sound knowledge can also predict eclipses.,my ace

33、,one way of testing it: the astronomers can foretell eclipses which suggests that their knowledge of the solar system is sound.,the fourth round,argument 4,counter- argument 4:,the debate between the oval earth man and i,argument 5:only one card left navigation by assuming the earth is spherical, pe

34、ople can calculate and then sail around the earth.,counter-argument 5: may possibly have some kind of counter,the fifth round,3. now, shaw is exaggerating, but there is something in what he says, and the question is worth following up, for the sake of the light it throws on modern knowledge. (para.2

35、),这里作者采用了先让步、再转折表达自己的观点的方法。there is sth in what he says 意为“他的话有道理”。for the sake of the light it throws on 中的it 指前面的question，it throws on 为定语从句修饰前面的名词light。,释义：now shaw is exaggerating, but there is some truth in what he says and the question is worth discussing further because of what it may reveal

36、about the validity of present-day beliefs.,译文：当然萧伯纳是夸大其词了，但他说的确实有些道理，这一问题值得进一步探讨，因为它有助于说明现代知识的真实情况。,句型：there is something in / to + 名词性成分,意思是there is some truth or value in ,你的话有些道理，我将听从你的劝告。,they had to concede that there was something in his teaching methods.,他们不得不承认他的教学方法有其合理性。,there is something

37、 in / to what you say; ill take your advice.,follow up pursue or investigate closely 深入调查研究 thats an interesting idea, and well certainly follow it up. 那是一个有意义的想法,我们一定要进一步予以研究。,4. then bang goes my ace. (para.7),此句实际上是个倒装句，意思是： then all of a sudden i lose my ace. / then my ace suddenly loses its eff

38、ectiveness, as though it had been cut to shreds.,译文：那我的“爱司”牌便立刻化为乌有。,if you say “bang goes sth” you mean it suddenly becomes obvious that it cannot now succeed, be achieved or accomplished.,the dog has eaten our food bang goes dinner! (= no dinner),ive broken my leg! for sure, bang goes playing foot

39、ball now.,bang went his hopes of promotion.,他获得晋升的希望突然破灭了。,1. what does most of our knowledge rest on?,most of our knowledge rests on authority.,2. does the author think that his reasons for thinking that the earth is round are well-grounded?,no, he thinks they are rather precarious.,3. when does th

40、e expert become an ignoramus?,as soon as he strays away from his own specialty, he becomes an ignoramus.,4. what would most people say if they were asked to prove that the earth is round?,they would start off by saying that “everyone knows” the earth to be round, and if pressed further, would become

41、 angry.,5. do you think the authors conclusion is correct? why? (open-ended),yes. because a mans knowledge consists of two parts, one coming from direct experience and the other coming from indirect experience. all genuine knowledge originates in direct experience. but one cannot have direct experie

42、nce of everything, nor is he able to test everything; as a matter of fact, most of our knowledge comes from indirect experience.,this is a credulous age, and the burden of knowledge which we now have to carry is partly responsible. - this is an age when people tend to believe without questioning. to

43、 some extent it is because the knowledge people have now has confined people minds.,summary,“why do we believe that the earth is round” is one of a series of essays orwell wrote for british periodicals in the 1940s. in it he tries to refute both the flat earth theory and the oval earth theory. then

44、from the discussion he draws his conclusion that ours is a credulous (轻信的) age because much of our knowledge does not rest on reasoning or on experiment, but on authority. here orwell expresses a healthy concern for the burden the ordinary newspaper-reading citizen carries.,overloaded with informati

45、on and misinformation, the average man cannot adequately process and digest what he receives. he is apt to accept what he hears or reads as true. man should respect the views of true experts, but he should test their theories, and compare different viewpoints in order to arrive at a truer perspectiv

46、e (观点, 看法). then can man truly become an intelligent thinking species.,supply the missing information,directions:,read the text carefully and supply the missing information to complete the following sentences.,george orwell begins his article by citing bernard shaws remarks that_ _.,we are more gull

47、ible and superstitious today than we were in the middle ages,2. the author puts forward the question why _ _ believe that the earth is round.,newspaper-,reading citizen,3. to refute the oval earth theory, the author plays his first card, _ .,the analogy of the sun and the moon,4. we can depend on th

48、e experts opinion to prove that the earth is round. however, _ _ .,we havent tested the experts,statement,5. the last card left is _ . the author believes it will finish the oval earth man, but he may possibly have _ .,navigation,some kind of counter,6. on most other questions, the author thinks he should have to _ the expert earlier, and would