在20世纪50年代的美国(54)公开课获奖课件

Ms.SusanM.Pojer

Ms.JennyStraderTHE1950s:“Anxiety,Alienation,andSocialUnrest”??“Conservatism,Complacency,andContentment”ORILikeIke-KoreanWarendsTruman’spopularity-1952electionwonbyDwightEisenhower

NixonisV.P. “CheckersSpeech”-speechwherehedeniesallegationsthathereceivedgifts,excepttheirfamilydogCheckers-MiddleorStraightRoadpolicies IkepursuespoliciesbetweenLaissez-faireandNewDealactivismKoreanWar-KoreanWarhaddestroyedTruman’spopularity-Eisenhowerpledgedanendtothewar-Warendsinaceasefireattheoriginal38thparallelCommunistFears-McCarthyism Ikeneverdirectlychallengedhisclaims-Spycaseskeptissuebeforethepublic-developmentofahydrogenbombthatismuchmorepowerful-scientistsopposedthenewweaponbutitproceeded-19521st

H-bombistested-1953USSRteststheirownH-bombBrinkofWar-JohnFosterDulleswasSec.OfState-containmentofcommunismbasedonthreatofwar-massiveretaliationusingnuclearweapons-reducedsizeofregularforcesandbuildupofnucleararsenal-Beganthearmsrace-racetoseewhohadmostpowerfulnucleararsenal-citizensbuildbackyardbombsheltersandpracticeairraiddrills -”DuckandCover”-nameofdrilltaughttochildrenandUScitizensBrinkofWarBrinkofWarColdWarSpreads-newlydevelopedCIA -covertactionsinIranandGuatemala-1953,JosephStalindiedandtensionsseemedtorelax NikitaKrushchev:newCommunistleaderofSovietUnion-SovietsuppressionofHungarianRevolt,1954-UShadpromisedsupportbutnotdeliverbecauseoffearofnuclearwar-WarsawPactformedin1955-EisenhowerDoctrine--statedagainthattheU.S.shouldtrytodefendanynationagainstcommunism;sentaidtoMiddleEasttoprotectoilinterestsSpaceRace-1957,USSRdevelopsICBM:intercontinentalballisticmissiles(missilesthatcantravelbetweencontinentstodeliverH-bombstotheirtargets) newthreatoflongrangenuclearattackUSlaggedbehindtheSovietUnioninmissiledevelopment-Oct.1957,USSRlaunchesSputnik:firstartificialsatellitetoorbitearth confirmsdevelopmentofICBMsSpaceRace-greatembarrassmenttotheU.S. creationofNASAtocatchup-NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration-independentagencyforspaceexploration-U.S.launchessatelliteinearly1958-RacetoSpaceandtheMoonhadbegunU-2-U.S.intelligencebeginsspymissionsoverUSSR-U-2Spyplanewassupposedlyundetectablebecauseitflew15milesaboutground-SovietSummitscheduled-May,1960 GaryFrancisPowerswasshotdowninhisU-2planeoverRussia-theyusedaGUIDEDmissileagaindemonstratingtheiradvantageinmissiledevelopment-ColdWarescalatesEisenhowerLegacy-EndedKoreanWar-RedScareContinues-SpaceProgramBegins-EconomicBoomofthe50’s-ReturntomoreConservativegovernmentSuburbia-mostnewhomeswereinthesuburbs-babyboomgeneration-Medicalbreakthroughs JonasSalk-developedthevaccineforpolio,mostfeareddiseaseinchildren-Childrearing Dr.Spock’sinfluence-convincedAmericanparentstodoteandloveontheirchildren1A.BabyBoomItseemstomethateveryotheryounghousewifeIseeispregnant.

--BritishvisitortoAmerica,19581957

1babybornevery7seconds1B.BabyBoomDr.BenjaminSpock

andtheAndersonQuintuplets2A.SuburbanLiving$7,990or$60/monthwithnodownpayment.Levittown,L.I.:“TheAmericanDream”1949

WilliamLevittproduced

150housesperweek.2A.SuburbanLiving:

TheNew“AmericanDream”1storyhigh12’x19’livingroom2bedroomstiledbathroomgaragesmallbackyardfrontlawnBy1960

1/3oftheU.S.populationin

thesuburbs.2B.SuburbanLiving

SHIFTSINPOPULATION

DISTRIBUTION,

1940-1970

1940

1950

1960

1970CentralCities 31.6%32.3% 32.6%32.0%Suburbs 19.5%23.8% 30.7%41.6%RuralAreas/ 48.9%43.9% 36.7%26.4%SmallTowns

U.S.BureauoftheCensus.2c.SuburbanLiving:

TheTypicalTVSuburbanFamiliesTheDonnaReedShow

1958-1966LeaveIt

toBeaver

1957-1963FatherKnowsBest

1954-1958TheOzzie&HarrietShow

1952-1966AmericanDream-dreamofasuccessfullifeIncomenearlydoubledin1950s-growthofbigbusiness

conglomerates:acorporationmadeupofthreeormoreUNRELATEDbusinesses

franchising:abusinessthatcontractstooffercertaingoodsandservicesfromalargerparentcompany-conformity:everyoneobsessedwithbeingthesame!“KeepingUpwiththeJoneses” individualitydisappearsincorporatelifeConsumerism-buyingofmaterialgoods-newproducts polyester,Teflon,electronics-plannedobsolescence-creditcardsInstallmentplan-advertisinginfluence-grewgreatlybecauseofTV3a.Consumerism1950

IntroductionoftheDiner’sCardAllbabieswerepotentialconsumerswhospearheadedabrand-newmarketforfood,clothing,andshelter.

--LifeMagazine(May,1958)3B.Consumerism4A.AChangingWorkplace

Automation:1947-1957

factoryworkersdecreasedby

4.3%,eliminating1.5million

blue-collarjobs.By1956

morewhite-collarthanblue-collar

jobsintheU.S.Computers

MarkI(1944).FirstIBM

mainframecomputer(1951).CorporateConsolidation:By1960

600corporations(1/2%ofall

U.S.companies)accountedfor

53%oftotalcorporateincome.

WHY??ColdWarmilitarybuildup.4B.AChangingWorkplaceNewCorporateCulture:

“TheCompanyMan”1956

SloanWilson’s

TheManin

theGrayFlannelSuitCarCulture-post-warboomperiod-growthofsuburbia-InterstateHighwaySystemLargestpublicworksprograminUShistory-hiddenagendatomovemilitarytroopsandnuclearweaponsifneeded-truckingindustry-socialeffects-connectedAmericans!Newindustriesdevelop-motel,drive-ins5A.TheCultureoftheCar

Carregistrations:1945

25,000,000

1960

60,000,0002-familycarsdoublesfrom1951-19581956

InterstateHighwayAct

largest

publicworksprojectinAmerican

history!Cost$32billion.41,000milesofnewhighwaysbuilt.1959ChevyCorvette1958PinkCadillac5B.TheCultureoftheCarFirstMcDonald’s(1955)Americabecameamorehomogeneousnationbecauseoftheautomobile.Drive-InMoviesHowardJohnson’s5C.TheCultureoftheCar

TheU.S.populationwasonthemoveinthe1950s.NE&Mid-W

S&SW(“Sunbelt”states)1955

DisneylandopenedinSouthernCalifornia.

(40%oftheguestscamefromoutside

California,mostbycar.)FrontierLandMainStreetTomorrowLandTelevision-Widelyavailablein1948-FCCstronglycontrolstheindustry-GoldenAgeofTelevision MiltonBerle LucilleBall-comedianonfamilysitcom“ILoveLucy” EdwardR.Murrow-newsanchor QuizShows-TwentyOne-spurredotherindustriesEffectsofT.V.-womenoftenappearsasperfecthomemakers-moremalesrepresented-fewminoritiesseen-portrayedidealAmerica-programmingconcerns quizshowscandals-winnersonTwentyOnehadcheated,beentoldanswersaheadoftime6A.Television

1946

7,000TVsetsintheU.S.

1950

50,000,000TVsetsintheU.S.MassAudience

TVcelebratedtraditional

Americanvalues.Televisionisavastwasteland.

NewtonMinnow,ChairmanoftheFederalCommunicationsCommission,1961Truth,Justice,andtheAmericanway!6B.Television–TheWesternDavyCrockett

KingoftheWildFrontierTheLoneRanger

(andhisfaithful

sidekick,Tonto):

Whoisthatmaskedman??SheriffMattDillon,Gunsmoke6C.Television-FamilyShowsILoveLucyTheHoneymoonersGlossyviewofmostly

middle-classsuburbanlife.

But...SocialWinners?...AND…Losers?Beatniks-beatmovement socialandliterarynon-conformistsBeganinNYCGreenwichVillageneighborhood-non-materiallifestyle-criticizedalltheconsumergoodsandkeepingupwiththeJones-setprecedentforthehippygeneration-clashedwithregularAmericaRock-n-Roll-AlanFreed-DJinClevelandwhocoinednamerock-n-roll-LittleRichard,ChuckBerry,BillHaley,BuddyHolly,ElvisPresley-EdSullivanShow-DickClark-becamethehostofAmericanBandstand-reactiontorockmusic-OlderAmericansfeareditwouldleadtoimmoralityandmixtheraces7A.TeenCultureInthe1950s

theword“teenager”entered

theAmericanlanguage.By1956

13mil.teenswith$7bil.tospend

ayear.1951

“racemusic”

“ROCK‘NROLL”ElvisPresley

“TheKing”7B.TeenCulture“JuvenileDelinquency”???MarlonBrandoin

TheWildOne(1953)JamesDeanin

RebelWithoutaCause(1955)1951

J.D.Salinger’s

ACatcherintheRye7C.TeenCultureThe“Beat”Generation:JackKerouac

OnTheRoadAllenGinsberg

poem,“Howl”NealCassadyWilliamS.Burroughs“Beatnik”“Clean”Teen7D.TeenCultureBehavioralRulesofthe1950s:ObeyAuthority.ControlYourEmotions.Don’tMakeWavesFitin

withtheGroup.Don’tEvenThinkAboutSex!!!8A.ReligiousRevival

TodayintheU.S.,theChristianfaithisbackinthecenterofthings.

--Timemagazine,1954Churchmembership:1940

64,000,000

1960

114,000,000TelevisionPreachers:1.CatholicBishopFultonJ.Sheen

“Lifeis

WorthLiving”2.MethodistMinisterNormanVincentPeale

ThePowerofPositiveThinking3.ReverendBillyGraham

ecumenicalmessage;

warnedagainsttheevilsofCommunism.8B.ReligiousRevivalHollywood:apexofthebiblicalepics.It’sun-Americantobeun-religious!

--TheChristianCentury,1954

TheRobeTheTenCommandmentsBenHur

195319561959WomeninAmerica-manyworkingwomenwerepaidlessandrestrictedtocertainjobs-roleofwomen -glorifiedroleofthehousewife -boredomandunfulfillment-BettyFreidan “FeminineMystique”-bookthatchallengedconformityandwomen’slimitedroles-beginningofwomen’sliberationmovement9A.Well-DefinedGenderRolesTheidealmodernwomanmarried,cookedand

caredforherfamily,andkeptherselfbusybyjoiningthelocalPTAandleadingatroopofCampfireGirls.Sheentertainedguestsinherfamily’ssuburbanhouseandworkedoutonthetrampolinetokeephersize12figure.

--Lifemagazine,1956Marilyn

MonroeTheideal1950smanwastheprovider,protector,

andthebossofthehouse.--Lifemagazine,19551956

WilliamH.Whyte,Jr.

The

OrganizationManamiddle-class,whitesuburban

maleistheideal.9B.Well-DefinedGenderRolesChangingSexualBehavior:

AlfredKinsey:

1948

SexualBehaviorintheHuman

Male

1953

SexualBehaviorintheHuman

FemalePremaritalsexwascommon.Extramaritalaffairswerefrequent

amongmarriedcouples.Kinsey’sresultsareanassaultonthefamily

asabasicunitofsociety,anegationofmorallaw,andacelebrationoflicentiousness.

--Lifemagazine,early1950s10A.ProgressThroughScience1951--FirstIBMMainframeComputer1952--HydrogenBombTest1953--DNAStructureDiscovered1954--SalkVaccineTeste