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1、Unit 5,摘引与注释 参考文献,Format,(美国)现代语言协会格式 (Modern Language Association Style) MLA 科研论文写作规范 (5th edition. Jaseph Gibaldi,上海外育教育出版社,2001) 芝加哥手册格式(Chicago Manual Style) 美国心理学协会格式 (American Psychological Association Style) APA APA (American Psychological Association) Formatting and Style Guide. http:/owl.en
2、/owl/printable/560/,American Psychological Association Style,APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences.,Parenthetical Reference Citations in text (the source of information) References All sources that are cited in
3、 the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the thesis.,When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. Quote directly Quote indirectly,According to Jones (1998), Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time (p. 199).
4、Jones (1998) found students often had difficulty using APA style (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers? She stated, Students often had difficulty using APA style (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.,According to Smith (1973,p.13),Where conflict bet
5、ween data between modalities occurs, interpretation in terms of one of the modalities may dominate. You can also do this: According to Smith (1973), Where conflict between data between modalities occurs, interpretation in terms of one of the modalities may dominate (p.13).,直接引用 a. 直接摘引必须正确无误,对原文不可改动
6、(甚至原文中的错误),但在不歪曲原文的前提下可省去一些词语或句子,如: “ personal experiencemay entail making a judgment about the correspondence between the new information and the experience ” (Widdowson, 1999, p.342) . (夹注放在句末、引号的后面,句号的前面) Cf. Politeness is a universal phenomenon. “It is one of the constraints on human interaction
7、, whose purpose is to consider others feelings, establish levels of mutual comfort, and promote rapport”. (Hill, 1986, p. 349) Though politeness exists in every language, it is cultural-bound. Different cultures have different criteria. Pp.90-91 Sic,注意:英文标点符号后面有一空格(括号、前引号除外) 采用“夹注”的方式(文中出现的夹注,一定要在参考
8、文献中查到,即夹注和参考文献要一致。) 夹注内容一般放在句末、引号后边、最后的标点前面。,b. Long quotations摘引内容 40 words, or longer要求左边缩进4个字母,右边不缩,下面每一行跟上面的对齐,隔行排印,不加引号。 例如: Veblen (2000) suggests, The dog has advantages in the way of uselessness as well as in special gifts of temperature. He is often spoken ofas the friend of man, and his in
9、telligence and fidelity are praised. The meaning of this is that the dog is mans servant and that he was the gift of an unquestioning subservience.(p.210),诗歌引语,P.92,The best:自然嵌入,One of the criticism of using parallel corpora, mentioned by Mauranen (1998)has been that “translated language is differe
10、nt from original language”(p.160) . Mauranen states that this is related to “a search for translation universals, i.e. features that make translated texts special we have grounds for hypothesizing such strategies as for instance simplification, explicitization, overcompensation with target-like feat
11、ures, etc”. The cognitive school also proposes the term schema, “a cluster of knowledge that describes the typical properties of the concept it represents” (Silver 1986) found that both the eclectively taught students and the suggestopedic group improved their use of conversational routines consider
12、ably, however the eclectic group outperformed the suggestopedic group. Kubota (1995) reported an advantage for students receiving either deductive or inductive instruction over the uninstructed group, with a superior effect for the inductive approach, this initial difference had evaporated by the ti
13、me a delayed post-test was administered. (Kasper, 1997),Citing an Author or Authors a. 一个作者 b. 两个作者 Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports. (Wegener titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks.,A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers (Usi
14、ng APA, 2001).,The National Endowment for the Humanities supports theoretical and critical studies of the arts but not work in the creative or performing arts (Guidelines, 1995,p.1),F. Organization as an Author: If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the organization in the
15、 signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source.,Retired officers retain access to all of the universitys educational and recreational facilities (Columbia University, 1995,p.54) According to the American Psychological Association (2000),.,g. 个人交流 Personal Communic
16、ation: For interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-person communication, cite the communicators name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication. Do not include personal communication in the reference list. (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4,
17、 2001). A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002). G. B. Bell elaborated his earlier comments.(personal communication by Email, May 19, 1995),H. Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses:,When your parenthetical cita
18、tion includes two or more works, order them the same way they appear in the reference list, separated by a semi-colon. (Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983) Authors With the Same Last Name: To prevent confusion, use first initials with the last names. (E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998) 如果在搜寻后都找不到发表的日期,可用“n
19、.d.”表示没有日期(no date)。例如: Smith (n.d.) 认为,i.Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year:,If you have two sources by the same author in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year to order the entries in the reference list. Use the lower-case letters with the year in the in-
20、text citation. Research by Berndt (1981a) illustrated that.,J. Citing Indirect Sources,(qtd.in); (cited) Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as social service centers, and they dont do that well (qtd. in Weisman,1998, p.259). Jefferson (1984, cited by Atkinson, 1986, p.46) argues t
21、hat or,As reported in Fromkin and Rodman (1983, p.342), Chomsky (1965, p.17) claimed that children are pre-wired to learn language. or: Jefferson (1984, cited by Atkinson 1986, p.46) argues that In the list of references, you should always provide the full bibliographical reference for the work or p
22、ublication the quote is taken from (the primary source). Thus, in the above examples, Fromkin and Rodman, Chomsky, Jefferson and Atkinson would all be fully referencedin the References list.,Footnotes and Endnotes,APA does not recommend the use of footnotes and endnotes because they are often expens
23、ive for publishers to reproduce. However, if explanatory notes still prove necessary to your document, APA details the use of two types of footnotes: content and copyright,When using the footnote function in a word-processing program like Microsoft Word, place all footnotes at the bottom of the page
24、 on which they appear. Footnotes may also appear on the final page of your document (usually this is after the References page). Center the word “Footnotes” at the top of the page. Indent five spaces on the first line of each footnote. Then, follow normal paragraph spacing rules. Double-space throug
25、hout.,剽窃 (Plagiarism) (Gibaldi, 1999,p.31),Definition: In an instructional setting, plagiarism occurs when a writer deliberately uses someone elses language, ideas, or other original (not common-knowledge) material without acknowledging its source.,Example 1 Original: Some of Dickinsons most powerfu
26、l poems express her firmly held conviction that life cannot be fully comprehended without an understanding of death. (Martin,1988, p.625) Plagiarism: Emily Dickinson strongly believed that we cannot understand life fully unless we also comprehend death. Present source: As Martin has suggested,Emily
27、Dickinson strongly believed that we cannot understand life fully unless we also comprehend death(Martin,1988,p.625). See (Zhang, 2008,p.93 for more),Example 2 Original: Every one uses the word language and everybody these days talks about culture. Languaculture is a reminder, I hope, of the necessar
28、y connection between its two parts . (Agar, 1994, p.60) Plagiarism: At the intersection of language and culture lies a concept that we might call languaculture. Borrowed a specific term without acknowledgment Present source: At the intersection of language and culture lies a concept that Agar has ca
29、lled languaculture (1994,p.60). P.93 three cases for plagiarism,文中标题引用,In-Text Citation Capitalization, Quotes, and Italics/Underlining If you refer to the title of a source within your thesis, capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of a source: Permanence and Ch
30、ange. Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing New Media, There Is Nothing Left to Lose. When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural-Born Cyborgs. Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: Defi
31、ning Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcocks Vertigo. Italicize or underline the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies, television series, documentaries, or albums: The Closing of the American Mind; The Wizard of Oz; Friends.,Quotation Marks with Titles,Use quotations marks
32、for: Titles of short or minor works Songs Short Stories Essays Short Poems One Act Plays Other literary works shorter than a three act play or complete book Titles of sections from longer works Chapters in books Articles in newspapers, magazines, or journals Episodes of television and radio series U
33、nderlining or italics are used for the titles of long pieces or works that contain smaller sections. pp.101-104 (斜体),Diagrams and tables,Tables should have a heading (placed above them) and diagrams or pictures should have a caption (placed below them) to explain their relationship with and relevanc
34、e to the text. Provide keys for tables and figures if abbreviations or special symbols are used. Make sure you explain the meaning of arrows, brackets, etc. where this is not obvious (and dont assume that very much is obvious to the reader!).,If you use tables or figures from other sources, or put these together using information p
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