医学英语汉译英(课堂PPT)

1、1, from Chinese to English,Translation of Medical English,Alicia Xu,2,1. adj.+n. 2. in + abstract noun 3. one stem, and two branches 4. adjectives used to express degree 5. “a set of adjectives + the same noun” 6. predicate adjective + prep.,Useful structures in Translation,3,7. of phrase 8. on a ba

2、sis 9. n. + infinite 10. n + be + infinite 11. The morethe more (less) 12. participle phrase,4,adj.+n. “发病率高”（n. + adj.） “high incidence” （adj.+n.） e.g. 伤口血肿差不多都是由止血不完善所致。 Wound hematoma is almost always caused by imperfect hemostasis.,5,如果婴儿的饮食中维生素D含量不足就会引起佝偻病。 Rickets will result if there is an in

3、sufficient amount of vitamin D in the diet of an infant. 我们的研究显示20例这类儿童中有8例神经系统预后不良。 Our study reported that 8 of 20 such children had poor neurological outcomes.,6,口臭可由口腔卫生不好和脓溢或者由扁桃体、腺样组织以及鼻腔黏膜的慢性感染而引起。 An odorous breath may result from improper oral hygiene and pyorrhea or from chronic infection

4、of the tonsils, adenoid or nasal mucosa.,7,血气恶化可能表示心血管功能下降，而不是肺疾病的恶化。 Deteriorating blood gases may indicate decreasing cardiovascular function rather than a progression of the pulmonary disease.,8,例1：这些药物的成分是不同的 The composition of these pills are different These pills are different in composition 例

5、2：白细胞的数量比红细胞少得多，数量之比约为1：600 The white cells are much fewer in number than the red cells, about one to 600.,2. in + abstract noun,9,例3：无论是酸性、碱性还是中性，多数药物主要是从小肠吸收的。 Most drugs, whether acidic, basic, or neutral in character, are absorbed mainly from the small intestine. 例4：人眼的结构和功用很像一个照相机。 The eye is m

6、uch like a camera in structure and action.,10,每条染色体上的基因成对地排列，有严格的次序，每一个基因占据特定的位置 （又称基因座）。 The genes on each chromosome are arranged in pairs and in strict order, with each gene occupying a specific location or locus.,11,3. One stem, and two branches,以名词为中心词，后面跟两个介词短语。第一个介词往往时of， 第二个是其他介词，两个介词短语都修饰中心

7、名词，综合起来构成一个复杂的概念。写作中运用这种结构，可以使得句子语言简洁，突出概念，言简意赅。,12,例1：感染物吸入到肺是肺脓肿的最常见病因。 Aspiration of infectious material into the lung is the most common cause of lung abscess. 例2：像呕吐一样，腹泻也是身体防止中毒的一种自然保护作用。 Like vomiting, diarrhea is a natural protection of the body against poisoning.,13,例3：将小鼠短期暴露于苯（的蒸汽中）能引起其体内

8、粒细胞总数增加，包括粒细胞的祖代细胞和循环中的粒细胞。 Short-term exposure of mice to benzene led to an increase in the total number of granulocyte, including progenitor cells and circulating granulocytes.,14,例4：治疗无排卵子宫出血的首要目标应是将增生型的子宫内膜转化为分泌型的子宫内膜。 The treatment of anovulatory bleeding should have as its first aim the transf

9、ormation of proliferative (endometrium) into secretory endometrium.,15,有时，名词后面可有三个介词短语。 这种损伤导致体液从血液向组织渗漏。 Such damage results in the leakage of fluid from the blood into the tissues. 第二个短语也可以是不定式短语肾小管对这些物质的吸收能力不是无限的。 The capacity of the tubules to absorb these substances is not unlimited.,16,The bod

10、y need nutrition. The need of body for nutrition,17,4. Adjectives used to express degree,尿中出现可以检测到的（一定量的）葡萄糖称为糖尿。 The presence of appreciable amounts of glucose in the urine is known as glycosuria. 血液中出现了尿酸的明显增多。 There has been an appreciable increase of uric acid in the blood.,18,Appreciable Consid

11、erable Marked Significant appreciable/considerable/marked/ significant increase,19,这种药（依地酸钙钠）对急性和慢性铅中毒是有效的，它可引起明显增加的尿铅排出。 The drug (sodium calcium edetate) is effective in acute and chronic lead poisoning; it produces a marked increase in the urinary excretion of lead.,20,骨盆检查显示外阴有明显的炎症。 Pelvic exam

12、ination shows that there is considerable inflammation of the vulva. AD患者血浆中P物质浓度相对于对照组有显著增加(P0.01); Patients with AD had significant increase in plasma level of Substance P compared with controls (P0.01).,21,如果血液被过多摄入的液体所稀释，尿的排出就会增加。 If the blood is diluted by an excessive intake of fluids the outpu

13、t of urine is increased.,22,普萘洛尔确实有效，它可较大程度地增加很多患者的运动耐受性。 Propranolol does have a demonstrable effect, and in many patients it will increase exercise tolerance considerably. demonstrable,23,先天畸形可引起相当比例的婴儿死亡。 Congenital abnormalities cause a fair proportion of infant deaths. fair 这种有轻微麻醉作用的药物在腹部手术中是有

14、价值的。 The drug is of value, with light anesthesia, in obtaining greater relation in abdominal surgery. light,24,大出血必须及时加以控制，否则就需进行手术。 Massive bleeding must be brought under control immediately, otherwise an operation is indicated. Massive,25,当你剧烈运动时，体内产生废物，这些物质对于神经系统具有轻度的毒性。 When you exercise vigorou

15、sly, waste products which act as mild poisons to the nervous system are formed. mild (slight),26,除了主动脉反流，如果还存在有一定程度的主动脉狭窄，通常会出现（左心室）中度扩张。 If considerable aortic stenosis exists along with regurgitation, moderate enlargement is the rule. moderate,27,普萘洛尔在降低动脉血压上也有适当的作用。 Propranolol also has a modest

16、effect in reducing arterial blood pressure. Modest,28,这些事实几乎结论性地表明吸烟习惯与随后发生的冠状动脉疾病之间的紧密联系。 These almost conclusively indicate a strong association between the habit of cigarette smoking and the subsequent development of coronary artery disease. Strong,29,5. “a set of adjectives + the same noun” to d

17、ifferentiate various degrees.,a small (limited) number of a certain number of a large number of an enormous (vast) number of,A number of 少数 有一些 很多 极多,30,Minimum amount of an insufficient amount of Minor (small) amounts of appreciable amounts of vast amounts of a very large amount of,A (an) amount of

18、 / amounts of 最低量 不足量的 少量 一定数量 大量 超大量的,31,Of importance 没什么重要 of little (no) importance 不太重要 of minor importance 十分重要 of major importance 极其重要 of essential (fundamental / great) importance,32,格外重要 of particular importance 至关重要 of vital importance 最为重要 of first (prime / primary / utmost / paramount)

19、importance,33,有深远意义 of profound importance 有治疗意义 of therapeutic importance 压倒一切的重要意义 of overriding importance,34,Of value 作用不大 of little value 极大的价值 of great (most / considerable) value 有无价值，是有争议的 of debatable value,35,e.g. 患风湿热时经常发生的这些临床特征，具有很小的诊断价值。 These clinical features frequently occurring in

20、rheumatic fever are of minor diagnostic value.,36,At intervals 交替，间隔 有规律地交替出现 at regular intervals 例：疟疾是一种慢性、复发性的感染，以规律交替出现寒战和高热为其特征。 Malaria is a chronic, relapsing infection characterized by chills and high fever at regular intervals. 例：每4小时重复一次 At 4 hour intervals/ at intervals of 4 hours,37,Pay

21、attention to 应有的注意 相当地注意 充分关注 非常重视 密切注意 Particular attention must be given to ,pay due attention to pay considerable attention to pay adequate attention to pay great attention to pay close attention to,38,6. predicate adjective + prep.,adj. + for be available for 有效的 例：人工自动免疫对白喉、麻疹、腮腺炎、脊髓灰质炎、狂犬病、落基山

22、斑疹热、猩红热、破伤风、伤寒和百日咳等疾病均有效。 Artificial active immunization is available for diphtheria, measles, mumps, poliomyelitis, rabies, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, scarlet fever, tetanus, typhoid fever, and whooping cough.,39,be critical for be effective for be suitable for,40,adj. + in be deficient in 缺乏的 例

23、：因为机体主要缺乏水和电解质，而不是缺血或血浆，所以补液主要以盐水溶液为主。 Since the body is deficient chiefly in water and electrolytes, rather than blood or plasma, fluid replacement should consist mainly of saline solutions. be inadequate in 不足的,41,adj. + of be characteristic of 以为特征 be conscious of 意识到 be devoid of 不受影响 例：没有副作用 be

24、 devoid of side effects be devoid of side effects be independent of 不受影响或支配 be ignorant of 不清楚 be indicative of 是的预兆,42,be suggestive of 提示 例：一般说来，以干燥性鳞屑红斑类型为表现的手癣提示红色毛癣菌感染。 Generally tinea manum of dry scaly and erythematous type is suggestive of Trichophyton rubrum infection.,43,adj. + to be centr

25、al to 成为的中心环节 be detrimental to 对有害 be deleterious to 对有害 be vulnerable to 易受的损伤,44,be susceptible to 易受到损伤的，易发病的 例：本研究指出，抑郁者更易心脏病发作。 Our study has indicated that people with depression are more susceptible to heart attacks.,45,adj. + with be compatible with 与相符合 be contiguous with 与接触，与相连 be isoton

26、ic with 与等渗的 be synchronous with 与一致（同步）的,46,例：该婴儿的临床表现与宫内感染是相符合的。 This infants clinical picture is compatible with an intrauterine infection. 例：子宫的杂音与母体的脉搏是一致的。 The uterine souffl is synchronous with the maternal pulse.,47,7. Of phrase,Used at the beginning of sentences as adverbial modifier, indic

27、ating range or scope. 在研究的全部手术病例中，40是 Of the total operations studied, 40 percent were,48,在入院的64例患者中，35人接受了手术治疗，29人接受了药物治疗。 Of the 64 patients admitted, 35 were treated surgically and 29 medically.,49,(Of短语也可以用在后面) 有64例患者住进我们医院，其中35人接受了手术治疗，其余29人接受了药物治疗。 Sixty-four cases were admitted to our hospita

28、l, of whom 35 were treated surgically and the remaining 29 medically.,50,8. On a basis,此短语的功能相当于形容词或名词的副词形式所起的状语作用。 on a regular basis = regularly on a moment-to-moment basisfrom moment to moment 必须对患者进行仔细的体格检查并且定期复查。 A meticulous physical examination must be performed and repeated on a regular basi

29、s.,51,对患者进行逐个分析时，病损大小在10mm及以上者（总数为63），其空气对比钡剂灌肠敏感度为48，CT结肠造影为59，结肠镜检率为98。 When analyzed on a per-patient basis, for lesions 10mm or larger in size (n=63), the sensitivity of air contrast barium enema (ACBE) was 48%, computed tomographic colonography (CTC) 59%, and colonoscopy 98%.,52,视个体情况而定 on an i

30、ndividual basis = individually 频繁地 on a frequent basis = frequently 实验性质地 on a experimental basis = experimentally 世界范围内地 on a world basis = worldwide,53,长期地，永远地 on a permanent basis = permanently 不定时偶尔的 on a time-contingent basis = time-contingently 每天地 on a daily basis = daily,54,9. n + infinite,名

31、词的后置定语多用介词短语，分词短语或定语从句。但有时不定式也可以，主要限于一些抽象名词。,55,激光影像镜检最突出的一点是能使手术操作创伤性小而又省钱。 The most remarkable thing about videolaseroscopy is its potential to make the procedures less invasive and costly. 手术消毒所需的时间取决于被消毒物品的性质。 The time of operation to achieve sterility depends on the nature of the material being

32、 sterilized.,56,10. n + be + infinite,40岁以上的患者近期开始出现消化不良的症状时，首先应排除的是胃癌。 When confronted with dyspeptic symptoms of recent origin in a patient over 40 years the first necessity is to exclude gastric cancer.,57,11. The morethe more (less),胎膜破裂的时间越长，宫内感染发生的可能性就越大。 The longer the membranes are ruptured,