高分子材料与工程专业部分翻译.ppt

1、Most conveniently, polymers are generally subdivided in three categories, namelyviz., plastics, rubbers and fibers. Subdivide, v. 细分，区分。 Subdividein把。细分为。 Categoriesktigri, n，种类，类型。Categorization, n, 分类法 很方便地，聚合物一般细分为三种类型，就是塑料，橡胶和纤维。 In terms of initial elastic modules, rubbers ranging generally bet

2、ween 106 to 107dynes/cm2, represent the lower end of the scale, while fibers with high initial moduli modjulai, modulus的复数 of 1010 to 1011dynes/cm2 are situated on the upper end of the scale; plastics, having generally an initial elastic modulus of 108 to 109dynes/cm2, lie in-between. Modulus, modul

3、i复数，模量 In terms of, 根据，借助于，利用，就。而言 Range(from) to,落在（从）。到。之间；分布在。到。范围内。 Be situated on at, in 处于，位于，坐落在 就初始弹性模量而言，橡胶一般在106到107达因/平方厘米，在尺度的低端，而纤维具有高的初始模量，达到1010到1011达因/平方厘米，尺度的高端，塑料的弹性模量一般在108到109达因/平方厘米，在尺度的中间。,UNIT 9 Structure and Properties of Polymers 聚合物的结构和性质,As is found in all phases of polyme

4、r chemistry, there are many exceptions to this categorization. Phase，阶段，状态，方面，侧面; Exception to,。的例外情况 （正如高分子化学的各个部分都可以看到的那样），在高分子化学的所有阶段，我们都可以发现，这种分类方法有许多例外的情况。 An elastomer (or rubber) results from a polymer having relatively weak interchain forces and high molecular weights. Result from, （作为结果）发生，

5、产生，形成 弹性体是具有相对弱的链之间作用力和高分子量的聚合物。 When the molecular chains are “straightened out” or stretched by a process of extension, they do not have sufficient attraction for each other to maintain the oriented state and will retract once the force is released. This is the basis of elastic behavior. straighte

6、ned out，拉直，打开;stretch,拉直，拉长; extension，n，伸长，伸展 attraction，引力，吸引；attraction for。 对。的引力 orient，v，定向，取向; retract，v，收缩 当通过一个拉伸过程将分子链拉直的时候，分子链彼此之间没有足够的相互吸引力来保持其取向状态，作用力一旦解除，将发生收缩。这是弹性行为的基础。,UNIT 9 Structure and Properties of Polymers 聚合物的结构和性质,However, if the interchain forces are very great, a polymer w

7、ill make a good fiber. 然而，如果分子链之间的力非常大，聚合物可以用做纤维。 Therefore, when the polymer is highly stretched, the oriented chain will come under the influence of the powerful attractive forces and will “crystallize” permanently in a more or less oriented matrix. come under，受。的影响(支配) more or less, 近乎，大体上，在不同程度上

8、 permanently，永久地，持久地 因此，当聚合物被高度拉直的时候，取向分子链在不同程度取向的母体中将受强引力的影响而“永久地结晶”。 These crystallization forces will then act virtually as crosslinks, resulting in a material of high tensile strength and high initial modulus, i.e., a fiber. Virtually，实际上，实质上，事实上 而后，这些结晶力实际上以交联方式作用，产生高拉伸强度和高初始模量的材料，如纤维。 Therefor

9、e, a potential fiber polymer will not become a fiber unless subjected to a “drawing” process, i.e., a process resulting in a high degree of intermolecular orientation. Be subject to,经受，受到。 因此，一个可能的（潜在的）纤维高分子不会变成纤维，除非经历一个拉伸过程，即，这导致分子间高度取向的拉伸过程。,Crosslinked species are found in all three categories an

10、d the process of crosslinking may change the cited characteristics of the categories. Cite, vt，引用，引证，举例；citation，n，引用，引文 交联的种类在所有三种类型（塑料，橡胶，纤维）中找到，而交联过程可以改变分类的引用特征。 Thus, plastics are known to possesspzes a marked range of deformability in the order of 100 to 200%; they do not exhibit this property

11、when crosslinked, however. Deformability，形变能力，变形性 in the order of。，大约。 因此，我们熟知塑料具有的形变能力大约在100-200%范围内，然而当交联发生时塑料不能展示这个性能。 Rubber, on vulcanization, changes its properties from low modulus, low tensile strength, low hardness, and high elongation to high modulus, high tensile strength, high hardness,

12、and low elongation. VulcanizationvlknaizeiSn，硫化 对橡胶而言，硫化可以改变其性质，从低模量，低拉伸强度，低硬度及高拉伸率到高模量，高拉伸强度，高硬度及低拉伸率。,Thus, polymers may be classified as noncrosslinked and crosslinked, and this definition agrees generally with the subclassification in thermoplastic and thermoset polymers. 这样，聚合物可以分为非交联和交联的，这个定义与

13、把聚合物细分为热塑性和热固性聚合物相一致。 From the mechanistic point of view, however, polymers are properly divided into addition polymers and condensation polymers. Both of these species are found in rubbers, plastics, and fibers. From the mechanistic point of view，从反应机理的观点看， 然而，从反应机理的观点看，聚合物可以分成加聚物和缩聚物。这些种类聚合物在塑料，橡胶

14、和纤维中都可以找得到。 In many cases polymers are considered from the mechanistic point of view. Also, the polymer will be named according to its source whenever it is derived from a specific hypothetical monomer, or when it is derived from two or more components which are built randomly into the polymer. Be d

15、erive from由。产生而来，来自于。 hypothetical monomer，假想单体 在许多情况下，聚合物可以从反应机理的角度考虑分类。每当聚合物来自于一个假象单体，或来自于两个或两个以上组成物无规则构建聚合物时，也可以根据聚合物的来源来命名。,This classification agrees well with the presently used general practice. 这种分类方法与目前实际情况相符合。 Agree well with. 与。相符合。 When the repeating unit is composed of several monomeric

16、 components following each other in a regular fashion, the polymer is commonly named according to its structure. in a regular fashion，规则地 当重复单元由几个单体组成物规则排布，聚合物通常根据它的结构来命名。 It must be borne in mind that, with the advent of Ziegler-Natta mechanisms and new techniques to improve and extend crystallinit

17、y, and the closeness of packing of chains, many older data given should be critically considered in relation to the stereoregular and crystalline structure. Bear in mind, 牢记，记住 With advent of,随着。的出现 in relation to，关于。，与。有关 the closeness of packing of chains，链堆砌密度 必须记住，随着Ziegler-Natta机理的出现，以及随着提高结晶度和

18、提高链的堆砌密度的新方法的出现，对许多过去已经得到的关于空间结构和晶体结构旧的资料，应当批判地接受。 必须记住，随着Ziegler-Natta机理，以及提高结晶度和链堆砌紧密度新技术的出现，许多与立构规整与结晶结构相关的旧数据应当批评地接受。,The properties of polymers are largely dependent on the type and extent of both stereoregularity and crystallinity. As an example, the densities and melting points of atactic and

19、 isotactic species are presented in Table 8.1. Stereoregularity，立体规整性，立体规整度 Atactic,a,无规立构的， Isotactic, a, 等规立构的，全同立构的 聚合物的性质主要依靠立体规整性和结晶度的类型和程度。如，无规立构和全同立构物质的密度和熔点展示在表8.1中。,UNIT 9 Structure and Properties of Polymers 聚合物的结构和性质,UNIT 11 Functional Polymers,Functional polymers are macromolecules to wh

20、ich chemically functional groups are attached; they have the potential advantages of small molecules with the same functional groups. 功能聚合物是具有化学功能基团的大分子，这些聚合物与具有相同功能基团的小分子一样具有潜在的优点。 Their usefulness is related both to the functional groups and to the nature of the polymers whose characteristic prope

21、rties depend mainly on the extraordinarily large size of the molecules. 它们的实用性不仅与功能基团有关，而且与巨大分子尺寸带来的聚合物特性有关。 The attachment of functional groups to a polymer is frequently the first step towards the preparation of a functional polymer for a specific use. 把功能基团连接到聚合物上常常是制备特殊用途功能高分子的第一步。,UNIT 11 Funct

22、ional Polymers,However, the proper choice of the polymer is an important factor for successful application. 然而，对成功应用而言，选择适当的聚合物是的一个重要因素。 In addition to the synthetic aliphatic and aromatic polymers, a wide range of natural polymers have also been functionalized and used as reactive materials. Alipha

23、tic, 脂肪组的 Aromatic，芳香组的 In addition to。，除了。之外， 除了合成的脂肪组和芳香组聚合物之外，许多天然高分子也被功能化，被用做反应性材料。 Inorganic polymers have also been modified with reactive functional groups and used in processes requiring severesivi service conditions. 无机聚合物也已经用反应功能基团改性，被用于要求耐用条件的场合。,UNIT 11 Functional Polymers,In principle,

24、the active groups may be part of the polymer backbone or linked to a side chain as a pendant group either directly or viavai a spacerspeis group. 理论上讲，活性基团可以是聚合物主链上的一部分，或者直接连接到侧链或通过一个中间基团的侧基。 pendant group 侧基;spacer group, 隔离基团，中间基团。 A required active functional group can be introduced onto a polyme

25、ric support chain (1) by incorporation during the synthesis of the support itself through polymerization or copolymerization of monomers containing the desired functional groups, (2) by chemical modification of a non-functionalized performed support matrix and (3) by a combination of (1) and (2). 所需

26、的活性功能基团可以通过几种方法引入到聚合物主链上，（1）在主链的合成过程中，通过聚合或共聚合含有理想功能基团的单体来获得，（2）通过对已有的非功能化主链进行化学改性的方法，（3）通过结合（1）和（2）来获得。,UNIT 11 Functional Polymers,Each of the two approaches has its own advantages and disadvantages, and one approach may be preferred for the preparation of a particular functional polymer when the

27、other would be totally impractical. 两种途径中的每一种都有自身的优点和缺点，对特殊功能聚合物的制备而言，当其他方法都无法实现时，所选的方法或许是更合适的。 The choice between the two ways to the synthesis of functionalized polymers depends mainly on the required chemical and physical properties of the support for a specific application. 功能聚合物合成的两种方法中，如何选择主要取

28、决于特殊应用要求的主链聚合物的化学和物理性质。 Usually the requirements of the individual system must be thoroughly examined in order to take full advantage of each of the preparative techniques. take full advantage of。，充分利用。 为了充分利用每种制备方法，必须全面地考察独立体系的要求。,UNIT 11 Functional Polymers,Rapid progress in the utilization of fun

29、ctionalized polymeric materials has been noted in the recent past. 近年来，功能化聚合物材料的使用方面有了飞速的发展。 Interest in the field is being enhanced due to the possibility of creating systems that combine the unique properties of conventional active moieties and those of high molecular weight polymers. Interest in，

30、 。的（重大）意义，对。关注 由于能够制造出来兼有活性官能团特性和高分子量聚合物性能的功能聚合物，所以，人们对功能聚合物这个领域的兴趣与日俱增。 The successful utilization of these polymers are based on the physical form, solution behavior, porosity, chemical reactivity and stability of the polymers. 这些聚合物的成功利用，基于功能聚合物的物理形态，溶液行为，空隙率，化学活性及稳定性。,UNIT 11 Functional Polymers

31、,The various types of functionalized polymers cover a broad range of chemical applications, including the polymeric reactants, catalysts, carriers, surfactants, stabilizers, ion-exchange resins, etc. 各种功能化聚合物类型覆盖化学应用的宽广领域，包括聚合物试剂，催化剂，载体，表面活性剂，稳定剂，离子交换树脂等。 In a variety of biological and biomedical fi

32、elds, such as the pharmaceutical, agriculture, food industry and the like, they have become indispensable materials, especially in controlled release formulation of drugs and agrochemicals. Pharmaceuticalfa:msju:tikl,药品，药物 and the like，等等，以及诸如此类。 Indispensable，不可缺少的;controlled release，控制释放 agrochemi

33、cals，农药，化肥 在生物学及生物医学领域中，如药物，农业，食品工业等，功能聚合物是不可缺少的材料，尤其在药物和农药的控制释放配方上。,UNIT 11 Functional Polymers,Besides, these polymers are extensively used as the antioxidants, flame retardants, corrosion inhibitors, flocculating agents, antistatic agents and the other technological applications. Anti-,抗，反，对，解，阻，

34、减。 antioxidants, 抗氧化剂 flame retardants, 阻燃剂 corrosion inhibitors, 缓蚀剂 flocculatingflokju:leiti agents, 絮凝剂, floccule, n, 絮状物，絮状沉淀。Flocculent, adj, 羊毛状的，絮凝的， antistatic agents，抗静电剂 此外，这些聚合物被广泛地用做抗氧化剂，阻燃剂，缓蚀剂，絮凝剂，抗静电剂及其他技术应用。,UNIT 11 Functional Polymers,In addition, the functional polymers possesspzes

35、 broad application prospects in the high technology area as conductive materials, photosensitizers, nuclear track detectors, liquid crystals, the working substances for storage and conversion of solar energy, etc. possesspzes,支配，控制，拥有，具有，掌握，克制，迷住。 Prospects，展望，视野，景色，境界，复数前景，前程，前途 conductive material

36、s, photosensitizers, 光敏剂 nuclear track detectors,核径迹探测器 另外，功能化聚合物在高科技领域具有广阔的应用前景。如导电材料，光敏剂，核径迹探测器，液晶，用于太阳能等的转化与储存的工作物质。,Unit 12 Preparations of Amino Resins in Laoratory,Formalinfo:mlin,福尔马林（40%的甲醛水溶液） NaOH，sodium hydroxide(hydrate), 氢氧化钠， potassium hydrate(hydroxide),氢氧化钾；calcium hydroxide,氢氧化钙。 HC

37、l，chlorhydric acid, 盐酸。/glacial acetic acid，冰醋酸 furfury alcohol，糖醇 triethanolaminetraienolmin，三乙醇胺/ wood flour,木粉/calcium phosphate，磷酸钙 ammonium chloride，氯化铵/H2SO4，sulfuric acid, 硫酸。 Na2SO3，亚硫酸钠，sodium sulfite, Na2SO4,硫酸钠，sodium sulfate/Na2S2O8,过硫酸钠，sodium persulfate. Thymolphthaleinaimolflin,百里酚酞/G

38、lycerolgliserol，甘油 Monomethylolurea，methylol=hydromethyl, 羟甲基，单羟甲基尿素,UNIT 14 Bulk Polymerization本体聚合,Bulk polymerization traditionally has been defined as the formation of polymer from pure, undiluted monomers. Undiluted，adj，未冲淡的，未掺水，纯粹的，dilute，v, 冲淡，稀释 传统上本体聚合定义为聚合物从纯的、未稀释的单体中形成。 Incidental amounts

39、 of solvents and small amounts of catalysts, promoters, and chain-transfer agents may also be present according to the classical definition. Incidental，adj，附带的，非主要的 Promoter，促进剂，助剂 chain-transfer agents，链转移剂 根据传统定义，很少量的溶剂和少量的催化剂，促进剂，以及链转移剂也可以存在。,UNIT 14 Bulk Polymerization,This definition, however,

40、serves little practical purpose. It includes a wide variety of polymers and polymerization schemes that have little in common, particularly from the viewpoint of reactor design. Serve，vt. 适合用, 宜于, (合)用, 起.作用，适合; 达到 然而，这个定义适用于少量的实践用途。它包括了许多聚合物种类和聚合方案。从反应其设计角度看，这些聚合方案（工艺）很少有共性的地方。 The modern gas-phase

41、 process for polyethylene satisfies the classical definition, yet is a far cry from the methyl methacrylate and styrene polymerization which remain single-phase throughout the polymerization and are more typically thought of as being bulk. Satisfy，vt.使满足; 使满意; 符合达到(标准)，【化】使饱和 a far cry，n. 遥远的距离, 大不相

42、同的东西； a far cry from，与截然不同 根据传统的定义，现代的气相聚乙烯聚合工艺属于本体聚合过程，但与通常认为的甲基丙烯酸甲酯和苯乙烯的典型的本体聚合过程截然不同， 后者在整个聚合反应过程中始终保持单相体系。,UNIT 14 Bulk Polymerization本体聚合,A common feature of most bulk polymerization and other process not traditionally classified as such is the need to process fluids of very high viscosity. as

43、 such，adv，同样地，同量地，本身，照此, 象这样, 就这一点而论; 以那个资格身分 classify as，分为类 多数本体聚合以及不是按传统分类为本体聚合的其他聚合过程有一个共同特征，就是需要处理非常高粘性的流体。 The high viscosity results from the presence of dissolved polymer in a continuous liquid phase. 高粘性是溶解在液相连续相的高分子的存在造成的。 Significant concentrations of a high molecular-weight polymer typic

44、ally increase fluid viscosities by10 or more compared to the uncreated monomers. Uncreated，adj，自存的，未创造的，尚未产生的 高分子量聚合物的高浓度显著提高流体的粘度，达到单体自身粘度的10倍以上。,UNIT 14 Bulk Polymerization本体聚合,This suggests classifying a polymerization as bulk whenever a substantial concentration of polymer occurs in the continuo

45、us phase. 只要聚合物真实浓度存在连续相中（只要聚合物真正溶解在连续相中），就可以归类为本体聚合。 Although this definition encompasses a wide variety of polymerization mechanisms, it leads to unifying concepts in reactor design. Encompasses，v，包含或包括某事物，包围，环绕 Unifying，vt，统一，使成一体，使一致 尽管这种定义包含多种聚合机理，在反应器设计中还是导致了统一的概念。,UNIT 14 Bulk Polymerization本

46、体聚合,The design engineer must confront the polymer in its most intractable form, i.e., as a high viscosity solution or polymer melt. Confront，vt，使面临，对抗 Intractable，adj，难处理，难加工的，难治疗的，难对付的，难驾御的，倔强的 设计工程师必须面对聚合物以最难处理的形式存在，如高粘性溶液或聚合物熔体。 The revised definition makes no sharp distinction between bulk and s

47、olution polymerizations and thus reflects industrial practice. Sharp，adj. 明显的, 强烈的, 刺耳的, 急剧的, 精明的, 敏捷的 修改的定义使本体聚合和溶液聚合没有明显的区别，但反映了产业实际情况。,UNIT 14 Bulk Polymerization本体聚合,Several so-called bulk processes for polystyrene and ABS use 5%-15% solvent as a processing aid and chain-transfer agent. 个别的所谓本体聚

48、合工艺的聚苯乙烯和ABS聚合使用5%-15%的溶剂作为工艺助剂和链转移剂。 Few successful processes have used the very large amounts of solvent needed to avoid high viscosities in the continuous phase, although this approach is sometimes used for laboratory preparations. 少量成功的工艺使用大量的溶剂以避免连续相的高粘度，尽管这与实验室制备有时使用的方法接近。 Bulk polymerizations

49、 often exhibit a second, discontinuous phase. 本体聚合常常出现第2个非连续相。,UNIT 14 Bulk Polymerization本体聚合,They frequently exhibit high exothermicity, but this is more characteristic of the reaction mechanism than of bulk polymerization as such. Exothermicity，放热性 本体聚合常常表现出高的放热性，但是这是反应机理的特征明显要比本体聚合本身的特征更加明显。 Bul

50、k polymerizations of the free-radical variety are most common, although several commercially important condensation processes satisfy the revised definition of a bulk polymerization. 自由基类型本体聚合是最普通的，尽管一些重要的工业浓缩过程符合修正的本体聚合定义。 In all bulk polymerizations, highly viscous polymer solutions and melts are

51、handled. 在所有的本体聚合中，高粘性聚合物溶液和熔体是可以控制的。,UNIT 14 Bulk Polymerization本体聚合,This fact tends to govern the process design and to a lesser extent, the process economics. 这个事实支配聚合过程的设计，使过程经济效益下降。 Suitably robust equipment has been developed for the various processing steps, including stirred-tank and tubular

52、 reactors, flash devolatilizers, extruder reactors, and extruder devolatilizers. Robust，adj.强健壮的; 雄壮的；费力的(运动等)；直爽的; 健全的; 坚定的，粗鲁野的；浓的，坚固的, 耐用的 flash devolatilizers，闪蒸釜 extruder，挤出机，single screw extruder, 单螺杆挤出机，twin screw extruder，双螺杆挤出机； 针对各种工艺步骤，适宜的耐用设备已经得到发展，包括搅拌釜和管式反应器，闪蒸釜，挤出反应器，以及挤出脱挥器。,UNIT 14

53、Bulk Polymerization本体聚合,Equipment costs are high based on working volume, but the volumetric efficiency of bulk polymerizations is also high. volumetric coefficient，容积系数 设备成本很高基于工作体积（处理量），但是本体聚合的容积系数仍然是高的。 If a polymer can be made in bulk, manufacturing economics will most likely favor this approach

54、. in bulk，散装；松散；大批，大量：数量、数目或体积很大 如果一种聚合物可以本体聚合方式制备，这种工艺因生产的经济性而受到欢迎。 It is tempting to suggest that polymer processes will gradually evolve toward bulk. Evolve，vt.使发展, (使)进化, 演化，引伸出, 推理, 引出，放出, 放射出; 释出，【化】离析 聚合工艺将逐步向本体聚合发展是非常有吸引力的。,UNIT 14 Bulk Polymerization本体聚合,Recently, the suspension process for

55、 impact polystyrene has been supplanted by the bulk process, and the emulsion process for ABS may similarly be replaced. Supplant，vt. 代替, 取代；(以不正当的手段)排挤; 取而代之； 最近，抗冲击聚苯乙烯悬浮聚合工艺已经被本体聚合所替代，而且ABS的乳液聚合工艺可能同样被替代。 However, the modern gas-phase process for polyethylene appears to represent an opposite tren

56、d. 然而，聚乙烯的现代气相聚合工艺则表现出相反的趋势。 It seems that polymerization technology tends to eliminate solvents and suspending fluids other than the monomers themselves. other than，adv. 不同于, 除了 去除溶剂和不同于单体的悬浮流体似乎是聚合技术倾向。,UNIT 14 Bulk Polymerization本体聚合,When the monomer is a solvent for the polymer, bulk processes a

57、s described in this article are chosen. 当单体是该聚合物的溶剂时，就可以选择这篇文章所描述的本体聚合工艺。 When the monomer is not a solvent, suspension and slurry processes like those for polyethylene and polypropylene are employed. 当单体不是该聚合物的溶剂时，如聚乙烯和聚丙烯，悬浮聚合及泥浆聚合工艺， Hence, it is worthwhile avoiding a highly viscous continuous ph

58、ase, but not at the price of introducing extraneous material. 因此，避免高粘连续相，而不让其他物料进入是值得做的。 因此，我们应该做到避免高粘连续相，而不让其他物料进入。,UNIT 15 General Description of the VC Suspension Polymerization Process( 氯乙烯悬浮聚合过程概述),By far majority of PVC is produced via the suspension route. 绝大多数聚氯乙烯是采用悬浮聚合工艺生产的。 In this proces

59、s the vinyl chloride monomer is suspended, as liquid droplets, in a continuous water phase by a combination of vigorous agitation and the presence of a protective colloid (dispersant or suspending agent). Droplet，小滴 protective colloid，保护胶体 vigorous，adj, 精力旺盛的，有力的，健壮的，强劲的 agitation，n, 搅拌；stir, n, vt, 搅动，搅拌 这个工艺中，在强力搅拌和保护单体存在的联合作用下，氯乙烯单体以液滴形式悬浮在水连续相中。,UNIT 15 General Description of the VC Suspension Polymerization Process( 氯乙烯悬浮聚合过程概述),A monomer soluble free radical initiator is used such that has been shown to be equivalent to that found in bu