高考英语-基础保分篇-第一讲-名词

李仕才1/462/463/464/465/466/461．不可数名词与可数名词转化(1)表示种类时：variousfruits(各种水果)。(2)表示“一场/段/件……”时：atimelyrain(一场及时雨)。(3)表示“一杯/罐/瓶”tea，coffee，beer等：twobeers(两杯啤酒)。(4)表示不一样意思时：room房间(可数)；余地，空间(不可数)。[注意]

有些不可数名词不论什么情况下也没有复数形式，即使受形容词修饰也不能加不定冠词，可称作“绝对不可数名词”。比如：fun，housework，homework，advice，information，news，progress，equipment，furniture，baggage/luggage，jewellery，machinery等。7/462．抽象名词详细化表示某种特征、状态、情感、情绪抽象名词，能够详细化为可数名词，表示这么“人或物”。常见有：8/469/463.详细名词抽象化详细名词能够部分丧失其普通意义，含有抽象名词特征，所以无单复数形式。(1)by后跟表示交通工具一类名词，名词抽象化表概念，名词前无限定词，也不用复数；不然要用对应介词。如：bybus/car/train/bike＝onabus/inacar/onthetrain等。(2)在gotoschool/church/hospital和atschool,inprison等短语中，名词抽象化表示概念。10/464．of＋use/value/help/difference/importance/benefit等一些抽象名词，其含义相当于对应形容词useful，valuable，helpful，different，important，beneficial在句中可作定语、表语、补语等。Thebookisofgreatuse.(＝Thebookisveryuseful.)这本书很有用。(表语)Thisisabookofgreatuse.这是一本非常有用书。(定语)Ifindthebookofgreatuse.我以为这本书非常有用。(宾补)11/465．名词前修饰语。(1)several，(a)few，many，manya，agreat/goodmany，alargenumberof，scoresof，dozensof等只能修饰可数名词；除manya后接单数可数名词外，其余要接复数名词。(2)abitof，(a)little(少)，much，agreatdealof，alargeamountof等只能修饰不可数名词。(3)some，any，plentyof，alotof，lotsof，alargequantityof，quantitiesof，massesof等既可修饰可数名词复数，也可修饰不可数名词。12/46读语篇，悟语法。重复朗诵以下短文，领悟画线黑体之名词类别。BornonAugust23,1988inAmerica[1],JeremyShu­HowLin[2]isa

professionalbasketball[3]

player[4]withtheHustonRocketsof[5]

theNationalBasketballAssociation[6](NBA).But,tosomedegree,manyChinesefans[7]andcoaches[8]takehimasaChineseguyoratleastarewillingtoimaginehimasaChinese[9]justbecausehehasatypicalChinesefaceandhisparents[10]wereborninChina.JeremyLinhasrecentlybecomeasuccess[11]andattractedtheworld’s[12]attention,whichgivesChinesepeople[13]alotofimagination[14]andpride.Asweknow,in

most

people’seyes[15],Jeremyisamiracle[16]．13/46InJune,,whenJeremytookhis

thirdtrip[17]toChina,alargecrowdcametomeethim，amongwhomtherewerevariousfansincludingsomefamilies[18]，somechildren[19]andevensomewomenplayers[20].Theybroughtcameras[21]totakephotos[22]withtheiridol.Jeremyhadfun[23]withhissupportersandexpectedtocomebackagain.14/461．专有名词表示地点，第一个字母要大写。2．专有名词表示人名。3．名词作定语，修饰另一名词。又如abookstore。4．表示职业或职位单数可数名词player作表语，前面用不定冠词，表示“一个”。5.因theHustonRockets和theNationalBasketballAssociation都是由普通名词组成专有名词；oftheNationalBasketballAssociation是名词全部格，因无生命东西名词全部格普通用“of＋名词”表示，又如：thecoverofthebook(书封面)。15/466．专有名词表示事物，这里指美国职业篮球联盟，常缩写为NBA。7．fans为fan复数形式，可数名词复数形式普通在后面直接加­-s。8．coaches为coach复数形式，以­-s，­-x，­-sh，-­ch结尾可数名词，复数形式加-­es。又如boxes，dishes，buses等。9．句中aChinese是名词作补语。Chinese指中国人，这里为单数；但它复数与单数同形，类似单词有deer，sheep，fish，aircraft，means，works，Japanese等。10．“形容词性物主代词＋名词”表示“某人……”。16/4611．这里asuccess为抽象名词详细化，指“一个成功人士”。12．有生命人或物全部格，普通用“名词＋s”表示。又如theteacher’sname。13．people为集体名词，表示复数意义。又如police，class，group等。14．不可数名词imagination作宾语，在alotof，some，any等限定词后面通常接名词。15．名词eyes作介词in宾语。16．在冠词(a，an，the)后通常应有名词。17．在序数词后通常加名词。17/4618．families为family复数形式，以辅音字母加y结尾名词复数形式是变y为i再加­-es。又如country→countries。19．children为child复数形式，属于不规则改变。又如ox-oxen。20．man或woman两个词作定语时，其单、复数与所修饰名词单、复数一致。又如threementeachers。21．个体名词，表示某类人或东西中个体。又如computer。18/4622．photos为photo复数形式，以­-o结尾词普通加­-s。在中学英语里，以­-o结尾有生命名词，如hero，tomato，potato，其复数是加­-es。23．抽象名词表示状态、品质、感情等抽象概念。又如anger。19/46Ⅰ.完成句子(填入括号内词正确形式)1．Two________(month)ago，three________(hero)caughtfour________(thief)．Theymadethemplantsome________(potato)and________(bamboo)intwo________(zoo)．Theyalsomadetheir________(wife)returnthefourbig________(box)withsomeprecious________(photo)and________(brush)inthem.monthsheroesthievespotatoesbambooszooswivesboxesphotosbrushes20/462．Two______________(editor­in­chief)，three____________(manteacher)andfive______________(womandoctor)，togetherwiththeir________(child)，wenttothemarket.Theydecidedtobuytwo________(sheep)，three________(deer)，four________(ox)，five________(goose)andsixwhite________(mouse)withthree________(foot)andsix________(tooth)．Editors-in-chiefmenteacherswomendoctorschildrensheepdeeroxengeesemicefeetteeth21/46Ⅱ.单句填空(在空白处填入1个适当单词或括号内单词正确形式。)1．Alwaysremembertoputsuchdangerousthingsas________(knife)outofchildren’sreach.2．Inmyopinion,itiswrongtocheatin____________(examine)becauseitbreakstherulesofschools.3．Inmyopinion,nooneagreesthata________(wealth)personwithoutgoodhealthcanbehappy.So,justdoourbestandkeepfit.4．Upon________(arrive),webegantoworkimmediately.knivesexaminationswealthyarrival22/465．Therearemorevisiblechangesinourgesturesandfacial__________(express)．6．LangLangisaworld­classyoung________(piano)whogrewupinShenyang.Ⅲ.单句改错(以下每句中有一处错误，每处错误仅包括一个单词增加、删除或修改，请指出并更正。)1．Ihaveonlybeenthereacoupleoftime.____________2．WhenyouvisitLondon,oneofthefirstthingyouwillseeisBigBen.____________3．Mr.WanggaveussomeadvicesonhowtorememberEnglishwords._____________expressionspianisttime→timesthing→thingsadvices→advice23/464．IhavenotimetotakeexercisebecauseIhavealotofhomeworkstodo._______________________5．Thishappenedfourandahalfcenturyago.__________________6．Morecarewouldinsureyouagainstmakingsomuchmistakes.____________7．It’saboutanhourdrivefromheretomyoffice.____________8．LiMing,athree­-years-­oldboy,isverylovely.______________________________9．Wearehavingdinneratmyaunttonight.____________10．Inourschool,thereisanewlabbuildingwithlotsofteachingequipmentsinit._______________________homeworks→homeworkcentury→centuriesmuch→manyhour→hour’sthree-years-old→three-year-oldaunt→aunt’sequipments→equipment24/46Ⅳ.语篇填空(在空白处填入1个适当单词或括号中单词正确形式。)Ahighschoolhistoryteacheroncetoldus,“Ifyoumakeoneclosefriendinschool,youwillbemostlucky.1.________truefriendissomeonewhostayswithyouforlife.”Experienceshowsthathewasright.Good2.________(friend)arejustnoteasilyformed.25/46Tomostofus,friendshipsarethoughtveryimportant,butweneedtohavethekindsoffriendshipswewant.Aretheytobecloseorkeptatarm’s3.________(long)?Dowewanttoshareourselvesordowewanttowalkonthesurface?Forsomepeople，manyfriendshipsonthesurfacearequiteenoughandthat’sallright.Butatsomepointweneedtomakesurethatourexpectationsarethesameasour4.________(friend)expectations.Thesharingof5.________(person)experienceisthesurestway6.________(deepen)friendships.Butitmustbeundertakenslowlyandcarriedononlyiftherearesignsofinterestandactioninreturn.26/46Whataresomeofthedifficultiesinformingfriendship?Thegreatestistoexpecttoomuchtoosoon.Deeprelationshipstaketime.7.________maindifficultyisthe8.________(selfish)tothinkone“owns”theother,includinghistimeandattention.Similarly，friendshipsneedactionsinreturn.Inotherwords,youmustgiveasmuchasyoutake.Finallythereisaquestionoftakingcareofeachother.9.________youspendreasonabletimetogether,talkingonthephone，writing10.________(letter)ordoingthingstogether，friendshipswilldieaway.27/46【语篇导读】本文主要讲怎样加深情谊(howtodeepenfriendships)。1．A

[由语境可知，此处指类别，泛指“一个”真正朋友，故填不定冠词A。]2．friendships

[在句中作主语，用名词形式；又依据谓语动词areformed是复数及搭配可知，作主语复数名词应该是“情谊”，而不是“朋友”，故填friendships。]3．length

[在名词全部格后，要用名词形式。keepsbatarm’slength意为“不使自己太靠近某人；与某人保持距离”。]4．friends’

[依据语境，应该指“我们朋友”，应该用复数形式全部格，故填friends’。]5．personal

[在名词前作定语，用形容词形式。]28/466．todeepen

[在way后用不定式作定语。]7．Another

[依据前面Thegreatest和后面Finally可知，此处是指多者中“另一个”，故填another。]8．selfishness

[在冠词后，要用名词。]9．Unless

[依据“youspend...”和“friendshipswilldieaway”两个句子逻辑关系可知，应填unless引导条件状语从句。]10．letters

[名词作宾语。因为是可数名词，且没有限定词，故用复数。]29/46第二课时高考研究课名词在语法填空中考查点规律方法1．由位置知词性：若所给名词处于主语或宾语位置，则考虑使用名词适当形式。2．由语境定词形：语境中含有下面要素时，经常使用名词复数形式：①含有oneof；②含有few,several,many,all,both等词；③所填空后谓语动词使用复数形式；④使用名词复数形式表示一类。30/461．Itranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterrible________(crowd)ontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoandfromwork.(·全国卷Ⅱ)2．Thisdevelopmentwasonlypossiblewiththe________(introduce)ofelectric-­poweredenginesandlifts.(·全国卷Ⅱ)真题验证1crowds

[依据空前面形容词terrible可知此处填名词，crowd表示“人群”，是可数名词，前面没有不定冠词a，所以用复数形式。]introduction

[依据空前面with和定冠词the可知此处需要填名词。withtheintroductionof表示“伴随……引进”。]31/463．Thistrend,whichwasstartedbythemedicalcommunity(医学界)asamethodoffightingheartdisease,hashadsomeunintendedside________(effect)suchasoverweightandheartdisease—theverythingthemedicalcommunitywastryingtofight.(·全国卷Ⅰ)4.Sheisdeterminedtocarryonwithher________(educate)．(·全国卷Ⅲ)effects

[此处依据空前面some以及空后面列举两个副作用可知，用effect复数形式。]education

[前面有形容词性物主代词her，此处应该使用动词educate名词形式education作宾语。]32/465．Shehasturneddownseveral________(invitation)tostaratshowsinordertoconcentrateonherstudies.(·全国卷Ⅲ)6．LastOctober,whiletendinghergardeninMora,Sweden,LenaPahlssonpulledoutahandfulofsmall________(carrot)andwasabouttothrowthemaway.(·浙江卷)invitations

[因为前有several，故应该使用名词复数invitations，表示“邀请”。]carrots

[依据前面ahandfulof可知，此处要用复数形式。]33/467．Thenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfew________(day)withhissistersothatwhileoneisbeingbottle­fed,theotheriswithmum—sheneversuspects.(·全国卷Ⅰ)8．Recent________(study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaksregularly.(·全国卷Ⅱ)days

[此处表示每隔几天。]studies

[由空前形容词recent断定所填词性为名词；由谓语动词show确定所填名词形式为复数。]34/469．I’dskippednearbyGuilin,adreamplacefortouristsseekingthelimestonemountaintopsanddarkwatersoftheLiRiverthatarepicturedbyartistsinsomanyChinese________(painting)．(·全国卷Ⅰ)paintings

[painting意为“图片，图画”，是可数名词，因为其前有somany修饰，故使用其复数形式。]35/46名词在短文改错中考查点►第一步：寻找名词；►第二步：以该名词为中心，搜寻其辐射区域关键信息；►第三步：依据所搜寻信息，确定名词正确形式。其信息形式经常有以下形式：规律方法36/461．使用可数名词复数形式相关信息(1)可数名词前面有数词，several,many或复数意义不定代词(some,both,these)等修饰；(2)通常以复数形式出现单词；(3)上下文语境暗示应使用可数名词复数形式；(4)有些名词作为可数名词和不可数名词时意义不一样，如可数名词time意为“次数”，不可数名词time意为“时间”。37/462．使用可数名词单数形式相关信息(1)不定冠词a/an后用可数名词单数；(2)上下文语境暗示应使用可数名词单数。3.两类不可数名词(记牢＝答对)(1)抽象名词不可数；(2)物质名词不可数。38/461．Besides,theyoftengetsomeusefulinformationsfromtheInternet.(·全国卷Ⅱ)____________2．Theinstructorkeptrepeatingtheword，“Speedup！”“Slowdown！”“Turningleft！”(·全国卷Ⅰ)____________3．Ifwegoonatripabroad,wecanbroadenourviewandgainknowledgeswecannotgetfrombooks.(·全国卷Ⅰ)____________真题验证2informations→information

[information是不可数名词，所以没有复数形式。]word→words

[依据后面几处话语可知，此处用word复数形式。]knowledges→knowledge

[knowledge是不可数名词，所以没有复数形式。]39/464．Theteenageyearfrom13to19werethemostdifficulttimeforme.(·全国卷Ⅲ)____________5．WhenIwasaveryyoungchildren,myfathercreatedaregularpracticeIrememberwellyearslater.(·浙江卷)____________year→years

[由“from13to19”及谓语were可知此处year应该使用复数形式。]children→child

[由children前面冠词a可知此处应该使用单数形式。]40/466．Theairswebreatheinisgettingdirtieranddirtier.(·全国卷Ⅰ)____________7．Oneday,littleTonywenttoashoppingcenterwithhisparent.(·全国卷Ⅱ)____________airs→air

[air是不可数名词，所以没有复数形式。]parent→parents

[parent指代父母两人，故要用复数形式。]41/46第三课时写作增分课名词在写作中增分点一、利用抽象名词详细化写美句子1．被邀请来参加这次聚会我深感荣幸。(consider,invite)_____________________________________________2．结果试验成功了。(turnout,experiment)__________________________________________Iconsideritagreathonortobeinvitedtothisparty.Itturnedoutthattheexperimentwasasucces