《语言学》作业参考答案学习资料

第1页共1页以上仅为参考答案，简答、论述题均只列及主要的解题知识点，请您结合自我理解和课本内容进行知识掌握和巩固。如对答案等有疑义，请及时登录学院网站“辅导论坛”栏目，与老师交流探讨！《语言学》作业参考答案I.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.1.Itassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby"copying"afeatureofasequentialphone,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.2.Itisthebaseformofawordthatcannotfurtherbeanalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.3.sense:Itisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform,thecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform,itisabstractanddecontextualized.

reference:Itmeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld.4.Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.5.Gardenpathsentencesaresentencesthatareinitiallyinterpretedwithadifferentstructurethantheyactuallyhave.Ittypicallytakesquitealongtimetofigureoutwhattheotherstructureisifthefirstchoiceturnsouttobeincorrect.Sometimespeopleneverfigureitout.Theyhavebeen"ledupthegardenpath,"fooledintothinkingthesentencehasadifferentstructurethanithas.6.Morphemesthatcannotoccuraloneandmustappearwithatleastanothermorpheme.7.instrumentalmotivation:Itoccurswhenpeoplelearnaforeignlanguageforexternalgoalssuchaspassingexams,orfurtheringacareeretc.Integrativemotivation:drivethatpeoplelearnaforeignlanguagebecauseofthewishtoidentifywiththetargetculture.8.Itismeantthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.9.Aphonemeisthesmallestcontrastiveunitinthesoundsystemofalanguage.10.Acomplexsentenceconsistsofoneindependentclause,andoneormoredependentclauses.11.Itmeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld.12.Itreferstotheeffectoftheutterance.13.atabooedwordorexpression14.thesyntacticformtheytakeasactualEnglishsentences.15.Wheneverasentenceisformedaccordingtotherulesoftheinternalgramarofanativespeakerofagivenlanguage,itisgrammatical.Grammaticalityreferstothelinguisticexplanationofaphenomenon.Itconnectsthenativespeaker'sintuitivejudgmentsaboutwell-formednesstoanexplicitrepresentationprovidedbythelinguist.16.competence:theidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhisnativelanguage.performance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.17.Whentwowordssuchaspatandbatareidenticalinformexceptforacontrastinonephoneme,occurringinthesameposition,thetwowordsaredescribedasaminimalpair.18.Itstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.19.aprocessoccurringfromtimetotimeinwhichincorrectlinguisticfeaturesbecomeapermanentpartofthewayapersonspeaksorwritesalanguage.20.aprocesstoextendorelevatethemeaningfromitsoriginallyspecificsensetoarelativelygeneralone.21.Languageplanningisthedeliberateeffortstoinfluencethebehaviorofotherswithrespecttotheacquisition,structure,orfunctionalallocationoftheirlanguagecodes.Languageplanningisthefactualrealizationoflanguagepolicy.22.Thegeneralbeliefisthatduringchildhood,thereisaperiodwhenthehumanbrainismostreadyto'receive'andlearnaparticularlanguage.Thisperiodisreferredtoasthecriticalperiod.Ifachilddoesnotacquirelanguageduringthisperiod,foranyoneofanumberofreasons,thenheorshewillhavegreatdifficultylearninglanguagelateron.23.Afiniteclauseisaclausewithafiniteverb--averbthateitherexpressestense(forexample,pastorpresent)orthatfollowsahelpingverbsuchascan,should,ormust...24.Ithasbeenobservedthatinsomespeechcommunities,twolanguagesareusedsidebysidewitheachhavingadifferentroletoplay.II.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.1.descriptive2.obstruction3.Morpheme4.argument,predicate5.Reference6.constatives7.stem8.speech9.non-verbal10.language11.synchronic12.intonation13.affixes14.Polysemy15.semantic16.utterance17.proto-language18.Register19.transfer20.acquisition21.duality22.Synchronic,diachronic23.Narrow,broad24.linear25.utterance26.Sino-Tibetan,Indo-European27.Register,idiolect28.pidgin,Creole29.Interlanguage30.Acqisition31.cognates32.superordinateIII.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.1.B2.B3.B4.C5.C6.B7.A8.D9.D10.B11.D12B13.C14.B15.A16.C17.B18.A19.D20.C21.A22.C23.A24.B25.A26.A27.C28.B29.C30.A31.C32.CIV.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.1.F2.T3.F4.F5.F6.F7.F8.F9.T10.T11.T12.T13.F14.F15.T16.T17.T18.T19.F20.T21.F22.T23.F24.T25.F26.F27.T28.F29.F30.T31.F32.TV.Answerthefollowingquestions.1.ThisissaidwhenitisknowntobothAandBthatBmusthavebeeninsomeparticularplace.ButBdidnotanswerAcorrectly.ThusBiswithholdingsomeoftheinformationrequiredatthisstageofconversationandisthusfloutingthemaximofquantity.Theimplicaturethatresultsis“BdonotwanttotellAwherehehasbeen.”2.special-ize,in-disput-able,individual-ist-ic,down-fall,un-except-ion-able-ness,un-gentle-man-li-ness3.Themostimportantrestrictionsforphonestofallintothesamephonemeare:eq\o\ac(○,1)Theymustbeincomplementarydistribution.eq\o\ac(○,2)Theymustbephoneticallysimilar.4.(((Thegirl)(ate(theorange))).)5.Since"morpheme"isdefinedasthesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,itatthesametimecoversthegrammaticalandthesemanticaspectoflinguisticunit.Amorphememayoverlapwithaphoneme,suchas"I",butusuallynot,asin"pig",inwhichthemorphemeisthewholeword,i.e.anindependent,freemorpheme,butthephonemesare/p/,/i/,and/g/.6.overgeneralization:ThelearnersearchesforalogicalgrammaroftheTLthatwouldcovereveryaspectofthelanguage,orseekstofindeveryaspectofexistinggrammarsconfirmedinthelivinglanguage.Indoingso,thelearnerdrawsonaspectsofthetargetlanguagealreadyearnedandoverusesthem.Onthelexicallevel,forexample,overgeneralizationmightmeanthatthelearnerchoosesanuclearverblike'go'tofunctionasageneralwordformovementinsteadofmorespecificverbslike'fly','run','travel,'etc.Onthemorphologicallevelanexampleofovergeneralizationisoveruseofregularverbinflection,resultinginthelearnerofEnglishsaying'goed'insteadof'went'.

nativelanguagetransfer:Nativelanguagetransferistheuseofthenativelanguage(orotherlanguage)informationintheacquisitionofasecondlanguage.

simplification:Simplificationisespeciallycommonatthebeginningofacquisitionandcanappearonalllinguisticlevels.Morphologicalsimplificationcould,forexample,meanthatthelearnerdoesn'tproducepluralmorphemesinnounphraseslike'twochicken'or'manybird',becausepluralisalreadyexpressedbythenumeralorthequant