Book 4 Unit 2 Grammar 动名词作主语、宾语

1、Book 4 Unit 2 Grammar 动名词作主语、宾语定义：动名词是由动词+ing变化而来，它仍保留着动词的某些特征，具有动词的时态和语态的变化，但没有人称和数的变化。用以表达名词所不能表达的较为复杂的意念。动名词的名词特征表现在它可在句子中当名词来用，作主语、宾语、表语、定语。它也可以被副词修饰或者支配宾语。作用：动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。动名词的形式：(其否定形式是在v-ing前面加not)主动形式被动形式一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done1动名词的一般式所表示的动作通常是一般性动作

2、，即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作，或者是表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作。We are very interested in collecting stamps.我们对集邮很感兴趣。 His coming will be of great help to us . 他来对我们大有帮助。2动名词的完成式所表示的动作或状态在谓语动词之前完成或结束。 He regrets not having taken part in the work. 他后悔没有参加这项工作。 We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time

3、. 我们因提前完成了这项工作而受到了表扬。3动名词的否定式是在v-ing前面加not。He hated himself for not having work hard. 他悔恨自己没有用功。He felt sorry for not having done the work well. 他为没有把工作做好感到难过。4动名词的被动式：当动名词的逻辑主语是行为承受者时，用被动语态。如： I like being given harder work. 我喜欢接受难点的工作。 She is proud of being admitted into the university. 她为被大学录取而感到

4、自豪。 The meeting was put off without his having been consulted. 会议延期并未和他商量。5逻辑主语：由于非谓语动词在语法上是不能做句子的谓语的，也就是说在语法上它们是没有主语的。但是在形式上，非谓语动词仍然是表示一个动作，所以在逻辑上仍然有一个动作的执行者或承受者。非谓语动词动作的执行者或承受者和非谓语在逻辑上存在着主谓关系或动宾关系，但不能直接作非谓语动词的主语，因此叫逻辑主语。一、动名词作主语动名词作主语往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作。动名词作主语时，谓语动词要用单数。Reading is an art. 读书是一种艺术。 Clim

5、bing mountains is really fun. 爬山真是有趣。1直接位于句首做主语。 Swimming is a good sport in summer. 2. 用 it 作形式主语，把动名词(真正主语)置于句尾作后置主语。动名词做主语时，不太常用 it 作先行主语，多见于某些形容词及名词之后。常见的能用于这种结构的形容词有：better，wonderful，enjoyable，interesting，foolish，difficult，useless，senseless，worthwhile等。常用这种结构的句型有：It is no use.，It is no good.，It

6、 is fun.，It is a waste of time.等句型中。例如： It is no use telling him not to worry. It is no use/good/a waste of time talking about that.注意：important，essential，necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。 3. 用于“There be”结构中。例如： There is no saying when hell come.很难说他何时回来。 4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如： No smoking ( =No smoking is allowe

7、d (here) ). （禁止吸烟） No parking. （禁止停车） 5. 动名词的复合结构作主语 当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格，构成动名词的复合结构(这时，名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如： Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. 动名词作主语与动词不定式作主语的比较 动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语。在意义上相近。但动名词多用来表示泛指或抽象动作，不定式多用来表示特指或具体动作。比较： Smoking is not good for

8、 health. It is not good for you to smoke so much. 注意： 1) 在口语中，用动名词作主语位于句首的较不定式多见。 2) 当句子中的主语和表语都是非限定动词时，要遵循前后一致的原则，主语和表语在形式上要求统一： Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.二、动名词作宾语1某些动词后只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有：admit, appreciate, excuse, stand, advise, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish,

9、 give up, cannot help, imagine, include, keep, understand, keep on, mind, report, risk, miss, put off, delay, practise, resist, suggest, depend on, think about, set about, succeed in, worry about, burst out, insist on, cant help, feel like, be used to, get used to, devoteto, look forward to, pay att

10、ention to, get down to, escape 等。I have finished writing the book.I suggest going to the park on Sunday.2在allow, advise, forbid, permit后直接跟动名词作宾语，如果有名词或代词作宾语，则构成“ allowadviseforbidpermit 名词代词不定式（宾语补足语）”之形式。如：We dont allow smoking here We dont allow anybody to smoke here 3动词need, require, want意为“需要”时

11、，后跟动名词的主动式或不定式的被动式作宾语，意义没有区别。如： The window needs cleaning. = The window needs to be cleaned Your hair needs cutting. = Your hair needs to be cut.4在begin, continue, love, like, hate, prefer, intend, start 后用动名词和用不定式作宾语均可，意义没有多大区别。 In spite of my efforts the baby continued to cry / crying. 尽管我尽力哄这个婴儿，

12、但他还是哭个不停。5动词forget, go on, mean, regret, remember, stop, try, be used to, cant help后跟动名词和跟不定式区别较大，须注意: forget, regret, remember后跟动名词，动名词表示已经发生的动作；后跟不定式表示将要发生的动作。 go on doing 继续做原来做的事go on to do 接着做另一件事 mean doing 意味着要做某事mean to do 想要做某事 stop doing 停止做某事stop to do 停下来（别的事）开始做某事try doing 试着做某事try to d

13、o 努力做某事be used to doing 习惯于做某事 be used to do 被用来做某事cant help doing 禁不住做某事cant help to do 不能帮助做某事练习一：1. It took the workmen only two hours to finish _ my car.A. repairing B. repair C. to repair D. repaired2. Have you forgotten _$1000 from me last month? Will you please remember _ it tomorrow? A. borr

14、owing; to bring B. to borrow; bringC. borrowed; bringing D. borrowing; bringing3. My brother keeps _ me with my work. A. to help B. help C. helping D. helped4. We should often practise _ English with each other.A. to speak B. spoke C. speak D. speaking5. The story was so funny that we _. A. couldnt

15、help laugh B. cant but laugh C. couldnt help laughing D. couldnt help but to laugh6. Though it sounds a bit too expensive, it is worth _. A. being bought B. buying C. to buy D. buying it7. He devoted his life to _ the atomic theory. A. study B. be studied C. studying D. have studied8. We are both lo

16、oking forward to _ next week. A. going on vocation B. go on vocation C. be going on vocation D. have gone on vocation9. The microscope is used for _ minute objects.A. examining B. being examined C. examined D. examine10. Mike has got used _ up late at night. A. to sit B. 不填 C. to sitting D. sitting1

17、1. Once the heart stops _, death follows at once. A. beating B. to beat C. being beaten D. to be beating12. We are now busy _ for the examination. A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. being prepared13. The patient must be separated to avoid _ others. A. being infected B. infecting C. to infect

18、D. infected14.Your clothes need _. A. washed B. to be washed C. to wash D. being washed15. _ provides us with essential nutrients, while _ provides us with oxygen. A. To eat; breathing B. Eating; to breathe C. Eating; breathing D. Eaten; breathed16. All the staff on our company are considering _to t

19、he city centre for the fashion show. Ato go Bgoing Cto have gone Dhaving gone17. Peter received a letter just now _ his grandma would come to see him soon.Asaid Bsays Csaying Dto say18. Robert is indeed a wise man. Oh, yes. How often I have regretted _ his advice! A. to take B. taking C. not to take

20、 D. not taking练习二：1. (eat) more fruit every day is helpful to keep you away from H1N1.2. Its no good (smoke), so youd better give it up.3. Its no use (argue) with him.4. His (elect) as a leader of our country was not a surprise to us.5. You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. - Well, now I regret (do) that.6. One learns a language by making mistakes and (correct) them.7. I can hardly imagine Peter (sail) across