Chapter 6 Cognition.ppt

1、Chapter SixLanguage and Cognition,2,1. What is Cognition?,Mental processes, information processing Mental process or faculty of knowing, including awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment.,3,The formal approach: structural patterns, including the study of morphological, syntactic, and lexical

2、structure. The psychological approach: language from the view of general systems ranging from perception, memory, attention, and reasoning. The conceptual approach: how language structures (processes & patterns) conceptual content.,4,2. Psycholinguistics,Psychological aspects of language. Psychologi

3、cal states and mental activity with the use of language. Language acquisition, language production & comprehension.,5,Structural linguistics Cognitive psychology Anthropology Neurosciences,Related fields,6,Language acquisition (L1 / L2) Language comprehension Language production Language disorders L

4、anguage and Thought Neurocognition,Six subjects of research,7,2.1 Language Acquisition,Holophrastic stage(单词句阶段） One-word stage: objects, actions, motions, routines.,8,Two-word stage: around 18m,9,10,Three-word-utterance stage Give doggie paper. Put truck window. Tractor go floor.,11,Fluent grammati

5、cal conversation stage,Embed one constituent inside another: Give doggie paper. Give big doggie paper. Use more function words: missing function words and inflection in the beginning but good use (90%) by the age of 3, with a full range of sentence types. All parts of all language are acquired befor

6、e the child turns four.,12,2.2 Language comprehension,Mental lexicon: information about the properties of words, retrievable when understanding language For example, we may use morphological rules to decompose a complex word like rewritable the first few times we encounter it and after several expos

7、ures we may store and access it as a unit or word. It means that frequency of exposure determines our ability to recall stored instances.,13,Connectionism: readers use the same system of links between spelling units and sound units to generate the pronunciations of written words. Similarity and freq

8、uency play important roles in processing and comprehending language, with the novel items being processed based on their similarity to the known ones.,14,Cohort theory(集群理论）: Marslen-Wilson & Welsh (1978) The first few phonemes of a spoken word activate a set of word candidates that are consistent w

9、ith the input.,Word recognition,15,Egg Ella Ella Ellen Ellen Ellen Elephant Elephant Elephant Elephant Element Element Element Elegant Elegant Elegant,16,Factors involved in word recognition: Frequency effect: the ease with which a word is accessed due to its more frequent usage in the L. Recency ef

10、fects: the ease with which a word is accessed due to its repeated occurrence in the discourse or context. Cotext: We recognize a word more readily when the preceding words provide an appropriate context for it.,17,Lexical ambiguity,All the meanings related to the word are accessed. Only one meaning

11、is accessed initially.,18,Examples: The men began to drill The soldiers began to drill The carpenter began to drill,19,20,Comprehension of sentences,Serial models: the sentence comprehension system continually and sequentially follows constraints of a languages grammar.,21,Parallel models: emphasize

12、 that the comprehension system is sensitive to a vast range of information, including grammatical, lexical, and contextual, as well as knowledge of the speaker/writer and of the world in general.,22,Comprehension of written and spoken language can be difficult because it is not always easy to identi

13、fy the constituents (phrases) of a sentence and the ways in which they relate to one another.,Structural factors in comprehension,23,Minimal attachment: the “structurally simpler”-structural simplicity guides all initial analyses in sentence comprehension. The second wife will claim the inheritance

14、belongs to her.,24,Garden path sentences,The horse raced past the barn fell. The man who hunts ducks out on weekends. The cotton clothing is usually made of grows in Mississippi. Fat people eat accumulates.,25,Lexical factors in comprehension,The human sentence processor is primarily guided by infor

15、mation about specific words that is stored in the lexicon.,The salesman glanced at a/the customer with suspicion/ripped jeans.,26,Syntactic ambiguity,Different possible ways in which words can be fit into phrases. Ambiguous category of some of the words in the sentence.,27,John painted the car in th

16、e garage.,28,May likes the vase on the cupboard which she bought yesterday. The students will discuss their plan to hold a dancing party in the classroom. Tell me if you have time. Flying planes can be dangerous.,29,Discourse interpretation,Schemata and drawing inferences Schema: a pre-existing know

17、ledge structure in memory typically involving the normal expected patterns of things.,30,RESTAURANT Schema: Entering, ordering, eating and exiting. Entering Scene: The customer enters a restaurant, looks for a table, decides where to sit, walks to the table,31,John went into a restaurant. He asked t

18、he waitress for coq au vin. He ate it, paid the bill and left. (perfectly understandable) John went into a restaurant. He saw a waitress. He got up and went home. (does not seem to make sense),32,2.3 Language production,Access to words Conceptualization: what to express Word selection: a competitive process Morpho-phonological encoding: target words,33,Generation of sentences Conceptual preparation: deciding what to say a global plan is needed Word retrieval and application of syntactic knowledge Processes of sentence generation Functional planning: assigning grammatical functions