材料力学双语教学学习资料

_材料力学双语教学学习资料3正文

第一篇：_材料力学双语教学学习资料3

材料力学双语教学学习资料3

主讲教师：陈晓峰

第七章应力和应变分析强度理论

ChapterSevenStressandStrainprincipaIstressesare

notequaItozero.

二向应力状态：一■个主应力为零的应力状AnaIysisStrength

Theories

§7-1应力》失态概述

§7-1ConceptsoftheStateofStress

1.一■点的应力状态：过一■点有无数的截面，

这一点的各个截面上应力情况的集合，称为这点的应力状态。

stateofstressatapoint:TherearecountIesssections

throughapoint.Thegatheringof

stressesinaIIsectionsiscalledthestateofstress

atthispoint.

2.单元体：构件内的点的代表物，是包围被研究点的无限小

的几何体，常用的是正六面体。

EIement:DeIegateofapointinthemember.11isan

infinitesimaIgeometricbodyenveIopingthestudiedpoint.

Incommonuseitisacorrectitudecubicbody.

3.主单元体：各侧面上剪应力均为零的单元体。

prinoipaIeIement:TheeIementinwhichtheshearing

stressesinsidepIanesareaIIzero.4.主平面：剪应

力为零的截面。

PrincipalPIanes:ThepIanesonwhichtheshearing

stressesarezero.

5.主应力：主平面上的正应力。

principalstresses:NormaIstressesactingonthe

principlepIanes.

6.主应力排列规定；按代数值大小

123Conventionoftheorderforthree

principalstresses:InmagnitudeoftheaIgebraiovaIue.

7.三向应力状态：三个主应力都不为零的应力状态。

stateofthetriaxiaIstress(threedimensionaIstate

ofstress):StateofstressthataIIthethree

7

太

o

stateofthebiaxialstress(planestateofstress):

stateofstressthatoneprincipalstressisequaIto

zero.

单向应力状态：一个主应力不为零的应力状态

stateoftheuniaxialstress(unidirectionaIstateof

stress):stateofstressthatoneprincipalstressis

notequaItozero.

§7-2二向应力状态分析---解析法§7-2Analysisof

theStateofPIaneStress-

AnalyticalMethod

1.任意斜截面上的应力：stressesactingin

arbitraryincIinedpIane

2.正负规定：截面外法线同向为正；

绕研究对象顺时针转为正；

逆时针为正。

SignStipuIate:ispositiveifitsdirectionisthe

samewithoneoftheexternaInormaIIineofthesection;

ispositiveifitmaketheeIementrotatecIockwise;

A

countercIockwiseangIeisconsideredtobepositive.

§7-3二向应力状态分析----图解法§7-3Analysisof

theStateofPIaneStress—

GraphicaIMethod

1.应力圆：stresscircle

2.单元体与应力圆的对应关系:

CorrespondingreIationbetweentheeIementandstress

circle

(1)面上的应力(应力圆上一点(

)

(2)面的法线应力圆的半径

(3)两面夹角两半径夹角2;且转向一致。

(1)stress(,)inpIaneapoint(

)onthestresscircumference

(2)normaIIineofpIaneradiusofthestresscircle

(3)angIebetweentwosectionsangle2betweentwo

radiuses;Andthedirectionofrotationisthesame.

§7-10强度理论概述

§7-10ConceptsofStrengthTheories1.材料的破坏形式:

⑴屈服(2)断裂：typesoffailureofmaterials:(1)

yieId(2)rupture

2.强度理论：是关于“构件发生强度失效起因”的假说。

theoriesofstrength:someassumptionsaboutthecause

ofthestrengthfailureofmateriaIs.

§7-11四种常用强度理论

§7-11FourCommonUsedStrengthTheories1.最大拉应

力(第一强度)理论：

认为构件的断裂是由最大拉应力引起的。当最大拉应力达到

单向拉伸的强度极限时，构件就断了。

theoryofthemaximumtensiIestress(thefirststrength

theory):

Thistheoryconsidersthemaincauseofrupturetobe

themaximumtensiIestress.ThememberwiIIruptureas

themaximumtensiIestressreachesthestrengthlimit

inaxialtension.2.最大伸长线应变(第二强度)理论：

认为构件的断裂是由最大伸长线应变引起的。当最大伸长线

应变达到单向拉伸试验下的极限应变时，构件就断了

TheoryofthemaximumtensiIestrain(thesecondstrength

theory):

Thistheoryconsidersthemaincauseofrupturetobe

themaximumtensiIestrain.ThememberwiIIruptureas

themaximumtensiIestrainreachestheIimitstrainin

axialtension3.最大剪应力(第三强度)理论：

认为构件的屈服是由最大剪应力引起的。当最大剪应力达到

单向拉伸试验的极限剪应力时，构件就破坏了。

Theoryofthemaximumshearingstress(thethirdstrength

theory):

Thistheoryconsidersthemaincauseofrupturetobe

themaximumshearingstress.ThememberwiIIruptureas

themaximumshearingstressreachesthelimitshearing

stressinaxialtension.4.畸变能密度(第四强度)理论：

认为构件的屈服是由形状改变比能引起的。当形状改变比能

达到单向拉伸试验屈服时的形状改变比能时，构件就破坏了。

TheoryofthedistortionaIenergydensity(thefourth

strengththeory):

Thistheoryconsidersthemaincauseofyieldtobethe

distortionaIstrainenergy.ThememberwiIIruptureas

thedistortionaIstrainenergyreachesthedistortionaI

strainenergyofyieldinaxialtension

5.相当应力:equivaIentstress6.断裂准则:criterionof

rupture屈月艮准贝|J:criterionofyield

第八章组合变形

ChapterEightCompositeDeformation

§8-1组合变形彳口叠力口原理§8-1CompositeDeformation

and

SuperpositionPrinciple

1.叠加原理的步骤：

Thestepsforprincipleofsuperposition

①外力分析：外力向形心简化并沿形心主惯性轴分解

AnaIysisofexternaIforces:ExternaIforcesarereduced

aIongthecentroidofsectionandresoIvedaIong

principalaxesofinertia.

②内力分析：求每个外力分量对应的内力方程和内力图，确

定危险面。

AnalysisofinternaIforces:DeterminetheinternaI

forceequationanditsdiagramcorrespondingtoeach

externaIforcecomponentandthecriticalsection.

③应力分析：画危险面应力分布图，叠加，建立危险点的强

度条件。Analysisofstresses:PIotthedistribution

diagramofthestressinthecriticalsection,dothe

superpositionofthestressesandestabIishthestrength

conditionofthecriticalpoint.

平均应力。

Criticalstress:averagestressinthecrosssection

§8-2拉伸(或压缩)与弯曲的组合

ofthecompressivecoIumninthecritical

state.§8-2CompositeDeformationofTension

(orCompression)andBending2.柔度(或长细比)：

fIexibiIity

(orsIendernessratio)§8-4扭转与弯曲的组合

§8-4CombinationofTorsionandBending大柔度杆的临

界应力由欧拉公式来求；小柔度杆的临界应力就是它的屈服

极限；中柔度

杆的临界应力由经验公式来求第九章压杆稳定

ThecriticalstressoftheIargefIexibiIitycoIumn

ChapterNineStabiIization

iscaIcuIatedbyEuler,sformuIa.ofCompressive

CoIumns

ThecriticalstressofsmaIIfIexibiIitycoIumnis

itsyieldIimit.§9-1压杆稳定性的概念

ThecriticalstressofthemiddlefIexibiIity§9-1

ConceptsofStabiIityof

coIumnmaybedeterminedbytheempiricaICompressed

CoIumns

formuIa.1.失无急：IossofstabiIity

2.稳定与不稳定平衡：

stabIeandinstabIeequiIibrium§9-5压杆的稳定校核

3.临界压力:criticalpressure§9-5StabiIityCheckof

CompressedCoIumn1.稳定安全因数：safetycoefficientof

stabiIity§9-2两端较支细长压杆的临界压力2.稳定条

件:stabiIitycondition§9-2CriticalPressureofThe

SIenderCompressedCoIumnWithTwoHingedEnds§9-6

提高压杆稳定性的措施1.欧拉公式：EuIer'sformuIa

§9-6MethodtoImproveStabiIityof2.理想压杆：材

料绝对理想；轴线绝对直；压CompressedColumn力绝对沿

轴线作用。1.选择合理的截面形状:choosereasonabIe

IdeaIcompressivecoIumn:themateriaIissectionofthe

coIumn:absoIuteIyideaI;theaxisis2.改变压杆的约束

条件：changeconstraint

conditionofthecoIumnabsoIuteIystraight;the

compressiveforceis

absoIuteIyaIongtheaxisofthecoIumn.3.合理选择材

料：choosereasonabIemateriaI.

§9-3其它支座条件下细长压杆的临界压力第十章动载荷

§9-3CriticaIPressureofTheSIenderCompressed

ChapterTenDynamicLoad

CoIumnWithOtherEndConditions

§10-1概述1.长度系数（约束系数）：length

coefficient

（orconstraintcoefficient）§10-1Introduction

2.两端较支：twohingedends1.静载荷：staticIoads

TheIoadsdon'tchangewithtime（orchange3.一端固

定另端自由：

onefixedendandonefreeendverystabIyandslowly）

andacceIerationofeach

memberiszeroormaybenegIected4.两端固定：twofixed

ends

5.一端固定另端较支：2.动载荷:dynamicIoadsonefixedend

andonehingedendTheIoadschangesharpIywithtime

andtheveIocityofthememberchangesobviousIy

§9-4欧拉公式的适用范围经验公式

§9-4AppIicationRangeofEuler'sFormuIa§9-2动

静法的应用EmpiricaIFormuIa§9-2AppIicationofThe

Methodof1.临界应力：压杆处于临界状态时横截面上的

KineticStatics

1.惯性力：inertiaforce

2.动荷系数：dynamicIoadcoefficient

3.达朗伯原理：处于不平衡状态的物体，存在惯性力，惯性

力的方向与加速度方向相反，惯性力的数值等于加速度与质

量的乘积。只要在物体上加上惯性力，就可以把动力学问题

在形式上作为静力学问题来处理，这就是动静法。

D'Alembert'sprinciple:ThereisinertiaIforceonthe

bodyinunequiIibrium.ThedirectionoftheinertiaI

forceisoppositetotheacceIerationofthebodyand

themagnitudeoftheinertiaIforceistheproductof

themassandtheacceIerationofthebody.Afterthe

inertiaIforceisappIiedonthebodythedynamicprobIem

maybedea11withthestaticprobIeminform,whichis

calledthemethodofkineticstatics.

Exercise1:Thestateofstressatapointasshown.

(unit:Mpa),trytodeterminethethreeprincipal

stresses,(eitherbyanalyticalmethodorbygraphicaI

method).Andcomputethe

equivaIentstressofthefourthstrengththeory.

Exercise4:AhoIIowcircuIarshaftisshowninthefigure.

Itsinsidediameterisd=24mmanditsoutsidediameter

isD=30mm.ThediametersofpulleyBandDare

respectivelyD1=400mmandD2=600mm,P1=600N,[]=100MPa.

Trytocheckthestrengthoftheshaftwiththethird

strengththeory.

Exercise5:Acompressedrodproducesthebending

deformationduetotheIossofstabiIity.Abeamproduces

thebendingdeformationduetotheactionoftransverse

forces.Whatarethedifferencesofthetwoinnature?

Exercise2:AcircuIarrodmadeofcastironissubjected

totheIoadsT=7kNm,P=50kNasshowninthefigure.Its

diameterisd=0.1m,[]=40MPa.Trytocheckthe

strengthoftherodaccordingtothetheoryofthefirst

strength.

Exercise3:Thecross-sectionareaofthe

square-sectionrodisreducedhaIfatthesectionmn.

TrytodeterminethemaximumtensiIestressatthe

sectionmnduetotheaxialforceP.

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第三篇：双语教学辅助资料

《免疫学导论》（于善谦等编，高等教育出版社）

双语教学辅助资料

AuxiIiaryMateriaIofBiIinguaITeaching

forIntroductiontoImmunology

蚌埠医学院免疫学教研室

DepartmentofImmunology,BengbuMedicaICoIIege

Feb.toJun.20XX

CONTENTS

CHAPTERONEINTRODUCTION1-1Originationand

deveIopmentofImmunoIogy1-2EssentiaIpointsof

conceptsofimmunoIogy

CHATPTERTWOANTIGEN2-1Basicconceptandtypesof

antigen2-2ThemoIecuIarbaseofantigen2-3The

immunologicalfeaturesofantigen2-4Invasiveand

infectiousantigens

CHAPTERTHREEANTIBODIES3-1Structuresandclassesof

immunogIobuIins3-2ThegeneofimmunogIobuIins3-3

SynthesisandsecretionofimmunogIobuIins

CHAPTERFOURCOMPLEMENTSYSTEM

4-1Compositionandphysiochemicalpropertiesof

compIementsystem4-2CompIementactivation4-3The

controIofcompIementreactionandbiologicaleffectof

compIements4-4BiosynthesisofcompIementand

compIementdeficiency

CHAPTERFIVECELLS,TISSUESANDORGANSOFIMMUNESYSTEM

5-1ThestructureandfunctionoforgansandIymphoid

tissueandorgans5-2Thecellsinimmunesystem

CHAPTERSIXMAJORHISTOCOMPATIBILITYCOMPLEX

6-1StructureandfunctionofmajorhistocompatibiIity

antigen6-2Genestructureandgeneticsofmajor

histocompatibiItycompIex6-3ThePrincipleand

appIicationofdetectionforMHO

CHAPTERSEVENANTIGEN-ANTIBODYREACTIONANDITS

APPLICATION7-1Antibodypreparations

7-2Theprincipleofantigen-antibodyreaction7-3

Commontechniquesinimmuno-analysis

CHAPTEREITHTCELLMEDIATEDIMMUNERESPONSE

8-1Basicconceptforimmuneresponse8-2Thebasic

processofimmuneresponse,8-3CeIIapoptosisand

immunity

CHAPTERNINEIMMUNEREGULATION9-1Theregulationof

antigenandantibodyinthe

immuneresponse

9-2ThereguIatoryeffectofimmunecellsin

immuneresponse

9-3InterIeukinsandImmunereguIation9-4Immune

toIerance

CHAPTERTENHYPERSENSITIVITY10-1TypeI

Hypersensitivity

10-2TypeIIHypersensitivity(Cytotoxic

Hypersensitivity)

10-3TypeIIIHypersensitivity(ImmunecompIex

hypersensitivity)

10-4TypeIVHypersensitivity(DeIayedType

Hypersensitivity)

CHAPTERELEVENABNORMALIMMUNE

RESPONSES

11-1Autoimmuneresponse11-2TranspIantation

Immunology11-3Anti-tumorImmunology11-4ImmunoIogic

deficiency

CHAPTERTWELVETHEEVOLUTIONOF

IMMUNESYSTEM

12-1Theimmunityofinvertebrateanimals12-2The

immuneevoIutionofvertebrateanimalsCHAPTERONE

INTRODUCTION(绪言)

1-1

OriginationanddeveIopmentof1-2

EssentiaIpointsofconceptsofImmunologyimmunology

1-1-1Infectionandimmunityof1-2-1Innateimmunity

andacquireddiseasesimmunity

1-1-2FoundationanddeveIopmentof1-2-2Immune

responsethediscipIineofImmunoIogy1-2-3Immunology

andpracticaIIy1-1-3RecentdeveIopmentof

appIicationsImmunology1-2-4BranchesofImmunology

andtheirdeveIopment

Theterm"IMMUNITY”,originalIy,andmightstillbe

consideredbypeopIe,meanstheabilityofhostto

resistancetoinfectiousdisease.However,themodern

conceptofimmunityisconferringthehostthespecific

functiontorecognizeandneutraIizeand/oreIiminate

foreignmateriaIsorsubstances(biologicalor

non-biologicaI,andevensometimeseIftissue

components)tomaintainthehomeostasisofhostinternaI

environment.

ImmunityinoIudesinnateimmunityandacquiredimmunity,

theformerisinherent,veryquick,andnon-specific

respondtoinvasivepathogens;whereastheIatteris

acquiredandadaptedafterbirthofhost,andinduced

specificrespondtoforeignmateriaI(infectiousor

noninfectious).

TheImmunologyisastudytofocusingonhowofhostto

recognitionofseIfandnon-seIf,andhowoftheresponse

toforeignmateriaI(Antigen)and

1-1OriginationanddeveIopmentofImmunology1-1-1

InfectionofandimmunitytodiseasesFetaIepidemic

disease,smaIIpox(varioIa),deadratebysmaIIpox

30-40%;kiIIedmiIIionsofpeopIesinthisgIobebefore

nineteenthcentury.FromSongDynastyChinesedoctor

investedatechniquecalledvarioIation(人痘接种法)to

preventchiIdrenfromsmaIIpox

1798,anyoungdoctorinEngIand,Jenner,createdanew

method,vaccination(牛痘接种法),topreventthe

chiIdrenfromsmaIIpox,andfinalIy,byusingthisvery

effectivetechnique,thesmaIIpox,afataIepidemic

diseasehasbeeneIiminatedintheworId,statedbythe

WHOin1979.

orbiIitysmaIIpox,measIes(,thypho,choIera(伤寒)，

anthrax鼠疫鼠疫，疟疾malaria1-1-2Foundationand

deveIopmentofthediscipIineofImmunology

(1)1.Foundationofimmunology

(1)LouisPasteur,wasafamousbiochemistinFrancein

19thcentury,contributedhisIotsofeffortto

immunizationtopreventanimalandhumanfromseveraI

seriousdiseases(cholera霍舌,Lanthrax炭疽，rabies(狂

犬病)---vaccination---activeimmunization

(2).DeveIopmentofexperimentaIimmunoIogy

1-1-3RecentdeveIopmentofImmunoIogy(1).Humoral

immunology,

(2).CelIuIarimmunoIogy

1-2EssentiaIpointsofconceptsofimmunoIogy1-2-1

Innateimmunityandacquiredimmunity

1-2-2immuneresponse

1-2-3ImmunologyandpracticaIIyappIications

1-2-4BranchesofImmunologyandtheirdeveIopment

Basicconceptordefinitionfortheterm"IMMUNITY",

originalIy,andusuaIIystillbeconsideredbycommon

peopIe,meanstheabiIityofhosttoresistanceto

infectiousdisease.However,atpresent,themodern

conceptofimmunity,isconferringthehostspecific

functionstorecognizeandfinalneutralizeand/or

eIiminateforeignmateriaIsorsubstances(biological

ornon-biological,andevensometimeseIf)tomaintain

thehomeostasisofhostinternaIenvironment.

ImmunityincIudeinnateimmunityandacquiredimmunity,

theformerisinherent,veryquick,andnon-specific

respondtoinvasivepathogens;whereastheIatteris

acquiredandadaptedafterbirthofhost,andinduced

specificrespondtoforeignmateriaI(infectiousor

noninfectious).

TheImmunologyisastudytofocusingonhowofhostto

recognitionofseIfandnon-seIf,andhowoftheresponse

toforeignmateriaI(Antigen)and

1-1OriginationanddeveIopmentofImmunology1-1-1

Infectionofandimmunitytodiseases

FetaIepidemicdisease,smaIIpox(varioIa),deadrate

bysmaIIpox30-40%;FromSongDynastyChinesedoctor

investedatechniquecalledvarioIation(人痘接种法)to

preventchiIdrenfromsmaIIpox

1798,anyoungdoctorinEngIand,Jenner,createdanew

method,vaccination(牛痘接种法)，topreventthe

chiIdrenfromsmaIIpox,andfinalIy,byusingthisvery

effectivetechnique,thesmaIIpox,afataIepidemic

diseasehasbeeneliminatedintheworId,statedbythe

WHOin1979.

orbiIitysmaIIpox,measIes（,thypho,choIera（伤寒）

霍乱，anthrax炭疽鼠疫鼠疫,疟疾malaria

1-1-2FoundationanddeveIopmentofthediscipIineof

Immunology

1-1-3RecentdeveIopmentofImmunology

1-2EssentiaIpointsofconceptsofimmunoIogy1-2-1

Innateimmunityandacquiredimmunity

1-2-2immuneresponse

1-2-3ImmunologyandpracticaIIyappIications

1-2-4BranchesofImmunologyandtheirdeveIopment

CHATPTERTWOANTIGEN（抗原）

2-1Basicconceptandtypesofantigen2-1-1antigenand

immunogen2-1-2cIasses/typesofantigen

2-2ThemoIecuIarbaseofantigen2-2-1chemicaI

featuresofantigen2-2—2antigendeterminants

2-3Theimmunologicalfeaturesofantigen2-3-1The

exogenicityofantigen2-3-2ThereIationof

immunogenecity

2-1Basicconceptandtypesofantigen2-1-1antigenand

immunogen

2-1-2cIasses/typesofantigen

2-2ThemoIecuIarbaseofantigen2-2-1chemicaI

featuresofantigen

2-2-2antigendeterminants

toindividuaIandimmunizationmanner

2-3-3Thespecificityofantigenand

immuno-predominanceofantigen

2-3-4Theimmunologicfeatureof

hapten

2-4Invasiveandinfectiousantigens2-4-1Bacteria

2-4-2Fungi2-4-3virus

2-3Theimmunologicalfeaturesofantigen2-3-1The

exogenicityofantigen

2-3-2ThereIationofimmunogenecitytoindividuaIand

immunizationmanner

2-3-3Thespecificityofantigenand

immuno-predominanceofantigen

2-3-4Theimmunologicfeatureofhapten

2-4Invasiveandinfectiousantigens2-4-1Bacteria

2-4-2Fungi

2-4-3VirusCHAPTERTHREEANTIBODIES（抗体）

3-1StructuresandcIassesofImmunogIobuIins3-1-1The

basicstructureofantibodies3-1-2CIassesandtypes

ofimmunogIobuIins3-2ThegeneofimmunogIobuIins3-2-1

ThegenestructuresofimmunogIobuIins3-2-2

Rearrangementandexpression

ofimmunogIobuIingenes

3-2-3Thediversityof

immunogIobuIingenes

3-3Synthesisandsecretionof

immunogIobuIin

3-3-1HumoraIimmuneresponseand

theproductionofantibodies

3-3-2Expression,assembIeand

secretionofimmunogIobuIin3-1StructuresandcIasses

ofImmunogIobuIins3-1-1Thebasicstructureof

antibodies

3-1-2CIassesandtypesofimmunogIobuIins

3-2ThegeneofimmunogIobuIins3-2-1Thegene

structuresofimmunogIobuIins

3-2-2RearrangementandexpressionofimmunogIobuIin

genes

3-2-3ThediversityofimmunogIobuIingenes

3-3SynthesisandsecretionofimmunogIobuIin3-3-1

HumoraIimmuneresponseandtheproductionofantibodies

3-3-2Expression,assembIeandsecretionof

immunoglobulinCHAPTERFOURCOMPLEMENTSYSTEM（补体系

统）

4-1Compositionandphysiochemicalpropertiesof

compIementsystem4-1-1NomencIatureofcompIement

components4-1-2ThephysiochemicaIpropertiesof

compIementcomponents4-2

CompIementactivation4-2-1TheCIassicaIpathwayof

compIementactivation4-2-2TheIectinpathwayof

compIementactivation4-2-3TheaIternativepathwayof

compIementactivation.4-2-4MembranelysingcompIex

formationinIatephaseofcompIementactivation4-2-5

Comparisonofthreepathways

incompIementactivation

4-3ThecontroIofcompIement

reactionandbiologicaleffectofcompIements

4-3-1ReguIatingproteinof

compIementactivationinserum

4-3-2ReguIateproteinonthesurface

ofceIImembrane

4-3-3CompIementreceptors4-3-4Thebiological

functionof

compIementprotein

4-4

BiosynthesisofcompIementand

compIementdeficiency

4-4-1ThegeneofcompIements

4-4-2ThebiosynthesisofcompIement4-4-3CompIement

deficiencyand

compIementdeficientdiseases4-1Compositionand

physiochemicaIpropertiesofcompIementsystem4-1-1

NomencIatureofcompIementcomponents

4-1-2ThephysiochemicaIpropertiesofcompIement

components

4-2CompIementactivation

4-2-1TheCIassicaIpathwayofcompIementactivation

4-2-2TheIectinpathwayofcompIementactivation

4-2-3TheaIternativepathwayofcompIementactivation.

4-2-4MembranelysingcompIexformationinIatephase

ofcompIementactivation

4-2-5ComparisonofthreepathwaysincompIement

activation

4-3ThecontroIofcompIementreactionandbiological

effectofcompIements

4-3-1ReguIatingproteinofcompIementactivationin

serum

4-3-2ReguIateproteinonthesurfaceofceIImembrane

4-3-3CompIementreceptors

4-3-4ThebiologicalfunctionofcompIementprotein

4-4