实用英语语法教程-第八章 非限定动词

1、第八章 非限定动词,1不定式 2. 动名词 3. 分词,1. 不定式,1.1不定式的基本用法 不定式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语以及宾语补足语等。 （1）不定式作主语。例如： To hesitate means failure. 当主语较长而谓语较短时，常用it 作形式主语，不定式短语则放在谓语的后面。例如： It took me three days to bring this work to an end. It is better to be envied than to be pitied. （2）不定式作表语。例如： To know everything is to

2、know nothing.,当句子的主语为aim（目的），ambition (志愿)，duty （责任），function（功能），goal（目标）, idea （想法），intention（意图），objective（目的）, plan （计划），purpose（目的）, reason（理由），suggestion （建议），wish （愿望）等抽象名词时，常常用不定式作句子的表语。例如： The goal of the exchange program is to promote the understanding between the two countries. Her sugges

3、tion is to look into the matter immediately.,（3）不定式作宾语。例如： Mr. Smith promised to buy his son a birthday gift. 常跟不定式作宾语的动词有：afford（负担得起），agree（同意），aim（目标是），apply（申请），ask（要求），attempt（试图），beg（恳求），consent（同意），decide（决定），demand（要求），determine（决心），expect（期待），fail（未能），hope（希望），intend（打算）等。 不定式充当宾语时，如果后面再接一个

4、宾语补足语，则需要用it作形式宾语，而将不定式移到补语后面。例如： Tom found it hard to achieve the goal his parents set for him. This has made it necessary for us to apply for a new licence.,（4）不定式作宾语补足语。例如： I encouraged the students to ask more questions in class. 常用不定式作宾语补足语的动词有： advise（劝告），allow（允许），ask（要求），beg（乞求），cause（引起），co

5、mmand（命令），compel（迫使），encourage（鼓励），expect（期望），force（迫使），get（使得），instruct（指示），intend（打算），invite（邀请），order（命令），permit（允许），persuade（说服），prefer（宁愿），press（迫使），remind（提醒），request（要求），tell（告诉）等。,（5）不定式作定语，例如： They had their families to support. This is the only way to break open the box. 下面的一些名词后常跟不定式作定语：

6、ability（能力），agreement （同意），ambition （志向），anxiety（渴望），attempt（试图）campaign（运动），claim（宣称），chance（机会），decision（决定），determination（决心），eagerness（急切），effort（努力），inclination（倾向，爱好），intention（意图），impatience（不耐烦） 一些词组如the first, the second, the last, the best, the only thing, the most suitable等后面也常跟不定式作定语。例如：

7、 He is always the first to answer questions. Is a solicitor the best person to advise me about buying a house?,(6）不定式作状语 表示目的（为了加强语势，还可用in order to/ so as to来引导不定式），例如： The whole family went to the beach to spend their weekend. 表示结果（有时在不定式前加上only，表示出乎意料或令人不愉快的结果），例如： A few days later he came back on

8、ly to find that the troops had left. 表示原因，例如： We shall be very happy to cooperate with you in the project. 表示条件，例如： How can you catch the train to start so late?,【注】不定式作状语时，要注意so as to 和soas to 的区别。 so as to 引导的是目的状语，相当于in order to, 表示“以便”；而soas to引导是结果状语，so后面跟形容词或副词，表示“到这种程度以致”。例如： You have to do t

9、welve courses so as to obtain the degree. He spoke so eloquently as to move us to tears. （7）不定式作独立成分（相当于句子状语），例如： To make a long story short, this film is rather fantastic. To tell the truth, I dont like his dinning etiquette at all. 此类不定式短语常见的有：to begin with (首先)，to make matters worse（更糟糕的是），to put

10、 it straight (直截了当地说)，to put it in another way（换句话说），to be honest（老实说），to sum up（总而言之）等。,1.2 不定式的时式和语态,不定式有一般、进行、完成和完成进行四种时式，一般式和完成式有被动语态变化形式（见下表）：,1.2.1 不定式的时式,不定式的时式包括不定式的一般式、完成式、进行式和完成进行式四种。 (1)如果不定式的动作发生在句子的谓语动词的动作之后，或与句子的谓语动词的动作同时发生，通常使用不定式的一般式。例如： Mike decided to work hard this semester. He is

11、 pleased to be my friend. (2) 如果不定式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作发生在同一时间，而不定式由动态动词充当，通常要用不定式的进行式。例如： They seemed to be watching TV. The boys seem to be getting along quite well.,(3) 如果不定式表示的动作发生在句子的谓语动词表示的动作之前，通常使用不定式的完成式。例如： They are said to have finished the project two months before. They claimed to have shot d

12、own 22 planes. (4) 如果不定式表示的动作发生在句子的谓语动词表示的动作之前，并且该动作一直在进行着，通常使用不定式的完成进行式。例如： Tom was happy to have been staying with his uncle. He was too young to have been working for ten years.,1.2.2 不定式的语态,（1）不定式有主动语态和被动语态两种。如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者，则要用不定式的被动态。例如： Its an honor for me to be invited to speak here. He

13、 is said to have been elected monitor of class two. The football star refused to be photographed. （2）在某些结构及习惯用法中，常用不定式的主动态表示被动含义。例如： The old man is hard to convince. This fruit is not fit to eat in this season. There is so much work to do.,1.3 不定式的其他要点,1.3.1 “It is + 形容词 + for (或 of) + sb.+ 不定式”句型 这

14、一句型中，for(或of)引导的是不定式的逻辑主语。一般情况下用for引导，但下列表示人物特征的形容词常用of 搭配：bold (胆大的), brave（勇敢的）, careful（小心的）, clever（聪明的）, considerate（体贴的），foolish（愚蠢的）, generous（慷慨的），nice（好的）, rash（鲁莽的）等。例如： It is hard for him to get rid of his bad habit. It will be important for us to attend the meeting. Its careless of you t

15、o make such a mistake.,1.3.2 分裂不定式 在to和动词原形之间插入修饰不定式的副词叫分裂不定式，这种结构可清楚地表明副词是修饰不定式而不是其他。例如： He failed to entirely/ fully/ completely understand it. 1.3.3 不带to的不定式 （1）当不定式充当一些感知动词以及使役动词的宾语时一般不带to。这类词有：feel, observe, hear, watch, perceive, listen to, see, look at, make, let, have等。例如： The old couple lik

16、e to watch the children play. The general manager let his secretary type a business correspondence. 【注】这些动词用于被动式时，后面要跟带to的不定式。,（2）在do nothing/anything/everything/but, can/ could not but, do nothing (else) than, would/ had soonerthan, would/ had ratherthan等习惯用法中。例如： She did nothing but weep last nigh

17、t. Ill do anything but apologize to him. The enemy could do nothing else than surrender.,（3）当句子的主语含有实意动词do时，充当表语的不定式常可省 略to。例如： The first thing he did on his return to his hometown was (to) visit his school teachers. All she can do is scare us to death. （4）充当help的宾语或宾语补足语的不定式可带to，也可不带to 例如： Salt eve

18、n help relieve itching. Computers can help us (to) deal with the knowledge explosion in many ways.,1.3.4 不定式的否定式,不定式的否定式是not + to do。例如： It would be unwise not to strive for a good education. 不努力争取接受良好的教育是不明智的。 She went in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 她静悄悄地进去，以防把婴儿弄醒。 Paul appears never to sa

19、y “no” to anyone. 保罗似乎从没对谁说过“不”。,1.3.5 “疑问词不定式”结构,不定式前面可加上where, how, what, whichwhether, when, whom等疑问词，这个结构可作主语、宾语、表语和同位语等。例如： How to improve oral English is often discussed among the students. I dont know what/ which/ who(m) to choose. We pain little attention to where to hold the meeting.,1.3.6

20、“介词关系代词不定式”结构,这种结构一般充当名词的定语，作用类似于定语从句。例如： Yet now he had no pretext on which to prolong his stay. 现在他没有借口来延长他的逗留时间。 It was a good season in which to have outings. 这是一个短途游玩的好季节。,2. 动名词,2.1 动名词的基本用法 动名词主要起名词的作用，可在句子中充当主语、表语、宾语、同位语和定语等。 （1）动名词作主语。例如： Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 Not being tall is not a s

21、erious disadvantage in life. The lighting of fires is forbidden. （2）动名词作表语。例如： My hobby is playing the piano.,2.3.2既可跟动名词又可跟不定式作宾语的动词,这些动词又可分为两类： （1）其后跟动名词还是不定式意义有本质区别。例如： chance to do （碰巧做某事） chance doing （冒险做某事） forget to do （忘记要做某事） forget doing （忘记做过某事） go on to do （做完一件事，继续做另外一件事） go on doing （

22、继续做同一件事） remember to do （记得要做某事） remember doing （记得做过某事） regret to do （因要做某事而感到不安） regret doing （后悔做过某事） try to do （设法做某事） try doing （试着做某事） mean to do （打算做某事） mean doing （意味着做某事）,（3）动名词作宾语。例如： We appreciate his devoting himself to the cause of sports. He was deeply in trouble and considered going a

23、way. （4）动名词作介词宾语。例如： He left without saying good-bye to us. The boy apologized for breaking the vase.,（5）动名词作同位语。例如： He enjoys his present job, working as an assistant to the manager. My interest, collecting coins, takes up much of my spare time. （6）动名词作前置定语。例如： driving licence （驾驶执照），waiting-room （

24、等候室），sleeping car （卧车），working language （工作语言） 【注】现在分词也可以充当前置定语，这时被修饰的名词常常是它逻辑上的主语。例如： running water (=water that runs), growing crops (=crops that are growing), a smiling girl (=a girl that smiles), a sleeping baby (=a baby who is sleeping)。,2.2 动名词的完成式和被动式,（1）动名词的完成式 如果句子中动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，就要用动名词的

25、完成式，即：having + done 。例如： I did not deny having told him a lie. My father was praised for having made great contributions to education. （2）动名词的被动式 如果句子中动名词的逻辑主语是该动作的承受者，该动名词要用被动式，即：being +done。例如： They enjoyed being praised. He went there without being asked.,2.3 动名词的其他要点,2.3.1习惯跟动名词作宾语的动词及动词短语 常见的这类

26、动词有：admit(承认)，acknowledge(承认)，appreciate(欣赏)，anticipate(期待)， avoid（避免）， consider（考虑）， delay（耽搁）， deny（否认），dislike(不喜欢)，dread(害怕)， endure（忍受）， enjoy（享受）， escape（逃避），excuse（原谅），fancy（想象），finish（完成），forbid（严禁），forgive(原谅)，imagine（想象），mind（介意），miss（错过），mention(提到)，permit（允许），postpone（推迟），practise（练习）等。例

27、如： Im sorry I missed seeing you while in Shanghai. Imagine not knowing the answer to such an easy question!,【注】need, want, require等几个动词接动名词作宾语时，其意义相当于相应的不定式的被动式。例如： This essay needs shortening/ to be shortened. The door requires painting/ to be painted. （2）其后跟动名词还是不定式意义基本相同。例如： I began teaching Engl

28、ish at the age of twenty. He began to learn English at the age of twenty. 这类动词常见的有：attempt（试图）， begin（开始）， cease（停止），continue（继续）， hate（不喜欢），intend（打算），learn（学习），like（喜欢），love（喜欢），prefer（宁愿）， start（开始）等。,2.3.3 动名词的复合结构,有时，动名词前面带有自己的逻辑主语，这被称为动名词的复合结构。当动名词短语带有自己的逻辑主语时，这个主语常用形容词性物主代词形式或名词属格形式有时也可用人称代词宾

29、格或直接加上名词短语。这种结构通常用作句子的主语或宾语，例如： The presidents coming is what we have expected. （主语） It ended in the doctor being sent for.（宾语） Can you recall our/ us/ the students/ the students meeting the freshmen at the railway station?（宾语）,2.3.4 动名词用于 “It is no use (good) doing”等句型,这种用it作形式主语，而将动名词短语放在后面的句型很常用。

30、例如： It is no use complaining; he never listens to us. It is a waste of time studying the outdated technology. Is it any use trying to talk to him? There is no denying that Jack is guilty of negligence. There is no knowing when Mr. Allen will arrive. No parking. 禁止停车。 No smoking. 禁止吸烟,3. 分词,分词有两种：现在分

31、词和过去分词。一般来说，它们的区别主要在于前者表示进行、主动，而后者则表示完成、被动。,3.1 分词的基本用法 分词在句中主要起形容词和副词作用，可以充当定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语等。 （1）分词作定语。 单个的分词可以充当前置定语；分词短语则往往充当后置定语，作用相当于一个定语从句。例如： A barking dog seldom bites. As a businessman becoming rich (= who has become rich) in recent years, he never hesitates to show his kindness to the poor.

32、 There were a lot of people boating on the lake (=who were boating on the lake).,（2）分词作表语。通常现在分词作表语表示主语的特征，过去分词表示主语的状态。例如： The situation proves encouraging. 形势是鼓舞人心的。 The melody is much pleasing to the ear. 旋律优美悦耳。 They are very excited at the news. 听到这个消息她们很激动。,3）分词作宾语补足语。分词一般在感知和使役动词后作补语，在此用法中现在分词

33、表示进行和主动的意义（句子宾语是其逻辑主语），过去分词表示完成和被动的意义(句子宾语是其逻辑宾语，即动作的承受者)。例如： I have kept you waiting a long time. They caught him doing evil. 【注】在see, watch, observe, notice, perceive, feel, hear, listen to, look at等感知动词后往往既可用现在分词也可用不定式作宾语补足语。两者区别在于前者表示动作正在进行，感觉到的动作不是全过程。后者侧重动作的完成，即感觉到动作的全过程。例如： I saw her crossing

34、 the street. I saw her cross the street.,（4）分词作状语。分词作状语一般用逗号和其他成分隔开，可以表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步和伴随情况等，这种分词结构通常相当于一个状语从句。分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语要和句子的主语保持一致。例如： 表示时间（常可用when, while, until等连词引出），例如： When arriving at the station, he found that his friend had left. Hearing the news, they immediately set off for Shanghai.S

35、een from the pagoda, the south foot of the Purple Mountain is a sea of trees. When heated, water can be changed into stream.,表示原因，例如： Being a layman in this field (= As I am a layman in this field), I would like to spend more time studying the know-how. Not knowing Korean (= As she didnt know Korean

36、), she couldnt understand the film. 表示条件，例如： Walking straight (= If you walk straight), you will find the city hall. Turning to the right (= If you turn to the right), you will see the bank.,表示结果（过去分词一般不用来表示结果，现在分词表示结果时，前面有时加thus, thereby, hence等副词），例如： The poor man died all of a sudden, leaving his

37、 wife and two children. Many workers went on strike, resulting in a mess in the city. 表示让步，例如： Receiving the notice of resignation, the general refused to accept his failure. 表示伴随情况，例如： She breezed along, smiling at everyone. Laughing and talking, the girls went out of the classroom.,3.2 现在分词的完成式和被动

38、式,（1） 现在分词的完成式 如果现在分词表示的动作发生在该句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，就用现在分词的完成式，即：having + done，例如： Having tried various kinds of methods, the disappointed scientist decided to give up. Having seen the film, we went home by taxi.Not having read the passage, Tom could not answer the questions.,（2）现在分词的被动式 现在分词的被动式表示其逻辑主语是分词动

39、作的承受者，且这一被动动作正在发生。具体形式为：being + done，例如： The matter being discussed is of vital importance. These planes are among the most sophisticated aircraft now being manufactured. （3）现在分词的完成被动式表示的动作具有完成和被动的双重特征。例如： Having been read widely, the book was listed as the best seller that year. Having been critici

40、zed by the teacher, Jim was quite upset.,3.3 分词的其他要点,3.3.1分词的独立结构（参见第二十二章） 分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语应该一致，否则，分词应有自己的逻辑主语从而构成分词的独立结构。例如： Other things being the same, copper heats up faster than iron. Mary coming back, they discussed it together. The moon having risen, they took a walk in the fields.This done

41、, they went home.,【注】下面的句子中的分词短语往往被看作独立成分，它们用来表达说话人的观点，其逻辑主语可以不和句子主语一致，例如： Strictly speaking, he is not fit for the job. Judging from her expression, shes in a bad mood. Taking everything into account, she is the right person for the job.,3.3.2现在分词和过去分词的区别,现在分词与过去分词的区别主要表现在语态和时间概念上。在语态上，现在分词（除被动式外）表

42、示主动意思，过去分词表示被动意思。在时间上，现在分词表示动作正在进行，过去分词则表示动作的完成。例如： the rising sun 正在升起的太阳 an expiring lease 即将到期的租约 the risen sun 升起了的太阳 an expired lease 到期的租约 the falling autumn leaves 纷纷飘的秋叶 a retiring teacher 即将退休的教师 the fallen autumn leaves落了的秋叶 boiling water沸腾的水 boiled water煮沸了的水（开水）,3.3.3 “have+ 名词+过去分词”结构,（

43、1）该结构表示让（别人）做某事。例如： You must have your car repaired. I had my home renovated and an air conditioner installed in every bedroom. （2）表示遭遇或经历某事。例如： He had his digital camera stolen on the train. The pilot had his plane hijacked.。 She had her cap blown off.,练习答案与解析,1.D. 这是用it作形式主语，Its no use doing sth 是

44、个惯用句型。 本句是个谚语，意为：“牛奶已泼，哭也无用”；“木已成舟，后悔无用”； “覆水难收”。 2.D. knowing 为动名词。There is no knowing “不知道”是个惯用句型。 3.C. 我们知道这个实验怎么做。 4.B. 本句已经有谓语动词add，所以前面只能用非谓语动词。A和B的区别在于，B为被动语态。 5.D. 动名词完成式的复合结构作主语。,6.B. 动名词作主语,losing three tickets to the folk music concert （made Ruth so upset）。 7.A. Driving 动名词做主语。 8.B. seem

45、to have done sth：似乎做过某事，强调动作的完成。 9.C. their not having studied well 物主代词+ 动名词完成式的否定式，形成动名词复合结构作表语。 10.D. exhausted“感觉筋疲力尽的”，用于修饰人； exhausting“令人筋疲力尽的”，用于修饰事物。,11.B. 过去分词表示一种状态。 12.A. boring令人厌烦的；bored感到厌烦的。 13.B. confusing（事物）令人疑惑，confused （人）感到疑惑。 14.C. have no difficulty/trouble (in) doing是习惯搭配。 15. A. resent后接动名词，本句句意要求用动名词的被动式；expect这个词要求用expect sb to do sth。,16.D. consider+doing。 17.C. allow doing;risk doing。 18.A. 动词allow 的用法：allow sb. to do sth. ; allow doing。 19.B. mean doing意味着做；mean to do 打算做，想做。 20.A. I meant to have called on you 我本打 算去拜访你。,21.D. r