词汇学5.pptx

1、Word meaning and Componential Analysis,Chapter 5,Word Meaning,Motivation,Types of Meaning,Componential Analysis,Word Meaning,Word meaning is what the word form (both its pronunciation and spelling) stands for. e.g. desk means something you sit on Three aspects to understand the meaning of word meani

2、ng Reference 所指意义 Concept 概念意义 Sense 语义,1) Reference 所指意义 -The relationship between language and the world;所指是语言与客观外界之间的相互关系。 -By means of reference, a speaker indicates which things in the world (including persons) are being talked about.通过这种相互关系，说话人指称外界的事物或人。 -The referent (所指) a language sign ref

3、ers to can be an object, a phenomenon, a person, etc.,1) Reference 所指意义 -Reference (所指关系) is arbitrary and conventional, yet with the help of context(语境), it can refer to something definite. 词与外界事物的这种指称关系是任意的，又是约定俗成的。 e.g. Cat can be a companion to many old peoples. Janet forgot to feed her cat. -No

4、t every word has reference e.g. probable, nearly, and, if, none of them refer to anything in the world.,2) Concept 概念意义 It is the general idea or meaning which is associate with a word or symbol in a persons mind. 指词或符号在人脑中的大致印象或意义。,What s the relationship between meaning and concept?,They are close

5、ly connected but not identical. Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. Concept is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on. But meaning belongs to language, so is restricted to language

6、use. A concept can have as many referring expressions as there are languages in the world. Even in the same language, the same concept can be expressed in different words. e.g. much time- many books; die-pass away,3) Sense 语义 -denoting the relationship inside the language -“The sense of an expressio

7、n is its place in a system of semantic relationship with other expressions in the language”.词语的意义是它在语义关系系统中同其它词语相对的位置。 -Every word that has meaning has sense.,Whats the difference between reference and sense?,Sense denotes the relationships inside the language. 指语言内部的关系。 Reference denotes the relati

8、onship between words and the things, actions, events, and qualities they stand for. Every word that has meaning has sense but not every word has reference. 每个词都有语义，但不一定都有所指。 Eg: but, almost. These grammatical words do not refer to anything. And words like God, dragon and phenix refer to imaginary th

9、ings.,Motivation 理据,Definition It refers to the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.理据解释语言符号与意义之间的关系。 Four types of Motivation 1) Onomatopoeic Motivation ,n,mtpotk 2) Morphological Motivation 3) Semantic Motivation 4) Etymological Motivation ,etimldik,Phonetic forms suggest thei

10、r meanings as the words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises. eg: Cocks crow. Ducks quack. Flies buzz. Frogs croak. Goats bleat. Snakes hiss. Bears growl. Bulls bellow. Cats mew ( purr). Eagles scream.,1) Onomatopoeic Motivation 拟声理据,Bow-wow汪汪 Bang 砰然巨响 Pingpong乒乓 Miaow喵喵 Cuckoo布谷

11、Tick-tuck滴答钟声 Quack嘎嘎 Trumpet喇叭 Squeal长声尖叫 Neigh马嘶 Bleat咩咩 Hiss嘶嘶 Roar 咆哮,Words which were formed by means of morphological structure belong to the category of motivation by morphology. Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many of them are the sum total of the mo

12、rphemes combined. e.g. good-looking, headache, daydream readable, unwise, dislike However, not all compounds are motivated. e.g. bigwig (very important person, wig假发), egghead (a learned person),2) Morphological motivation形态理据,It refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning

13、of a word. In other words, the figurative sense of the word. eg： He is fond of the bottle. the mouth of a river foot of the mountain stony heart,3) Semantic Motivation 语义理据,Etymological motivation denotes that the origins of words often throw light on their meanings. E.g.: Pen originally refers to a

14、 heavy quill or feather. Today the writing tool is still “pen”, but a meaning is not exactly the same as what it used to mean. For example: a laconic answer Argus-eyed professor,4) Etymological motivation 词源理据,Laconic 源于 Lakon ， 意为“一个拉哥尼亚人”， 它是希腊的一个地区名，斯巴达是其首府。以好战和纪律严明闻名的斯巴达人也同样因为言简意赅而闻名，laconic 这个词

15、从1589年起被发现有言简意赅的意思起直到今天仍然被英国作家用来表示这一意思。 a laconic answer简洁的回答,4) Etymological motivation 词源理据,Types of Meaning,Conceptual Meaning,Associative Meaning,Stylistic meaning,Collocative meaning,Affective meaning,Connotative meaning,Grammatical Meaning,Lexical Meaning,Word Meaning,1) Grammatical Meaning an

16、d Lexical Meaning 语法意义和词汇意义,Grammatical meaning indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional paradigm. 语法意义指词义中表示语法概念或关系的那部分意义。例如词类、名词的单复数、动词的时态意义及它们的屈折形式。 inflectional paradigm: al

17、l the inflectional forms of a word,1) Grammatical Meaning and Lexical Meaning 语法意义和词汇意义,Eg: girls, winters, tables, joys Different lexemes or lexical items, which have different lexical meanings, may have the same grammatical meaning. The words above have the same plural meaning. forget, forgets, fo

18、rgot, forgotten, forgetting The same lexeme may have different grammatical meaning.,1) Grammatical Meaning and Lexical Meaning 语法意义和词汇意义,Lexical meaning is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary. This component of meaning is identical in all the forms of the word. 词汇意义是词典中一个独立词的意义。在该词的所有形式中

19、，其词汇意义相同。 E.g. go, goes, went, gone, going possess different grammatical meaning. But they have the same lexical meaning expressing the process of movement. Lexical meaning itself has two components: conceptual meaning and associative meaning.,2) Conceptual Meaning and Associative Meaning 概念意义和关联意义,

20、Conceptual meaning (also known as denotative meaning) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning.概念意义是词典中所给的意义，是词义的核心。 Conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same language. Sun: a

21、 heavenly body which gives off light, heat,and energy Mother: a female parent,2) Conceptual Meaning and Associative Meaning 概念意义和关联意义,Associate meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate,

22、liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc. 关联意义是概念意义的补充意义，是次要意义。它受语言外界因素如文化、经历、宗教、地域、出身、教育等的影响而变化，所以是开放性的，是不定的。,2) Conceptual Meaning and Associative Meaning 概念意义和关联意义,(1) Connotative Meaning 内涵意义,In contrast to de

23、notative meaning, connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations which a word suggests or implies. 内涵意义是由概念意义产生的言外之意或联想。 What connotations do you think “home”, and “mother” might have?,(1) Connotative Meaning 内涵意义,Mother (a female parent) is often associated with love, care, tenderness,

24、 forgiving, etc. Home (a dwelling place) may suggest family, warmth, safety, love, convenience, etc. East or west, home is best. Connotations are relatively unstable. “Home” to a child who is prejudiced against, beaten or scolded at home means nothing but a hell.,(1) Connotative Meaning 内涵意义,For peo

25、ple with different cultural backgrounds, a word might evoke different associations.,(2) Stylistic Meaning 文体意义,Apart from their conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different styles. 很多词除了其概念意义外，还有文体色彩，以适应不同的文体风格。 In some dictionaries, these stylis

26、tic features are clearly marked as formal, informal, literary, archaic, slang and so on.,(2) Stylistic Meaning 文体意义,This stylistic difference is especially true of synonyms. Compare the following two groups of synonyms:,leave job cant tired ad,depart position cannot fatigued advertisement,(3) Affect

27、ive Meaning 情感意义,Affective meaning expresses the speakers attitude towards the person or thing in question. This meaning can be overtly and explicitly conveyed simply by the choice of the right words. 情感意义反映作者或说话人对所谈论的人或物、事态等表示的个人情感或态度。这种意义可以通过选用词直接了当地表现出来。,(3) Affective Meaning 情感意义,Words that have

28、 emotive values may fall into two categories: Appreciative or commendatory(褒义): words of positive overtones used to show appreciation or approval. Pejorative or derogatory(贬义): words of negative connotations imply disapproval, contempt or criticism.,appreciative pejorative,little famous slim/slender

29、 determined statesman confidence farmer publicity,small notorious skinny pigheaded politician complacency peasant propaganda,(3) Affective Meaning 情感意义,(4) Collocative Meaning 搭配意义,It is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words with which it co-occurs. 搭配意义即与之一起使用的词语所赋予的那部分意义。 Pretty and

30、 handsome share common ground in the meaning good-looking, but may be distinguished by the range of nouns they collocate with. eg：pretty girlhandsome boy pretty womanhandsome woman,(4) Collocative Meaning 搭配意义,A bit or a little collocates with words of negative connotations: drunk, jealous, gloomy,

31、tired, worried Highly collocates with words of positive connotations: important, significant, intelligent, sensitive,Componential Analysis,What is componential analysis? The analysis of word meanings/componential analysis is often seen as a process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal components, which are known as semantic features 语