考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷183

考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷183

一、阅读（补全短文）（本题共20题，每题7.0分，共

20分。）

Whentheworld'sleadersmetattheMillenniumSummitfiveyearsago,theyagreedona

setofgoalsaimedatcuttingglobalpovertyinhalfby2015.Moreimportantly,theyalso

settargetsfortheenvironment.[Cl]Thephase-outofozonedepleting

substancesthroughtheMontrealProtocol,forinstance,showswhatcanbedonewhenthe

internationalcommunityworkstogether.Thankstotheprotocol,itisestimatedthatupto

20millioncasesofskincancer,and130millioneyecataracts,willbeavoided.Thiskind

ofsuccessshouldencourageus.Butnowweneedtomatchouractionwiththescaleof

thechallenge.Ourworldisnotonlyunbalanced,butendangered.[C2]The

environmentalchallengeisevenmorestarkindevelopingcountries,wherefivebillionof

theearth'ssixbillionpeoplelive.Inthesenations,theenvironmentislinkeddirectlyto

humandevelopment—andtopoverty.[C3]Oncurrenttrends,themillennium

targetsfortheenvironmentwillnotbemet.Whatneedstobedone?Asastartingpoint,

wemustrecognizethefundamentalimbalanceintheglobalenvironmentalequation.

Richercountriesdomuchoftheenvironmentaldamage.[C4]Richcountries'

largercontributiontoenvironmentaldamagemeansthattheymustshouldergreater

responsibilityforfixingtheproblem.Thatmeanschangingthewaytheyproduceand

consumeenergy—reducingsubsidies,ensuringappropriatepricing,andadequately

taxingenvironmentallydamagingproducts.Aidfortheenvironmentaveragedabout$2

billionperyear-farshortofwhattheinternationalcommunity,firstattheRioSuminit

in1992andthenattheJohannesburgSummittenyearslater,saidwasneeded.Interms

ofglobalpriorities,thisfigurecompareswiththe$900billionthattheworldcurrently

commitstomilitaryexpenditureseachyear.[C5]Ifthatgrowthisnotachieved

inanenvironmentallysustainableway,itseffectsonpovertyandhumanwell-beingwill

bedisastrous.Itwillbetcolate25yearsfromnowtomaketherightchoices.Forthesake

ofourchildrenandourchildren'schildren,wemustactnow.[A]Accountingforonly

15%oftheworld'spopulation,theycause50%ofglobalcarbondioxideemissions—with

alltheirimplicationsforclimatechange.Butthepoorercountriespaymuchofthe

"costs',一losingupto8%oftheirGDPperyearduetoenvironmentaldegradation,as

wellassufferingdevastatingeffectsonhealthandhumanwelfare.[B]TheEuropean

Union（EU）isattheforefrontofinternationaleffortstocombatclimatechangeandhas

playedakeyroleinthedevelopmentofenvironmentaddressingtheissue.

[CjDeforestationisincreasing,withalmost100millionhectareslostinthelastdecade

alone-muchofitduetomillionsofpoorfarmersinAfricaandLatinAmericabeing

forcedtocutdowntreesbecausetheyhavenootheraccesstolandorenergysources.

[D]Whiledevelopingcountriesareobviouslyresponsibleforidentifyingandresponding

toenvironmentalissuesthatarisewithintheirborders,itisnecessaryforrichcountriesto

supportpoorcountriesinenvironmentalprotectionefforts.[E]Weneedtoinvestmorein

theenvironmentdevelopment.Ifthewaronenvironmentaldegradationistobewon,we

needamajorturnaround.Anothertwobillionpeoplewillbeaddedtoglobalpopulation

overthenext25years-thevastmajorityinpoorernations-withhugedemandsfor

energyandeconomicgrowth.[FJMorethanabillionpeopleindevelopingcountrieslack

accesstocleanwater;morethantwobillionhavenoaccesstobasicsanitation.Fiveiosix

millionpeople,mostlychildren,dieeveryyearduetowaterbornediseases,suchas

diarrhea,andairpollution.[G]Theyunderstooditscentralitytolong-termeconomic

growth,humandevelopmentandthestabilityoftheplanet.Theproblemisthattoday,ten

yearsshyofwhenthegoalsaretobemet,progressontheenvironmentisalarmingly

slow.Somuchmoreispossible.

1、[Cl]

标准答案：G

知识点解析：紧接上文，指出确立全球环境发展目标的重大意义。它有利于世界的

经济发展、人类进步和全球稳定。今天面临的问题是如何在接下来的10年里完成

预定的目标。目前全球在环境发展方面进展缓慢。

2、[C2]

标准答案：C

知识点解析：此项承接上文，列举人类面临的危机。其一：乱砍滥伐。在最近10

年里，全球丧失的森林面积达一亿公顷。在非洲和拉丁美洲由于交通不便，能源短

缺，农民被迫砍伐森林。

3、[C3]

标准答案：F

知识点解析：此处列举发展中国家面临的环境问题：缺水、基础卫生条件差以及由

于水传播疾病而导致人口，尤其是儿童的大量死亡。

4、[C4]

标准答案：A

知识点脑析：此处紧接上文，援引数据证明发达国家对环境的巨大破坏。发达国家

的人口只占全球的15%,但排放的类似二氧化碳类的气体则占全球的一半。但是

环境破坏的恶果却让穷国承担了，穷国由于环境的恶化以及健康的损失，每年在这

方面的损失达国内生产总值的8%。

5、[C51

标准答案：E

知识点解析：本项开头一句和上文呼应，指出必须加大环境投资。再过25年，全

球人口将增加20亿（主要是在发展中国家），随之而来的是能源数量和经济指数的

增加。为避免环境进一步恶化，我们必须悬崖勒马。

Abombhaslandedontheworld.TwoprestigiousdoctorsPanayiotisZavosandSeverino

Antinoriclaimtheyarcreadytoembarkonthegreatesthumanexperimentofourage.

Theysaytheywillattempttocloneahumanbeingbeforetheyearisout.Mostpeople

thinktheobjectionstothisareethical—humancloningwouldcreatemanymoral

dilemmas.Thereisanotherquestionthatfeweverask:isthescienceactuallyreadyyet

forcloninghealthyhumans?Thelatestresearchhasledmanyscientiststobelievethat

ZavosandAntinori'splanstoclonethefirsthumancouldendintragedy.Fordecades,

cloningremainedwithintherealmsofsciencefiction.Theideathatinsteadofcombining

aspermandanegg,anewhumancouldbemadefromasinglecelltakenfromanadult,

seemedcompletelyabsurd.[Cl]ButevenDolly'screator,ProfessorIan

Wilmut,isconcernedthatbeneaththeveneerofsuccessliesadisturbingreality.Most

cloningattemptsonanimalssofarhaveresultedinfailedimplantationorabnormal

foetuses.[C2]Yearsofpainstakingworkareonlynowrevealingsomevital

cluestowhatisgoingwrong.Scientistshaveuncoverednewevidence,suggestingthat

theprocessofcloningitselfcausessubtleerrorsinthewaygenesfunction.Theserandom

errorsmaybelikeatimebombinsideeveryclone,causingsomeofthestrange-often

fatal-problems.[C3]Dr.Zavosclaimsthattheseproblemsaretheresultof

thestillunsophisticatedmethodsbeingusedbyanimalresearchers.[C4]Now

though,itseemsthatsomeIVFproceduresthemselvesarebeinginvestigatedforpossible

harmfuleffectsonthelong-termhealthofchildren.ProfessorGeraldSchattcnofthe

UniversityofPittsburghrevealsevidenceoftheserisks,whichcouldbemagnifiedin

cloning.[C5]However,therearewould-behumanclonerswhoaredetermined

tocloneahumanbaby.Iftheyproceed,theymaybecourtingtragedy,someinsiders

observe.[A]There'snoreasontothinkclonedhumanbabieswouldfareanybetter.

AccordingtoembryologistDr.SusanAvery,deathmightbethebestoutcomeformany

humanclones.Iftheysurvived,theywouldsufferfromcatastrophicillnessesthatmodern

medicineispowerlesstopreventorcure.|B]Asthingsstand,mostreproductive

specialistsbelievethatthedangertoanyhumanbombycloningisenormous.[C|Human

cloninghasbeencondemnedbysomeofitsmostarticulateopponentsastheultimate

embodimentofthesexualrevolution,separatingsexfromthecreationsofbabiesand

treatinggenderandsexualityassociallyconstructed.[D]Thepeoplewhosupporthuman

cloningspeakoftheplightofinfertilecouples;thegriefofsomeonewhohaslostachild

whosebiological"rebirth'mightoffercomfort;theprospectofusingcloningtogenerate

donorsfortissuesandorgans;thepossibilityofcreatinggeneticallyenhancedcloneswith

aparticulartalentoraresistancetosomedreaddisease.|E|Usingadvancedinvitro

fertilization(IVF"testtubebaby")lechniques;heclaimsthathewillstrivetomakehuman

cloningsaferthannaturalreproduction.[F]Oftheanimalsbornalive,somesoondieof

catastrophicorganfailure.Othersappeartobehealthyforweeksorevenmonths,thendie

suddenly,sometimesfrombizarrenewillnesseswhichdonotoccurinnature.[G]Butthat

allchangedinFebruary1997,whentheRoslinInstituteintroducedtheworldtoDollythe

sheep-thefirstanimalclonedfromanadult.EversinceDolly,scientistshavebeen

continuingtoexperimentwithcloninganimals.Sofar,theyhavesucceededincloning

sheep,cattle,pigs,goalsandmice,fuellingthebeliefthathumanscouldbenext.

6、[Cl]

标准答案：G

知识点解析：此处与上文形成对比。当第一只克隆羊——多利诞生后，科学家们纷

纷进行克隆其他动物的实验。到目前为止，已成功研制出克隆羊、克隆牛、克隆

猪、克隆鼠等。紧接着，催生了克隆人的念头。

7、[C2]

标准答案：

知识之解析F：此处紧接上文，那些成功克隆的动物即使当时活下来了，不久就会死

于器官功能衰竭或者其他稀奇古怪的病症。

8、[C3]

标准答案：A

知识点解析：上文列举克隆动物的风险，此处说明克隆人的实验也不会好到哪里

去。一位呸胎学家认为克隆人最好的结果是培育出死胎。即使克隆婴儿侥幸存活，

也必然会重疾缠身，现弋的医疗手段也对此无能为力。

9、[C4]

标准答案：E

知识点解析：联系上文，此处应该讲扎沃斯博士的克隆方案。他决定使用先进的试

管婴儿技术(IVF),努力使克隆人技术比自然生殖更安全。

10、[C5]

标准答案：B

知识点解析：参照上下文，可知此处应该讲克隆人的实验仍然困难重重。绝大多数

生殖专家认为，实验存在很大风险。

Untilrecentlymostscientiststhoughttheyknewwhatkilledoffthedinosaurs.A10km-

widcmeteoritehadsmashedintotheYucatanpeninsulainMexico,causingworldwide

forestfires,tsunamisseveralkilometershigh,andan"impactwinter”——inwhichdust

blockedoutthesunformonthsoryears.Itwasthoughtthatthedinosaurswereblasted,

roastedandfrozentodeath,inthatorder.Butnowasmallbutvocilerous(markedby

noisyandvehementoutcry)groupofscientistsbelievesthereisincreasingevidencethat

thisHimpact"theorycouldbewrong.Thatsuggestionhasgeneratedoneofthebitterest

scientificrowsofrecenttimes.[Cl]Forsupportersoftheimpacttheory,the

KTboundarylayerscontainedtwocrucialclues.In1979scientistsdiscoveredthatthere

werehighconcentrationsofarareelementcallediridium(钺),whichtheythoughtcould

onlyhavecomefromanasteroid.[C2]Onthebasisofthespherulesanda

rangeofotherevidence,Dr.AlanHildebrandconcludedthattheimpactmusthave

happenedintheYucatanpeninsula,atthesiteofacrater(Abowl-shapeddepressionat

themouthofavoicano)knownasChicxulub.Chemicalanalysislaterconfirmedthatthe

spheruleshadindeedcomefromrockswithinthecrater.[C31Butagroupof

scientistsledbyProf.GertaKellerandProf.WolfgangStinnesbeckbeggedtodiffer.

Theyuncoveredaseriesofgeologicalclueswhichsuggestthetruthmaybefarmore

complicated.Inshort,thatthecraterintheYucatanistoooldtohavekilledoffthe

dinosaurs.TheyconcentratedonaseriesofrockformationsinMexicowheretheiridium

layerwasseparatedfromthespherulelayerbymanymetresofsandstone.[C4]

ButKeller'steamfoundevidence—suchasancientwormburrows—thatsuggestedthat

thedepositionofthesandstonehadbeeninterruptedmanytimes.Theydeducedthatthere

wasagapofsome300,ODOyearsbetweenthedepositionofthespherules(fromthe

Chicxulubcrater)andtheiridium(fromanasteroid).Thereforetheremusthavebeentwo

impacts.[C5]Keller'sviewsprovokedalivelyscientificrow.Althoughstillin

(heminority,Keller'sworkdoesnowattractsomesupport.Thecauseofthedinosaur's

deceaseisstillupintheair.[A]Theimpacttheorywasbeautifullysimpleandappealing.

Muchofitsevidencewasdrawnfromathinlayerofrockknownasthe"KTboundary".

Thislayeris65millionyearsold(whichisaroundthetimewhenthedinosaurs

disappcarcd)andisfoundaroundtheworldexposedincliffsandmines.[B]Thatopinion

sparkedamassiverow,asthesupportersoftheimpacttheorysuchasProf.JanSmitof

VrijeUniversiteit,Amsterdam,rubbishedKeller'sideas.Smitarguedthatthesandstone

hadbeendepositedbymassivetsunamiwavescausedbytheasteroid,andsodidnot

underminetheideaofasingleimpact.[C]Theimpacttheoryseemedtoprovidethe

completeanswer.Inmanylocationsaroundtheworld,theiridiumlayer(evidenceofan

asteroidimpact)sitsrightontopofthespherulelayer(evidencethattheimpactwasat

Chicxulub).SoHildebrandandothersupportersoftheimpacttheoryarguedthatthere

wasonemassiveimpact65millionyearsago,andthatitwasatChicxulub.This,they

concluded,musthavefinishedoffthedinosaursbyavarietyofmechanisms.

[D|Moreover,rightunderneaththeiridiumwasalayerof"spherules”,tinyballsofrock,

whichseemedtohavebeencondensedfromrockwhichhadbeenvaporizedbyamassive

impact.[E]TheChicxulubimpact,theysaid,wastoooldtohavefinishedoffthe

dinosaurs,andtheremusthavebeenanotherimpactsomewhereelsewhichwastoblame.

Thatcraterhasnotyetbeenfound.[F]Dinosaursarcreptiles(hatdominatedtheterrestrial

ecosystemformostoftheir165-millionyearexistence.Theybecameextinct65million

yearsagoattheendoftheCretaceousperiod,andareknownfromfossilizedbones,

feces,trackways,gastroliths,andinafewcasesimpressionsofskinandinternalorgans.

[G|Beforethelate1970s,therewereanynumberofdifferenttheoriestoexplainthemass

extinction,withnorealconsensus.Onetheoryputitthatmammalshadeatenallthe

dinosaurs'eggs.

11、[Cl]

标准答案：A

知识点解析：下一段提到boundarylayer,可以推测此处应该对这一概念作出解

释。“陨星撞击”的道埋听起来简单有趣，这一埋论来源于对一种岩石的检测。对这

种岩石的表层(学名为“KT边界”)进行检测的结果显示它有6,500万年的历史，这

跟恐龙消失的时间吻合。这种岩石一般暴露于矿山边或悬崖之上。

12、[C2]

标准答案：D

知识点解析：此处应该承接上文，介绍岩石层提供的另外•条线索：在“钺”元素密

集层的下面分布着一层球状的岩粒。这种颗粒似乎是岩石在受到强力冲撞后蒸发浓

缩而成的。

13、[C3]

标准答案：c

知识点诵析：此项说明陨星碰撞地球与恐龙死亡之间的关系。“撞击”理论似乎提供

了一个令人满意的答案。在世界很多地方，钺层都位于岩粒层之上。因此希尔德布

兰德等人认为发生在大约六千五百万年前的那次大撞击是导致恐龙灭绝的元凶。

14、[C4]

标准答案：B

知识点解析：此处紧接上文，指出新理论的提出引发了一场大争论。“撞击”理论的

支持者认为那些人是在睁眼说瞎话。至于砂岩，他们的解释是：陨星撞击地球后产

生巨大的海啸，砂岩是被海啸裹挟而※的。这样一来，他们原先的理论仍然站得住

脚。

15、[C5]

标准答案：E

知识点解析：此项介绍新理论派反驳的理由。他们认为在Chicxulub火山口发生的

“撞击”不可能使恐龙灭绝。恐龙一定是死于另外一次“撞击”，只不过撞击的地点尚

未被他们发现。

Weareallseeingratherlessofthesun.Scientistslookingatfivedecadesofsunlight

measurementshavereachedthedisturbingconclusionthattheamountofsolarenergy

reachingtheearth'ssurfacehasbeengraduallytailing.Paradoxically,thedeclinein

sunlightmaymeanthatg'obalwanningisafargreaterthreattosocietythanpreviously

thought.TheeffectwasfirstspottedbyGerryStanhill,anEnglishscientistworkingin

Israel.ComparingIsraelisunlightrecordsfromthe1950swithcurrentones,Stanhillwas

astonishediofindalargefallinsolarradiation."Therewasastaggering22%dropinthe

sunlight,andthatreallyamazedme,nhesays.[Cl]Gerrycalledthe

phenomenonglobaldimming,buthisresearch,publishedin2001,metwithaskeptical

responsefromotherscientists.[C2]Dimmingappearstobecausedbyair

pollution.Burningcoal,oilandwood,whetherincars,powerstationsorcookingfires,

producesnotonlyinvisiblecarbondioxidebutalsotinyairborneparticlesofsoot(浮在空

中的烟尘),ash,sulphurcompoundsandotherpollutants.[C3]Scientistsare

nowworriedthatdimming,byshieldingtheoceansfromthefullpowerofthesun,may

bedisruptingthepatternoftheworld'srainfall.Therearesuggestionsthatdimmingwas

behindthedroughtsinsub-SaharanAfrica.Therearedisturbinghintsthesamethingmay

behappeningtodayinAsia.[C4]Theyknowhowmuchextraenergyisbeing

trappedintheearth*satmospherebytheextracarbondioxide(CO2)wehaveplacedthere.

Whathasbeensurprisingisthatthisextraenergyhassofarresultedinatemperaturerise

ofjust0.6℃.[C5]Ifso,thenthisisbadnews.Eventhemostpessimistic

forecastsofglobalwarmingmaynowhavetobedrasticallyrevisedupwards.Thatmeans

atemperatureriseof10℃by2100inFrance,couldbeonthecards,andrenderingmany

partsoftheworlduninhabitable.Thatisboundtohappenunlessweacturgentlytocurb

ouremissionsofgreenhousegases.[A]Itwasonlyrecently,whenhisconclusionswere

confirmedbyAustralianscientistsusingacompletelydifferentmethodtoestimatesolar

radiation,whichclimatescientistsatlastwokeuptotherealityofglobaldimming.

[B]Butperhapsthemostalarmingaspectofglobaldimmingisthatitmayhaveled

scientiststounderestimatethetruepowerofthegreenhouseeffect.[C]Intrigued,he

searchedoutrecordsfromallaroundtheworld,andfoundthesamestoryalmost

everywherehelooked.Thesunlightfellby10%overtheUSA,nearly30%inpartsofthe

formerSovietUnion,andevenby16%inpartsoftheBritishIsles.[D]Asitturnsout,

pe