高一英语学案：语法解读Language

学必求其心得，业必贵于专精学必求其心得，业必贵于专精学必求其心得，业必贵于专精语法解读名词性从句（二）连接代词和连接副词引起的名词性从句一、常用的连接代词和连接副词连接代词的作用是：引起名词性从句，同时在名词性从句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语;连接副词在引起名词性从句的同时，在从句中作状语，表示时间、地点、原因和方式.1。连接代词:what，which,who，whom,whose2。连接副词:when,where，why,how，howmany，howmuch，etc。二、名词性从句的种类1。主语从句:从句在句中充当主语成分Thathewillsucceediscertain。Whetherhewillgothereisnotknown.Whathesaidisnottrue.Wherehehidthemoneyistobefoundout.Whoevercomesiswelcome.It’scertainthathewillsucceed。Howwecanhelpthetwinswillbediscussedatthemeeting.Whenthey'llstarttheprojecthasnotbeendecidedyet.注意:1)whether可以引导主语从句，但if不能.2)为避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语。2。宾语从句：从句在句中充当宾语成分（可以作谓语动词、介词、不定式等非谓语动词的宾语）连词:that，whether,if（that常可省略）who，what，which，whoever，whatever，when，where,why,how.例如：Theyknowthatthehabitwillkillthem。Italldependsonwhethertheywillsupportus。HeaskedhowmuchIpaidfortheviolin.Hemadeitcleartothepublicthathedidanimportantandnecessaryjob。Ifinditnecessarythatweshoulddothehomework。注意：1)whether和if都可以引导宾语从句a。当whether后紧跟ornot时,不用if.eg:Idon'tknowwhetherIwillstayornot.b。介词后面的宾语从句不能用if。eg：IworryaboutwhetherIhurtherfeeling.2)that在宾语从句中的省略与保留a.在主+谓+it(形式宾语）+宾补+that从句（真正宾语）的句型中不省略。eg：Wemustmakeitclearthatwemeanwhatwesay.b.由连词and连接的两个由that引导的宾语从句中，第二个that不省略。eg：Hetoldme（that）hewouldcomeandthathewouldcomeontime.3.表语从句：从句在句中充当表语成分,一般放在连系动词之后.作用：对主语进行解释说明.从属连词：that/whether/asif/asthough/because（if不引导表语从句）连接代词：who/whom/whose/which/what连接副词：why/where/whenThequestioniswhetherwecanrelyonhim.That'sbecausewewereinneedofmoneyatthattime。Helookedasifhewasgoingtocry.That'swhyIwaslate.另外，在名词性从句中，我们还须特别注意以下问题:1)reason后面的表语从句只能用that引导，不能用why引导，但reason后面的定语从句可以用why或者that引导。2）在表语从句中，表“是否"时，只能用“whether”不能用“if”。3)一般情况下,“that”不能省.4）Itis/wasbecause。。.Itis/waswhy。。。5)Thereason(why。../for.。.）is/wasthat。.。4.同位语从句:从句在句中充当同位语成分，其一般跟在一些抽象名词(idea；belief；fact；truth；problem；news等）后面,对名词作进一步解释说明。同位语从句常用that引导或用连接副词when/where/why/how/whether来引导.Theideathatcomputerscanrecognizehumanvoicessurprisesmanypeople。WordcamethatNapoleonhimselfwascomingtoinspectthem。SydneykepthispromisethathewouldalwaysdoanythinghecouldforLucietomakesureofherhappiness.三、名词性从句的语序名词性从句中要用陈述句的语序。例如：Idon'tknowwhoheis.Whathelikesbestisnotknowntousnow。Howbusyyouhavebeenrecentlyreallypuzzlesusall.Myquestioniswhenyouwillcomebackforthemeeting.四、whatever，whichever，whoever，whenever,however等引起的名词性从句这组关联词引起名词性从句的时候，用来加强语气,表示“无论……".例如:Hisparentsgivehimwhateverhewants.Whoevercomesfirstshallgetthebookasapresent.Wheneverhecomesbackremainsaquestion。Askhimhoweverimportanttheexaminationis。五、双重问句有些动词（believe,suppose，think，etc.）在跟名词性从句作宾语，同时又用于疑问句时，要把该动词引起的主句插到宾语从句疑问词的后面,这样的问句就是双重疑问句。例如：Whodoyouthinkwillgiveusthetalk？（不说Doyouthinkwhowill...?以下同）Whatdoyousupposehethinksmostimportant？Wheredoyoubelieveheisstayingtonight？WhydoyouthinkIcan’tchangethebignote？it用法一、代词的it1.人称的it。1)用来代表刚提到的物或事情。Youcannoteatyourcakeandhaveit。(it指前面的cake)Thepriceofoilroserapidlyinthefirstquarterof2006。Itaffectedthegrowthofeconomyofthewholeworld.(it指前面整个一件事情)2)指性别不明的baby。—Whatalovelybabyyouhavegivenbirthto！-Isitaboyoragirl？3）指谈话双方都清楚的人.用来表示是谁执行了某动作。例如:—Whoisthere?—ItmustbeMary.—Twomenarestandinginthegarden.—Itisthepolicemen,whoarelookingintoarobbery.2。非人称的it.用来指时间、天气、距离自然环境等。ItwasApril20，2006whenHuJintaoflewtoWashingtonforhisfirstofficialvisitandwaswarmlyreceived。（时间）It’sdampandcoldhere.（天气)It’shalfanhour’sridefromhere.(距离)Whennightfell,itbecameallquiet.(环境)二、先行词it用来代表句子真正的主语或宾语。真正的宾语可以是不定式、动名词或名词性从句.1.形式主语it作形式主语时常用的句型有三种：1）Itis+adj.+todo/that或其他从句2)Itis+n.+todo/that或其他从句3)It+v。+其他成分+that或其他从句例如:It'snicetobewithyou。It'sinterestingthatyoushouldlikehim.It’sapitythatyoulostsuchachance。It’sapleasuretoworkwithyou。Itworriedmeabitthatyoudidn’tcome。Itoccurredtomethatyoumightmisstheflight。Itdoesn’tinterestmewhethersucceedornot.Itmattersmuchwhenyoucome。Ifearly，wecandosomeshoppingbeforeweleave.2。形式宾语英语中的有些动词在跟形容词或名词作宾语补足语时，如果作宾语的是动词不定式、动名词或that从句时，这时就必须用it来作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放在宾补的后面。常见的动词是：think，take，consider，feel，find，make，etc.例如：Ifinditdifficulttogetonwellwithhim.Weallfeelitourdutytoteacheverystudentwell.Ithinkitimportantthatweshouldkeepcalmintimeofdanger.Wemustmakeitaruletoreadthetextaloudeverymorning。Dotakeitforgrantedthatparentsshoulddoeverythingforuschildren。三、结构的it1.强调句型的it.用来改变句子结构，使句子的某一成分得到强调。可以强调的成分有主语，宾语，状语。句型：Itis(was）+被强调部分+who（that)....一般说来,被强调部分指人时用who或that，指物时用that。例如:原句：Hegaveusalectureherethatday.Itwashewhogaveusalectureherethatday.Itwasusthathegavealectureherethatday。Itwasherethathegaveusalecturethatday.Itwasthatdaythathegaveusalecture.2。结构上的it。某些动词需要用it来作结构上的主语,没有具体的意义。例如：Itseemsasifheknowsnothingaboutme.IthappenedthatIpassedbytheplace.Itturnedoutthathewasacheat。四、it用法中的若干问题1。there和it结构的区别这里所说的区别指的是therebe+n。和it+be+n。这两种句型有什么不同，什么时候用there，什么时候用it，在使用过程中，有不少同学感到十分困惑。实际上therebe+n.表示存在的有,而it+be+n.表示主语是什么。例如：Thereisastrongbeliefamongparentsthatnowadayschildrenshouldexperiencesomehardship.Itisanobviousfactthatyoushouldhaveacceptedhisoffer。上句表示父母心中存在一种想法，that从句为同位语从句，指belief的内容，他们之间不对等；而下句中的it是形式主语,that从句是真正的主语，所以fact就是后面的that从句，它们之间是对等关系。另外课本出现的一些用therebe结构或it结构的句子，应该牢记在心.例如：ItisfuntohaveachatontheInternet。Itisapitythatyoudidn'tcome。Itisnowonderthathegotthefirstplace.Thereisnodoubtthatyouwillwin。Thereisnoneedtoworryaboutallthis.Thereisapossibilitythatyouwillwin。总之句意表示“存在”时，用therebe结构;句意表示“是……”时，用it句型。2。itis+时间的几个句型常见的句型有如下几个：Itis/was。。。that..。（强调句型)Itis/was。.。when。.。(it表时间,when为时间状语从句）Itis/hasbeen/was/hadbeen.。。since。.。(从……起,到……有多少时间)Itwillbe/was。。.before。..（多少时间之后……就……）这几个句型表现形式不同，句意也不同.例如：Itisthreeyearsagothathegotmarried.他是在三年前结婚的。（这是强调句型)Itwasthreeo’clockwhenhereturned。他回来的时候，时间是三点。（也可以变成Whenhereturned,itwasthreeo’clock.)Itisthreeyearssincehegotmarried.他结婚已经三年了。（从他结婚时算起，到现在有三年时间。）Itwillbethreeyearsbeforehegetsmarried。要三年之后，他才结婚。(从现在起，三年之后才……）3。强调结构的判定判定Itis/was...结构是否是强调句型很简单，只要把Itis/was和中间的那个连词去掉，然后对句子重新整理，如果能还原成完整的句子，则为强调句型；如果不能还原，就不是强调句型。例如：Itwasatthreeo’clockthathereturned.去掉itwas和that，重新组织句子，可还原成Hereturnedatthreeo'clock。这是一个完整的句子。比较：Itwasthreeo’clockwhenhereturned。去掉itwas和when,重新安排句子，变成Hereturnedthreeo’clock。明显缺少介词at,threeo’clock这个时间短语不能作状语,所以就不是强调句型。换句话说,中间不能用that,此句中只能用when来引起时间状语从句.4。强调句型的变形：1)加情态动词。ItmustbeJohnwhobrokethewindow.Coulditbeinthisroomthattheyheldtheirparty?2)变特殊问句。Itismywordsthatlefthimthinkingdeeply.Whatisitthatlefthimthinkingdeeply？Itwasbecauseoftheheavysnowthatwedelayedourvisittoyourcity。Whywasitthatyoudelayedyourvisittoourcity？ItwasinShenzhenthatCongFeipassedawayonApril20，2006。WherewasitthatCongFeipassedawayonApril20，2006。对于强调句型的这种变化要很熟悉，保证解题中一见到就能认出来，这样才能准确地判断该选择什么样的连词。跟踪练习Ⅰ。用适当连词填空1._______breakstherule,hemustbepunished.2。Ihavenoidea_______hewillbeback.3._______IammostinterestedinisAmericanmovies。4._______hesaysisofnoimportance.5。_______hewillcomeiscertain.6。_______heisoftenlateforclassismorethanIcantell。7。_______isgoingtoattendtheimportantmeetinghasnotbeendecidedbythemanager.8.Itispossible_______theywillcompletethebuildinginthreemonths。9.Itdependson_______heisreadyornot。10.Youshouldmakeadecision_______youwillgoorstay.答案：1.Whoever2。when3.What4。What5。That6.Why7。Who8.that9.whether10.whetherⅡ。单项填空（名词性从句）1。Oneofthemenheldtheview_______thebooksaidwasright.A。whatthatB.thatwhichC.thatwhatD。whichthat答案:Cview的后面应该是一个同位语从句，所以用that；同位语从句还有一个主语从句，而且该主语从句中的said后面要有宾语，所以用what。2。Wordhascome_______someAmericanguestswillcomeforavisittoourcollegenextweek。A。what B.whether C.that D。which答案：Cword的后面应该跟同位语从句，而且从句中没有疑问，所以答案为that。3.Thequestionis_______thefilmisworthseeing.A.if B.what C.whether D.how答案：C由于主语是question，所以有疑问，同时该连词引起的是表语从句，那么只能选whether。4._______leavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights,whichisaruleinourschool.A.Anyone B。Theperson C.Whoever D.Who答案:C本题句子的意思是:“无论谁最后离开房间一定要把灯关掉。”本题考查连接代词whoever引导的名词性从句，连接代词whoever可以引导名词性从句，并在从句中作主语，相当于anypersonwho或Thepersonwho,意为“一切……的人”。而anyone和theperson均非连词,不能引导从句，况wholeavestheroomlast意为“某个最后离开房间的人"，与题意不符，如果要选A。Anyone或B.Theperson,都必须在它们后面再加上引导定语从句的关系代词who。如果要选D.Who就体现不出“无论谁”的含义了。5.Thereason_______Ihavetogois_______mymotherisillinbed。A。why;why B。why；because C。why;that D。that;because答案：C前面reason是先行词，从句中又不缺主语和宾语，所以用why；后面由于reason作主语，表语从句只能用that，所以答案为C.6。_______Ican'tunderstandis_______shewantstochangehermind.A。What;why B。Which;howC。That;why D。What；because答案：A本句中understand是及物动词，所以要用what引起主语从句；后面应该指的是前面不理解的原因，所以要用why，所以答案为A.7。Itisknowntous_______wherethereispollution,thereisharm.A。which B。where C。what D。that答案:D本句的it为形式主语，所以后面是真正的主语，而且从句意义完整，不缺句子成分,所以应该用that。8.Itremainsaquestion_______wecangetsomuchmoneyinsuchashorttime。A。how B.that C.when D.what答案：A由于表语是question,那就表明后面的主语从句应该有疑问，同时get的后面有宾语,那么就不能用that和what；从句中有了时间状语insuchashorttime，不缺时间状语,所以也不能选C.答案为how，带入之后,也符合句意。9。—Doyouknow_______inspace？—Morethansixtyhours。A。howlongdidFeiJunlongstay B。howlongFeiJunlongstayedC.howlonghadFeiJunlongstayed D.howlongFeiJunlonghadstayed答案:B本题考查名词性从句的语序,应牢记应用陈述语序，而且本句是在说过去的事情，不是谈论过去的过去，所以不能用过去完成时,应用一般过去时。10。The