英语写作能力及解题指导.ppt

1、水霖学校高二英语复习资料系列,英语写作能力及解题指导,郭致成,写作主要检测考生书面表达的能力,也是对考生语言功底一个综合检测。它是语言能力测试中的最难的题型,是各种测试的压轴题。 高考写作部分为40分。写作的基本要求是:格式正确,内容切题,语言规范,表达恰当,文理通顺,脉络清晰。要做到这些,考生应试和平时训练时可从以下六个方面着手:,1.审好题 拿到一篇作文题后,首要的问题就是审好题。审题主要包括: 1.弄请试题的各项要求,如字数、内容、文体(是记叙文、应用文,还是说明文)等;2.把握好应用文(如日记、书信、通知、便(假)条、欢迎(送)词等)的基本格式。如2000年试题是写一篇交通事故报告,它

2、在格式上没有什么要求,但内容却有特别的要求,这就是必须“准确可靠”,必须按照事实情况如实地报告你所目击的情况。如时间、地点、经过、汽车及司机的有关情况、被撞者的有关情况等,所述情况越详细越好,故此考生在答题时,应尽可能从题目所给的文字和图画中捕捉这些信息,并写入自己的作文中。,2.把握好要点 要点是命题者在所给材料中有意设计的考查内容,是检查考生对所学语言知识的掌握程度的载体。通过考生写明的要点的多少,可以看出考生观察、分析问题的能力以及运用所学语言知识的能力或熟练程度,故高考书面表达明确地将写明要点的多少作为评分标准之一。如2000年高考书面表达的内容要点如下:(1)时间:2000年2月8日

3、早晨7点15分;(2)地点:公园路公园门前;(3)我正沿公园路向东走;(4)一辆汽车从第3街向右拐,驶入公园路时撞倒了一位过街的老人;(5)汽车未停,沿公园路向西开走;(6)汽车是黄色的,车牌号是AC864,司机是一位女性。,3.写好句子 句子是组成篇章的基本单位,所以写好句子是写好作文的前提。如果写出的句子大多不通顺,那自然算不上好的文章。而写好句子的关键在于句子的正确性,即句子要通顺,这就要求考生对五种基本句型及相关词语的用法要特别熟练,对于高中所学的从句也要会用。另外,要注意所写的句子一定要地道,要避免出现Chinglish。如99年作文中就有这样的句子: 误 Now our schoo

4、l has taken place great changes. 正 Now great changes have taken place in our school. 误 Receiving your coming letter, Im very glad. 正 Receiving your letter, Im very glad.或Im very pleased to receive your letter.,4.用好过渡性词语 写好了每个句子,并不一定就是一篇好文章,因为作为一篇文章,还必须行文连贯。那么,如何使文章行文连贯呢?这就要求我们在组成篇章时,要用好过渡性词语,过渡性词语就像

5、是我们组装机械时使用的润滑剂一样,起着润滑的作用。常用的过渡性词语主要有: 并列递进:and also, as well as, besides, whats more, furthermore, moreover, etc. 转折:but, yet, however, although, nevertheless, in spite of, after all, etc.,因果:because, as, for, since, for this reason, because of, so, there-fore, thus, as a result, etc . 对比:or, otherw

6、ise, like, unlike, on the contrary, while, on the other hand, instead of, etc . 总结:in all, in brief, on the whole, in short, in general, in one word, etc. 现以2000年书面表达为例,若去掉过渡性词语,同学们读读,看是什么滋味。,It was 7:15 on the morning of February 8,2000.I was walking along Park Road towards the east.(when)An elderl

7、y man came out of the park on the other side of the street.(Then)I saw a yellow car drive up Third Street and make a right turn into Park Road.(The next moment)The car hit the man (while)he was crossing the road.He fell with a cry.The car didnt stop (but)drove off at great speed heading west.I notic

8、ed the driver was a young woman and the plate number was AC864.(About two minutes later)I stopped a passing car and took the old man to the nearest hospital.,5.尽可能多用不同语法结构 使用不同的语法结构,一则可以使文章多样化,避免过于单调;二则可以展示考生对所学语言的驾驭能力。实践中,有不少考生为求稳,尽量使用些简单的句子,这样虽然错误会少些,但文章较为单调、平淡,难得高分。现以97年高考作文为例,分析如下: The other day

9、 my brother and I went to the cinema by bicycle. My brother was riding with me sitting on the seat behind. As we came to the crossroads a young man and a girl came up and stopped us. “Weve found you at long last. they said. But we didnt know them. Pointing to a policeman not far away, the young man

10、explained, “He stopped us about half an hour ago and made us catch the next offender. So come on, stand here. Hope you dont have to wait as long as we did. Good luck.,第一句通过将时间状语the other day置于句首,可以使句子显得更加平稳。第二句中使用了一个with的复合结构作方式状语,使句子叙述更为精炼。第三句用了一个as引导的时间状语从句,第六句用了分词短语pointing to a policeman not far

11、 away作方式状语,修饰动词explained。倒数第二句用了个省略句,省略了句子主语we。这些不同的语法结构的使用使得文章读起来生动自然、有滋有味。,6.注意首尾呼应 一篇文章、一个段落多是围绕一个中心话题展开的,作为一个整体,若能首尾呼应,无论是对于突出主题,还是体现文章的完整性来说,都是非常有益的。为做到这一点,我们在做书面表达时,最好文首要有统领句,文末要有总结句,这样就可起到首尾呼应之效果。如98年高考书面表达就有这样的一份答卷:Today we visited a farm.We felt happy though we were very tired./We had a hap

12、py day today.文首的第一句开门见山,引出话题;文末的句子再次点题,达到使文意升华之目的 历年试题有记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文,材料提供的方式有文字提示、表格提示以及图片提示等。下面就不同体裁的作文的写作分别作一简介。,记叙文 记叙文是对人物活动、经历或事情经过等情况,按一定顺序叙述的一种文体。有记事、写人和景物描写等。 记叙文写作的注意事项: 1.主题要明确,内容要充实。文中的故事要有头有尾,要有高潮。 2.记叙文可围绕6W(who, what , when , where , why , how)展开。 3.主次分明,详略得当。叙述时,主题要鲜明,要善于抓住典型事例。,例题1

13、 请根据所给的图画内容,以“All for Money”为题写一篇短文,叙述你的一段经历,并谈谈你的感受。 参考词汇:mug水杯;attendant服务员;soda water汽水;make money赚钱;announcer广播员参考范文: One day, I was going to travel by train. After I got on the train, I put tea into my mug and waited for the attendant to pour water. Then from the loud speaker came the announcer

14、s voice, “All passengers , may I have your attention, please? We are sorry to tell you that no hot water is supplied in our train. I was surprised at this. After a while, an attendant came with a cart, shouting, “Soda water,8 Yuan a bottle! I was so thirsty that I had to buy it, but I felt uncomfort

15、able. At any rate, the train should supply hot water. The attendant should not make money from the passengers.(113 words),说明文 说明文是对人或事物的特征、性质、状态以及功能,或是对事情的发生、发展、结果等进行解释、介绍、阐述的一种文体。如商品介绍,旅游指南,工作总结,实验报告,知识介绍等均属说明文之列。 说明文写作时应注意:1.限制要说明的事物和范围;2.可适当举例加以说明,以增加说服力;3.说明文的结构可遵循引子、正文、结束语的模式。,例题2 香港是我们伟大祖国的一部分

16、,现已回归祖国。为庆祝香港回归四周年,你校英语组特举办一期介绍香港各方面情况的黑板报,由你执笔起草首篇-香港简介。内容要点如下: 1. 地理位置:位于深圳的南边; 2.人口约600万,面积1000余平方公里; 3. 交通:有现代化的港口、香港新国际机场、新修建的京九铁路把香港和祖国首都北京连接起来; 4. 历史:自古以来就是中国的领土,150多年前,英国殖民者(colonialist)占领了香港,直到1997年7月1日才回归。每一个中国人都为此感到自豪。,参考范文: Hong Kong lies to the south of Shenzhen. It has a population of

17、6 million and an area of more than 1,000 square kilometers. It has not only a modern seaport but also the newly-built Hong Kong International Airport. Whats more, the newly-built railway from Beijing to Jiulong connects Hong Kong with the capital of our country. Since long, long ago, Hong Kong has b

18、een a part of China. But more than 150 years ago, the English colonialists took Hong Kong by force. To our great delight, Hong Kong returned to China on July 1,1997.Being a Chinese, we feel very proud of our great country.(108 words)。,议论文 议论文又叫说理文,它是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非,以确定其观点的正确

19、或错误,树立或否定某种主张。议论文应该做到:观点明确、论据充分、语言精炼、论证合理、思维严密。,议论文写作的注意事项: 1.把握好议论文的三要素,即:论点、论据和论证。论点要明确,论据要充分,论证要严密。 2.选用合适的论证方法。常用的论证方法有:归纳法(从分析典型,即分析个别事物人手,找出事物的共同特点,然后得出结论)、推理法(从一般原理出发,对个别事物进行说明、分析,然后得出结论)、对照法(把正反两方面进行对照,然后加以分析,得出结论)、驳论法(先列出错误的观点,然后加以逐条批驳,最后阐明自己的观点)等。 3.掌握议论文的一般结构。议论文一般由引子、正文和结论三部分组成。一般在引子部分提出

20、论点,即文章的主题,在正文部分摆出有利的事实,对论点进行严密的论证,最后根据前面的论证得出结论。 4.层次要清楚,态度要诚恳,做到以理服人。,例题3 请以“Is Watching TV a Good Thing?”为题写一篇议论文。内容如下: 1.看电视已成为人们生活中的一个重要部分; 2.看电视使人们从中受益; 3.不好的节目和长期看电视的影响及危害; 4.看电视是否是件好事,取决于人们自己。 参考词汇:犯罪crime 取决于depend on,参考范文: Is Watching TV a Good Thing? Television has changed peoples life muc

21、h since it was invented. Now it has become one important part of modern life. People enjoy themselves after hard work by watching TV. They can see some plays, some stories, some sports matches without going out of home, and without spending much money in buying tickets. TV programmes make peoples li

22、fe more interesting. People learn much from TV. Students can study by watching some educational programmes. People can get news, weather reports, programmes about science and computers. People all over the world can learn from each other and get knowledge when they are watching TV.,But not all the p

23、rogrammes are good enough. Today, there are too many programmes about love and crime. Some young people become bad because they learn from the bad people in those programmes. And watching TV usually takes too much time.Its no good for peoples work and study. Its not good for their eyes, either. Peop

24、le all over the world are watching TV.Is watching TV a good thing or a bad one? I think it depends on people themselves. If one can choose good programmes and he doesnt spend too much time on TV, it can be a good thing for him.,看图作文 在近几年的竞赛写作题中,有一半以上都是看图作文。尽管图文材料不一样,但写作方法大致是相同的。总的来说,可分四个步骤进行:一审题,二定调

25、,三写句,四连篇。 一、看图作文的“审题”包括“读图”和“审题”两个方面。“读图”要求:不但要看清楚每幅画面中的内容,还要看清看懂所给图画作为一个整体所要表达的内涵,后一点往往是考生易忽视的,从而犯孤立描述各图内容的错误。“审题”主要是审清题目的要求和注意事项。 二、“定调”是指确定文章写作的基调,要求做到“四定”,即:定人称(文章写作应使用的人称,即人称定位)、定时态(确定文章应使用的基本时态,即时间的定位)、定主题(文章写作的中心)、定内容(文章写作的素材)。在“定内容”时,对于不会表达的要点,可采用转换表达来解决,但不能遗漏要点,也不宜使用中文或汉语拼音代替。,三、“写句”是指在上述“四定”确定后,开始拟写句子。句子是文章的基本单位,写好每一个句子是写好一篇文章的