《跨文化交际》课件-Chapter2（最终版）跨文化交际

跨文化交际与礼仪InterculturalCommunicationandEtiquette

Chapter2Philosophies&ValuesinDifferentCulturesCONTENTSWarm-upActivitiesAnInsightintoPhilosophiesandValuesKeystoExercisesRelatedCulturalResourcesWarm-upActivitiesPart1

Warm-upReadthecaseonPage17,trytofigureoutsomeofthedifferencesbetweentheChineseandtheWesterners’onmarriageandfamily.PhilosophiesandValuesPart2Part2PhilosophiesandValuesCultureOriginsCentralEthicalValuesinTwoCulturesChineseandWesternPhilosophiesCulturalOriginecovers:

1.thecoreofaspecificculture;

2.generalevaluativecriteria;

3.guidingsocialbehaviorsinspecificculturesChinesecultureorigin:

farmingculture（农耕文化）

Confucianism

Daoism

Buddhism

Westerncultureorigin:

Hebrewculture

AncientGreekculture/AncientRomanculture

Christianity

TheRenaissance

TheEnlightenment

Definition

Philosophy:literally“loveofwisdom”Itisthestudyofgeneralandfundamentalquestionsaboutexistence,knowledge,values,reason,mind,andlanguage.We,here,refersitasaparticularsortofmethod,asubject,akindofattitudeandareflectiveactivity.2.2.1Chinesephilosophy:cultivationofhumanbeings2.2ChineseandWesternphilosophyNotionof“cycle”—

Chinesewayoflookingattheworld

BookofChanges(YiJing)ShangDynastyOrigin:observationofnature,dayandnightcycle,four-seasoncyclewaxingandwaningcycleoftheMoonAncientChinesePhilosophyConfucianismConfucius(551B.C—479B.C.),orKongQiu,bornintheStateofLu.

founderofConfucianismtheAnalectsofConfuciusFocusonethics,politics,moralityandsocialrelationshipConfucianismhasfar-reachinginfluenceonChinaandeasternAsiancountries.Confuciusislistedastheworld'stoptenculturalcelebrities.

MajorconceptsofConfucianismRenhumanity,benevolenceYirighteousnessLiritualZhiwisdomXinintegrityMajorconceptsofConfucianismZhongloyaltyXiaofilialpietyLaoziandDaoismLaozi(about571-471BC),alsocalledLaodanarecluse(隐居者)wholivedduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod.Hewassaidtohaveheldalowcivilpositionintheroyalcourt,inchargeofarchival（档案的）recordsoftheZhouDynasty.HewassaidtohavewrittenDaoDeJing.Laozi(DaoDeJing)Laozi(《老子》),alsoknownasClassicoftheWayandVirtue(DaoDeJing).Itconsistsofjustover5,000Chinesecharacters.Its81chaptersaredividedintotwoparts,Dao(theWay)andDe(Virtue).Dao,literallymeans“path”or“way”,itisusedphilosophicallytosignifythefundamentalortruenatureoftheworld.IntroductionThebookhasplayedatremendousroleinthedevelopmentofChineseculture.ItbecamethebasisofDaoism,theschoolofphilosophyparalleltoConfucianisminancientChina.ThethoughtofLaoziformedthefoundationofDaoism.DaoismisthemostinfluentialindigenousreligioninChina.IntroductionTheinfluenceoftheLaoziBysaying“(DaoortheWay)actsthroughnon-action”,Laozididnotmeanthatoneshoulddonothingandpassivelywaitforsomethingtobeachieved.Neitherdidhedenyhumancreativity.Whathemeantisthathumanenterprisesshouldbebuiltonthebasisofnaturalness,notonanyattemptstointerrupttherhythmofnature.Humancreativityshouldbeincompliancewiththewaysofnature.Naturalnessand

Non-action“(DaoortheWay)actsthroughnon-action(无为而无不为).”—SelectedfromtheLaoziHowdoyouunderstandthisline?2.2.2WesternphilosophyAncientGreekphilosophy

Heraclitus:firewastheorigin.Thales:wateristheoriginoftheuniverse2.2.2WesternphilosophyThreeGiantsofAncientGreekPhilosophyAncientGreekPhilosophers-SocratesBorn:469B.C.Birthplace:Athens,GreeceDied:399B.C.Status:founderofwesternphilosophyNotableideas:Socraticmethod,SocraticironyKnowthyself.AncientGreekPhilosophers-PlatoBorn:429B.CDied:347B.CStatus:oneofthefoundersofwesternphilosophy,studentofSocratesandteacherofAristotleNotablework:TheRepublic,TheLaws,Creation:UtopiaandconstitutionalstateContribution:founderofwesternpoliticalphilosophy

andwesternobjectiveidealismPlatoAncientGreekPhilosophers-AristotleBorn:384BC

Died:322BC(aged62)

Nationality:GreekEra:AncientphilosophySchool:

Aristotelians（亚里士多德学派）

AncientGreekPhilosophers-AristotleAristotle,wasoneofthemostinfluentialfiguresinancientwesternculture.Hewrotebooksonphysics,biology,zoology,metaphysics,aesthetics,poetry,theater,music,rhetoric,politicsandlogic.Platoisdeartome,butdearerstillistruth.Twoimportantspiritsinwesternphilosophy

rationalpursuitscience

freedom

independencedemocracy2.3DifferentValuesinTwoculturesChineseculturesarebasedonfamily,sentimentandimaginationwhiletheWestbasedonindividual,lawandscience.(ChenDuxiu)TheWestisrule-based,andChinaisrelationship-based.(Hooker)Abriefconclusion:theWestreliesoninternalizeduniversalizingrationalitywhiletheChineselivesonself-consciousness.2.3.1ValuesinChineseCultureTheunitofmanandnature.Collectivism:collectiveinterestsaboveindividualinterestsAltruism(利他主义）.Ahierarchysysteminfamily.AstrongsenseoffamilyTheobligationofmarriage

CollectivismandFamilyValues:OtherRelationalValuesinChineseCultureWuLunItreferstoanessentialrelationalnorminChineseethicswhichincludesfiveuniversalandbasichumanrelationships:monarchandsubject,fatherandson,husbandandwife,elderandyoungerbrothers,seniorandjuniorfriends.WuLuncontainssuchobligationsastheseniorshouldholdmasteryofthejuniorandthejuniorshouldobeyandrespectthesenior.EthicValuesinChineseCultureAuthorityEmphasizessocialhierarchyandorderHaveastrongrespectforauthority,teachers,parents,eldersandleadersareeasilytrustedwithoutbeingquestioned.Itisregardedasavirtuetobemodest,obedientandself-effaced.Agemeanswisdomandisrespected.Hierarchyishonored,andeverysocialmembershouldfulfillhisdutyasdefinedbyhissocialposition.EthicValuesinChineseCultureHarmonyAdaptingtothegroup,controllingtheemotions,avoidingconflictsandcompetition.Keeptheharmoniousrelationshipbetweenhumanandnature.Chinesepeopletreatthemselvesasapartofnatureandbelievehumanbeingsshouldlearnhowtoadapttoittoliveinharmonywithnature.EthicValuesinChineseCultureGoldenMeanItrepresentsmoderation,rectitude,objectivity,sincerity,honestyandpropriety.Oneshouldneveractinexcess.Moreself-controlandself-regulationEthicValuesinChineseCultureMianziandRenQingAdirecttranslationofMianziis“face”inEnglish.Itmeansgivingfaceorshowingrespecttoothersaccordingtotheperson’ssocialstatusandreputation.Theclosesttranslationof"Renqing"couldbefavor.Ifonereceivedafavorfromsomeone,itisexpectedtoreturnthefavortothehimatapropertime.EthicValuesinChineseCultureLiTranslatedas“etiquette”or“politeness”.OneshouldobeytherulesofLisoastoliveharmoniouslywithothers,andwhenallmembersareobedient,thesocietywillbeinorder.TheessentialfunctionofLiistobuildaharmonioussocialorderuponahierarchicalsocialrelationship“人无礼则不立,事无礼则不成,国无礼则不宁”

荀子EthicValuesinChineseCultureYuanEverythingoreveryrelationshiptakeplacesinpredestinatedway;notcontrolledbyanyone.Thepredeterminationisgovernedbyapowerfulexternalforcesupernaturalforceorsociallaw,whichhumanbeingscannotunderstandorcontrol.WithYuan,interpersonalrelationshipssuchasfriendshipsormarriagesaredoomed.2.3.2ValuesinWesternCultureIndividualismandPrivacyIndividualismNatureandhumanbeingsareseparatedStresstheneedsoftheindividualovertheneedsofthegroup.

Focusonindividualrights,independence,self-reliance,andbeingunique.PrivacyProtectpersonalmatters,suchas:privatetime,privateaffairs,privatespace,privateactivities,privateinformation,etc.EthicValuesinWesternCultureNormofRightsandDutiesThesearetwosidesofthepillartoestablishthewesternsocietyandculture.Rightsarebasedonasetofagreedbehaviorandresponsibilities.Theyaregiventoprotectpeople’sbasicfreedoms.Dutiesaredefinedasthingsthataretobecompletedorbefollowedbyanindividual,whichconveythemoralcommitmenttosomeoneorsomething.EthicValuesinWesternCultureNormofJusticeFreedom,equality,integrity,securityandfairnessareconceivedastheprimaryvaluesofjustice.Justicecombinedwiththeknowledgeofthelawhasaverydeeprootinwesternlife,anditplaysanimportantroleinshapingtheirpoliticalandlegalsystem.EthicValuesinWesternCultureNormofUtilitarianismMaximumHappinessToautilitarian,theabsolutedutyistoperformactionswhichbenefitsocietyasawhole.Iftheonlywaytoincreasethehappinessofsocietyasawholeistosacrificeone’sownhappiness,theyaremorallyrequiredtofulfilthat.OtherDifferencesinTwoCulturesTheConceptofTimePast–oriented(china)Future-oriented(west）InChina,historyandexperiencearevalued.Inthewest,potentialandfuturearemoreimportant.OtherDifferencesinTwoCulturesInterpersonalCommunication:complexvssimpleInChina,relationshipisofteninfluencedbymanyfactorssuchasFaceandRenqing,whichmakesitmorecomplicated.Inthewesternculture,peoplerelymoreonrulesandlawstomaintainrelationships,whichisrelativelysimpleanddirect.OtherDifferencesinTwoCulturesStabilityvsChangeChineseculturetriestoseekdevelopmentinstability.Westerncultureembraceschangesmorewillingly.SimilarValuesinTwoCulturesBothculturesappreciatehardwork.Bothculturesstresseducation.Bothculturesvaluethequalityofhonestyandthepursuitofhappiness.Part3KeystoExercisesPart3KeystoExercises_________1.Daoismfocusesonthewaytobehaveproperlyinordertoimproveone’scharacter._________2.Platooftenquoted“knowthyself”toinstructpeople._________3.InfluencedbyConfucianism,traditionalChinesefamilyisblood-bondedandethical-oriented.

_________4.ThestrongbeliefinstabilityisalsoonereasonfortheconservativecharacterofChinesepeople,which,tosomedegree,haslimitedthedevelopmentofindividualsandthesocietyasawhole._________5.Chineseculturehastheinclinationofindustrialculture,whichisfuture-oriented.II.ComprehensionCheckDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).TTFTFPart3KeystoExercises_________6.AttheageofRenaissance,humanismregainedlife,whichactivatedthespiritofscience.

_________7.RenisthecoreofDaoism,whichmeanstolovepeople._________8.Philosophy,istherational,abstract,andmethodicalconsiderationofrealityasawholeoroffundamentaldimensionsofhumanexistenceandexperience._________9.Traditionally,Chinesepeoplethinkitwouldbeanextremebehaviortosolveconflictsbetweenfriendsbymeansoflegalprocess.________10.AccordingtotheLaozi,manyhumanproblemsaretracedtoexcessivedesire,oraviolationofnaturalness.TFTTTPart3KeystoExercisesIII.VocabularyIII.VocabularyCompletethefollowingsentenceswiththewordsgivenbelowandeachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.persistedobedienceviolationsummoninterpersonalpotentialconservativehierarchyself-reflectionrationality1.Socrateslovedknowledgeand_____________inthepursuitoftruth.2.OneimportantspiritofancientGreekisinitsrationalpursuit,whichdemandsathorough_________anddoubttoreachtheultimatetruth.3.Inthefeudalsociety,thereexistedastrict_________inChinesefamily,whichregulatedandmaintainedfamilyrelations.4.Chinesetraditionalphilosophystresses“theunityofmanandnature”,whichreferstoman’sworshipand_________ofnature,aharmoniousunitywithnature.5.Onthecontrary,westernculturehastheinclinationofindustrialculture,whichmeans_________ismorevaluedthanthepast.persistedself-reflectionhierarchyobediencepotentialPart3KeystoExercises6.Itwasnotuntilafewmonthslaterthatherealizedhewaswrongwiththesmilewhenhereceivea________fromthecourt.7.Butthisstrongbeliefinstabilityisalsoonereasonforthe_________characterofChinesepeople.8.Chinesepeople’slifeisfilledwithvarious______relationshipsduetothestrongsenseoffamily.9.Onceinawesterncountry,aChinesedriverwasstoppedbythepoliceduetohis_________oftrafficrules.10.ThemostsignificantdifferencesbetweenthewesternandChinesecultureisthat:theWestreliesmoreontheinternalized

_________whiletheChineselivesonself-consciousness.summonconservativeinterpersonalviolationrationality1.《易经》

2.天人合一

3.姜还是老的辣

4.无为5.中庸IV.TranslationTranslatethefollowingChinesephrasesintoEnglishandviceversaBookofChanges

theunityofmanandnatureVeteransareablerthanrecruitsNon-actionGoldenmeanPart3KeystoExercisesIV.TranslationPart3KeystoExercisesIV.Translation6.Confucianism7.rationalcultivation8.interpersonalrelationships9.Platoisdeartome,butdearerstillistruth.10.InfluencedbyConfucianism,traditionalChinesefamilyisblood-bondedandethical-oriented.

6.儒家思想7.理性思想培养8.人际关系9.吾爱吾师,吾更爱真理10.受儒家思想影响，传统中国家庭看重亲情和伦理关系。Part3KeystoExercisesV.CaseAnalysisLinhadtraveled20hoursfromBeijingtoNewYork.Heneededagoodmeal.HisAmericanfriend,Mikemethim.ButMikeonlyofferedhimaplateofroastedchickenandaglassoforangejuice.Linwasusedtohavingamaincourse,andaskedMikeifhehadanyrice.Mikesaidheonlyhadfriednoodles,andLinhadtomakedowithit.ThoughLinknewAmericansdidn’tcareverymuchaboutwhatfoodtheyate,hestillfeltsurprisedbecausehehadtakenMiketothemostfamousduckrestaurantinBeijing“Quanjude”whenhearrivedinBeijing.Case1:WhydidLinfeelsurprised?OffersomeadvicetohimaboutadjustingtohisnewenvironmentinAmerica.Question:Part3KeystoExercisesV.CaseAnalysisThiscaseshowsthedifferenceofentertainingguestsbetweenChinaandtheWesterncountries.Inordertoshowtheirhospitality,mostChinesepeopletendtotakethemtoafamousorluxuriousrestaurantforaverybig(expensive)mealorpreparelotsofdishesathomewhentherearesomeguestspayingavisittothem.InmostChinese‘sopinion,themoredishestheyorderorprepare,thegreaterthewarmthandfriendshiptheyshow.IntheWesterncountries,peoplestressonfreedom.Theygivetheguestgreatfreedomtochoosetheirownfoods.Andwesternerstendtohaveonlyonemaincourseandsomejuiceordessert，whichisviewedascasualintheeyesoftheChinese.ThereasonwhyLinfeltsurprisedinthiscasewasthathedidnotknowaboutthecustomofentertainingguestsinAmericaverymuch.NowthatLinlivedinAmericansurroundings,heshouldhaveadjustedhimselfquicklytothenewworld(lifestyle).Also,itisadvisableforhimtoknowaboutthecustomtherefirstinordertofeelmoreateaseinMike’shome.Part3KeystoExercisesV.CaseAnalysisIhaveanAmericanfriend.Ihaveinvitedhimseveraltimes,andatlastheinvitedmetohishomeoneday.Hetoldmetogetthereat3p.m.Ithoughtwecouldchatandhaveamealtogether.IgavehimaChinesecalendar,asilkscarfandabottleofChinesewhitewine.Heonlytookoutadishofnuts,aplateofbreadandabottleofwine.Aftertwohours’chat,Ifoundtherewasnohintofamealandsaidgood-byetohim.HeonlygavemeaboxofchocolateasapresentfortheNewYear.AfterIgothome,Ifoundtheboxalreadybeenopened.Iwasverysurprised.Case2:Question:Whatsurprisedme?Part3KeystoExercisesV.CaseAnalysisInChina,avisittohomealwaysincludesameal.Andtheguestalwaysbringsarelativelyexpensivepresenttothehost.Andthepresentshouldbewellwrappedoruntouched.Inthewest,avisittohomeonlymeansameeting,notnecessarilyincludingameal.AndthepresentistreatednotasimportantlyasitisinChina.IactedinawaythatwasbasedonChinesecustoms,soIfelttheAmericanwaywasveryinteresting(unusual).Analysis:Part3KeystoExe