【世界经济论坛】促进本土贸易：政府的可操作指南-2025.3

EnablingIndigenousTrade:ActionableGuidance

forGovernments

WHITEPAPERMARCH2025

Images:GettyImages

Contents

Executivesummary3

Introduction4

1

Internationalcommunity7

1.1Internationalagreements7

1.2Internationalprogrammesandinitiatives10

2

Nationalcommunity11

2.1Tradeagreements11

2.2Indigenousinvolvementintradepolicy-making13

2.3Tradepromotionandfacilitation14

2.4Governmentfinancingandinvestment17

2.5Nationallegislation17

Conclusion21

Contributors22

Endnotes23

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EnablingIndigenousTrade:ActionableGuidanceforGovernments2

EnablingIndigenousTrade:ActionableGuidanceforGovernments3

March2025

EnablingIndigenousTrade:

ActionableGuidanceforGovernments

Executivesummary

GovernmentscansupportIndigenous

tradethroughactionsattheinternational,nationalandlocallevels,guidedby

Indigenousinterestsandpriorities.

Thispaperexploresthegrowinginterestinthe

inclusionofIndigenousPeoplesininternational

trade.Governments,internationalorganizations,

businessesandIndigenousorganizationsallhavecrucialrolestoplayinrealizingthisobjective.Thepaperhighlightsthegapinactionableguidance

forgovernmentstosupportIndigenousbusinessparticipationintheglobaleconomyandintroducesatypologyofmeasuresthattheycanuseto

promoteIndigenousinclusionintradeatdifferentlevels,whetheritbeinternational,nationalorlocal.

Itskeypointsinclude:

–ThehistoricalcontextandvalueofIndigenoustrade,illustratingitsculturalsignificanceandthechallengesfacedbyIndigenouscommunities

duetoexclusionfromtradepolicydevelopment.

–ThevarioustradebarriersIndigenouscommunitiesface,includingaccesstofinanceandinfrastructureandthecomplexitiesoftraderegulations.

–Thecriticalneedforinclusivetradepolicies,processesandpracticesthatpromote

Indigenouseconomicempowerment.

–Thedevelopmentofmeasuresatlocal,

nationalandinternationallevelsto

facilitateIndigenousinclusionintheglobaltradesystem.

–Examplesofinternational,regionalandnationalinitiativesthatgovernmentsmayconsideradoptingtoenableIndigenousinclusionintrade.

Thispaperrecommendsvariousgovernment

actions.Theseinclude:collaborativelydevelopingIndigenoustradestrategiesbuildingonthetypologypresented;organizingworkshopsontechnical

provisionstomakethatinformationaccessibletonon-technicalaudiences;exploringalternativecapital-raisingmethods;andimplementing

impactassessments.

Introduction

IndigenousPeoples’inclusionininternationaltradeisagrowingareaofinterestformanygovernments,especiallyastradeobjectivesevolveanddiversify.

Atypologyofgovernmentmeasuresenabling

Indigenoustrade

IndigenousPeoples’inclusionininternationaltradeiscriticalforachievingsustainability,protecting

cultureandlanguageandreducingglobaleconomicdisparities.Whilemoregovernmentsrecognize

this,thereremainsasignificantgapinproviding

actionableguidanceoneffectivelysupporting

Indigenousbusinessparticipation.Thispaperaimstoaddressthisgapbyofferingacomprehensive

typologyofmeasuresthatstakeholderscanusetoidentifyandadaptgoodpublic-sectorpracticesforIndigenousinclusionintrade,recognizingthatthesemustbecomplementedbyIndigenous-ledand

businessinitiatives.Itskeyaimsareto:

–Raiseawarenessoftherangeofpublic

programmes,initiativesandmeasuresgloballytosupportIndigenousinclusionintrade.

–Guidepolicy-makersandadvocatesonwhere

tosourceideasandexamplesastheyforge

theirownIndigenousinclusionpathways.

Indeterminingtherangeofmeasuresincluded

withinthetypology,thispaperfocusesonstate-ledorstate-influencedmeasuresattheinternational

anddomesticlevelsthathaveanexplicit

connectiontoorfocusonIndigenousPeoples,

ratherthantrademeasuresorpoliciesthatapplygenerally.Indevelopingthistypology,itwas

criticaltomaintainaclearfocusonelementsthatdirectlyaffectthestructural,policyandproceduraldimensionsoftrade.Thetypologyisdesigned

acrosstwositelevels:theinternationalcommunityandthenationalcommunity.Withineachsite

level,thetypologyexploresthelaws,policies,processesandpracticesthathaveenhancedoutcomesforIndigenousPeopleintradeandenterprisedevelopment.

EnablingIndigenousTrade:ActionableGuidanceforGovernments4

FIGURE1

Thereis

globalvariance

ineconomic

development

withinIndigenouscommunities

andpotentialforimprovingtheireconomicwellbeing

throughtrade.

TypologyofgovernmentmeasuresforIndigenousinclusionintrade

1.1Internationalagreements

1.2Internationalprogrammesandinitiatives

1Internationalcommunity

2Nationalcommunity

2.2Indigenousinvolvementintradepolicy-making

2.1Tradeagreements

StandaloneIndigenoustradearrangements;standaloneIndigenouschapters;exceptions

andcarve-outsforIndigenousPeoples;othertradeprovisionsrelatedtoIndigenousPeoples

2.3Tradepromotionandfacilitation

Exportcapacitydevelopment;trademissionsandevents

2.4Governmentfinancingandinvestment

2.5Nationallegislation

Treatyandconstitutionalprotections;intellectualandculturalpropertyprotections;publicprocurementpolicies;landandnaturalresourceprotection

relyingheavilyontourismandniche-market

demandsforuniqueorartisanfoodsandcrafts

tosustaintheirlivelihoods.However,thereare

alsoexamplesoflargerIndigenousexporting

companiesthathaveusedmarketaccessand

tariffreductionsinfree-tradeagreementsorhave

otherwiseforgedinternationalpartnershipstoplacetheirproductsontheshelvesofmajoreconomiessuchasChina,JapanandtheUnitedStates.

Indigenousbusinessesalsooperateinsectorslikethedigitaleconomy,AI,virtualreality,renewable

energyandregenerativeagriculture.These

scenarioshighlighttheglobalvarianceineconomicdevelopmentwithinIndigenouscommunities,

aswellastheimmensepotentialforimprovingtheireconomicwell-beingthroughtradeandenterprisedevelopment.

ValuingIndigenoustrade

Indigenoustradehasdeepculturalroots,

characterizedbyaholisticapproachthatvalues

relationships,natureandspirituality.Historically,

Indigenouscommunitiesdevelopedextensive

tradingnetworksthatfacilitatedtheexchange

ofgoods,cultureandknowledgeacrossvast

geographicalareas.Despitethisrichheritage,

manyIndigenouscommunitiestodayface

significantchallengesinparticipatinginglobaltradeduetotheirlimitedaccesstomarkets,financeandinfrastructure,alongsidecomplextraderegulations.

Today,Indigenoustradeisoftenlimitedtolocalmarkets,withIndigenousbusinessesoperatingassmallholderfarmers,producersandartisans

EnablingIndigenousTrade:ActionableGuidanceforGovernments5

EnablingIndigenousTrade:ActionableGuidanceforGovernments6

6.2%

ofthetotalglobalpopulationis

comprisedof

IndigenousPeople.

Currentlandscape

IndigenousPeoplecomprise6.2%(around

476.6million)ofthetotalglobalpopulation.Most

(approximately70%)liveintheAsia-Pacificregion,buttheireconomiccircumstancesvarywidely.1

Theyarepredominantlyengagedinagriculture

(55%),withmarketservices(includingtrade,

transport,accommodation,foodandadministrativeservices)beingthenextmostsignificantsector

(17%).2Nearlythree-quartersofallIndigenous

Peopleliveinruralandremoteareaswhichisa

keytradebarrier(forexample,remoteIndigenous

smallandmedium-sizedenterprises[SMEs]in

Canadawere65%lesslikelytoexport3)but

regionaldifferencesaresignificant,from31%

livingrurallyinNorthAmericato82%inAfrica.4

IndigenousPeoplefacedisproportionatepoverty,

withnearly19%ofallpeoplelivingonlessthan

$1.90adaybeingfromIndigenouscommunities.5Indigenouswomenfacefurtherdisparities,

contendingnotonlywitheconomicchallengesbutalsowithgender-basedviolenceanddiscrimination,exacerbatingtheiralreadymarginalizedposition

withinsocietyasIndigenous.

Indigenouscommunitiesareengagedina

protractedprocessofreclaimingtheirhistories,

knowledgeandeconomicdestinies,drivenby

adeepdesiretoexerciseself-determinationin

linewiththeirminimumbasicrightsassetoutin

theUnitedNationsDeclarationontheRightsof

IndigenousPeoples(UNDRIP).Theyfulfilacrucialroleinprotectingbiodiversityandmaintainingtheecologicalbalanceoftheirancestrallands,afactorincreasinglyrelevantinsustainable-tradecontexts.

DespiteIndigenousPeoplessignificant

environmentalcontributions,thepromotionof

majorinfrastructureprojectsasdevelopment

initiativescontinuestothreatentheecosystems

andbiodiversitytheyhavespentthousandsof

yearsnurturinganddefending.Further,theyare

oftendisplaced,theirlandscontaminatedandtheirlivelihoodsandculturesdestroyedduetothisform

oftradeandinvestment-relatedactivity.Giventhe

criticalroleofIndigenousPeoplesinclimateaction

andbiodiversitypreservation,thereisanurgentneedtoactivelyinvolvetheminglobaltradediscussions.Thisinvolvementisessentialtorectifythelong-

standingeconomicinequitiesandenvironmental

damagecausedbyharmfultradepractices,ensuringthatinternationaltradeagreementsarepeople-andplanet-friendlyandresponsivetothechallenges

posedbytheglobalclimatecrisis.

Harnessingopportunities

Indigenousentrepreneurialismisexperiencing

growththroughtheimplementationofadiverse

rangeoftradeandeconomicmeasuresatthelocal,nationalandinternationallevels.Thesemeasures

encompass:governmentpoliciesandprogrammes;initiativesledbyIndigenouscommunities,civil

societyandinternationalorganizations;andjoint

ventures,partnershipsandcollaborationsbetween

businessandIndigenousentities.Whilesome

IndigenousPeoplerecognizethepotentialbenefitsofparticipatingininternationaltrade,others

remainscepticalastowhethercurrentframeworksgenuinelyservetheirinterests.Asaresult,there

isageneralpreferenceforre-establishinginter-Indigenoustraderelationshipsalongsidemoderntradepathways.

Thetypesofmeasuresadoptedtosupport

Indigenoustradeaspirationsvarywidely.These

includeimprovedprocessessuchasregular

consultationandthecreationofIndigenous

advisorygroupsaswellasrelevantprovisions

intradeagreements,suchascarve-outs,generalexceptionsandstandalonechapters.Additionally,effortshavebeenmadeinareassuchasbusinessandexportcapacity-building,businessfinancing,trademissionsanddigitalcapabilitypartnerships.

Inclusivetradepolicies,processesandpractices

presentasignificantopportunityforeconomic

advanceswithinIndigenouseconomies,which,

inturn,cancontributetoacountrysnational

economy.Achievingthisrequiresaddressingbothsubstantiveandproceduralissues.Inpursuitof

thisgoal,variousIndigenousrepresentativeshavesuggestedthefollowingareasforachievingimpact:

Implementingeffectiveandinclusiveconsultationprocesseswherethedesignanddeliveryisco-decidedwiththeIndigenousPeopleaffectedbytheproposedmeasures.Thiscanbeachievedthroughmultistakeholderapproachesorby

guaranteeingIndigenousrepresentationwithindecision-makingtradecommittees.

Transformingmindsetsamongpolicy-makersandtradenegotiatorstorecognizeandrespectthedistinctlanguages,cultures,customs,

laws,politicalstructuresandeconomicassetbasesofIndigenousPeoples,whichunderpintheiruniquestatusasequalpartnersintradeprocessesandtheirrighttoself-determination.WhilethediscussionofrightsremainscentraltomanyIndigenouscommunities,itisequallyimportanttohighlightthevalueofcreating

economicopportunitiesthatnotonlyhonourtheserightsbutalsogeneratebenefitsforall.

ValuingIndigenousknowledgemeans

recognizingthatIndigenousperspectives

onsustainabilityandinclusivityofferholistic

approachesandpractices,developedand

refinedoverthousandsofgenerations.These

insightscansignificantlyenrichmainstream

conceptionsandareparticularlyvaluablein

addressingpressingglobalchallengessuchas

environmentaldegradation,genderinequalityandtheequitabledistributionofscarceresources.

Establishingmechanismsthatsupport,

enableandencourageIndigenouseconomic

empowermentacrossborderscanfacilitatetheexchangeofknowledgeandsuccessfulcapacity-buildingmodelswhilealsoidentifyingandlearningfromprogrammesthathavebeenlesseffective.

1

Internationalcommunity

GovernmentscanworkcollectivelythroughinternationalagreementsandprogrammestopromoteIndigenousrightsandeconomicwell-being.

1.1

Internationalagreements

ThedevelopmentofinternationalIndigenousrights

Reflectingonthepasttoguidefutureactionsisa

valuablepracticeformanyIndigenouscommunities,andpolicy-makers,businessleadersandcivil

societycanlearnfromthisapproach.Indigenous

rights,includingeconomicrights,havedeveloped

significantlysincetheSecondWorldWar,layinga

foundationforgreaterinclusionandsustainability

inglobaltrade.Thisevolutionbeganwithearlier

treaties,suchasTeTiritioWaitangi(1840)betweenMāoriandtheBritishCrown,andtheTreatyof

Friendship,Commerce,andNavigation(1849)

betweentheKingdomofHawai’iandtheUnited

States.Thelatercreationofinternationalbodies

suchastheUnitedNations(UN)anddeclarations

liketheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights

(1948)furtheremphasizedself-determinationand

non-discrimination.However,tradeframeworks

suchastheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT)andbodiesliketheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)failedtoconsiderorrecognizeIndigenous

rights.Agrowingacknowledgementoftheserightsininclusivetradedialogueisattributabletothe

persistentadvocacyofIndigenousrepresentativesandtheireffortstobuildequalpartnershipswith

settlergovernments,leadingtogreaterinternationalawarenessofhowtradepoliciescontinuetoaffectIndigenousPeoples.

Inthecontextoftheintellectualproperty(IP)

system,IndigenousPeopleanddeveloping

countrieshavebeenadvocatingfordecadesfor

theprotectionofgeneticresources,traditional

knowledge(TK)andtraditionalculturalexpressions(TCE)fromabuseandmisappropriation.InMay

2024,theWorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization(WIPO)TreatyonIntellectualProperty,Genetic

ResourcesandAssociatedTraditionalKnowledgewasadopted.Itsobjectiveistopreventthe

erroneousgrantingofpatentswheretheinventionisnotnovelwithrespecttogeneticresources

andassociatedtraditionalknowledge(Article1).

Countriesmustrequirepatentapplicationsto

disclosethecountryoforiginorsourceofgeneticresourcesandtheIndigenousPeoplethatprovidedthetraditionalknowledge(Article3).However,

wheretheapplicantdoesnothavethisinformation,itcanmakeadeclarationtothateffectandpatentofficesarenotobligatedtoverifythis.

Kiawhakatōmuritehaerewhakamua/

Walkingbackwardsintothefuture,eyesfixedonthepastMāoriproverb

EnablingIndigenousTrade:ActionableGuidanceforGovernments7

EnablingIndigenousTrade:ActionableGuidanceforGovernments8

BOX1

Timelineofkeytrade-relateddevelopmentsinIndigenousrights

1950s

–TheInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO)introducedConvention107in1957,thefirstinternationaltreaty

expoundingtherightsofIndigenousandTribalPeoples.However,itwascriticizedasassimilationistduetoits

negativeimpactonIndigenouslandrightsandself-determinationandwasreplacedin1989.

1960–1970s

–TheUNGeneralAssembly’sDeclarationontheGrantingofIndependencetoColonialCountriesandPeoples

(Resolution1514)affirmedtherighttoself-determinationandcalledfortherapidendofcolonization.

–SupportingmeasuresincludedtheestablishmentoftheSpecialCommitteeonDecolonization(C-24)andtheUNTrustFundforDecolonizationtoassistnon-self-governingterritories.

–The1964UNConferenceonTradeandDevelopmentreinforcedcommitmentstoeliminatecolonization.

Notably,manydecolonizednationsarenowclassifiedasdevelopingorleastdevelopedcountries.

1980s

–The1987StudyonDiscriminationagainstIndigenous

PopulationsbyUNSpecialRapporteurJoséR.MartínezCobodevelopedafoundationalworkingdefinitionof

IndigenousPeoples,emphasizingcommonancestry,historicalcontinuity,distinctlanguages,cultures,socialstructuresandself-identification.

–ThestudyledtothecreationoftheUNWorkingGroup

onIndigenousPopulations(WGIP),thefirstUNbody

dedicatedtoIndigenousrights,whichplayedakeyrole

indraftingtheUNDeclarationontheRightsofIndigenousPeoples(UNDRIP).

–In1989,theILOintroducedConvention169toaddresstheshortcomingsofConvention107,aligningwiththeMartínezCobostudy’sfocusonself-determinationandculturalpreservation.

1990s

–TheConventiononBiologicalDiversity(CBD)1992,a

multilateralenvironmentalagreement,includedprovisionsaffirmingtherightsofIndigenousPeoplestotheir

traditionalknowledge,whichwouldsubsequentlyinfluencethedevelopmentofintellectualpropertyrights(IPR)in

tradeagreements,particularlyconcerningtheintersectionofbiodiversity,traditionalknowledgeandtheuseof

geneticresources.

–Ayearlater,adraftoftheDeclarationontheRightsofIndigenousPeopleswasreleasedforconsultationamongUNmembers.

2000s

–In2007,theUNDRIPwasadoptedbytheUnitedNationsGeneralAssembly(UNGA).Itaffirmedtherightsof

IndigenousPeoplesinvariousdomains,includingland,culture,knowledgeandeconomicself-determination.

However,Australia,Canada,NewZealandandtheUnitedStatesinitiallyrefusedtoendorsethedeclaration.

–TheestablishmentofbodiessuchastheUNPermanent

ForumonIndigenousIssues(2000)andtheExpert

MechanismontheRightsofIndigenousPeoples(2007)

providednewplatformsforongoingdialogueandadvocacy.

2010s

–TheNagoyaProtocol,asupplementtotheCBD,

recognizedIndigenousandlocalcommunities‘rights

concerninggeneticresourcesandthefairsharing

ofbenefits.Sometradeagreementscallforits

implementationorrequirepartiestorespectfree,priorandinformedconsent(FPIC),protecttraditionalknowledge

indomesticlegislationorencouragebenefit-sharing.6

–Australia,Canada,NewZealandandtheUnitedStatesendorsedtheUNDRIP.

–TheAmericanDeclarationontheRightsofIndigenousPeoples,adoptedbytheOrganizationofAmerican

States(OAS),providedacomprehensiveframeworkforIndigenousrightsintheAmericas.

–The2016UNConferenceonTradeandDevelopmentinNairobiemphasizedcreatinganinclusiveglobaleconomicenvironment,ensuringallpeople,includingIndigenous

Peoples,haveaccesstoresourcesandopportunities.

2020s

–In2021,theUNHumanRightsCounciladopteda

resolutionurgingstatestorespectIndigenousPeoples‘

rights,includingtheirparticipationindecision-making

processes,particularlyregardingtheprotectionoftheir

landsandresourcesfromexploitationandenvironmentaldegradation.Thisresolutionindicatesthattrade

agreementsshouldstrengthenprotectionsforIndigenouslandsandresources,especiallyinsectorssuchasmining,forestryandagriculture.

–Atthe2022COP15,membersadoptedtheKunming–

MontrealGlobalBiodiversityFramework,whichcommitsmemberstorecognizingandprotectingIndigenousrightsandacknowledgestheirroleinbiodiversityconservation.ThisframeworkencouragestheintegrationofIndigenousknowledgeintointernationaltradepolicies,particularly

insectorssuchasnaturalresources,agricultureandbioprospecting.

–InMay2024,WIPOmembersadoptedthehistoricTreatyonIntellectualProperty,GeneticResourcesandAssociatedTraditionalKnowledge.ItisthefirstWIPOtreatytoaddresstheinterfacebetweentheseareasandtoincludespecificprovisionsforIndigenousPeoplesandlocalcommunities.

Despitethesedevelopments,challengesremaininfully

recognizingIndigenousrightsintheinternationaltrade

systembecausethoserightscontinuetobeconstruedwithinstrictlyhumanrightscontexts.Thisoverlookstheeconomiclanguageintheseimportantdocuments.

EnablingIndigenousTrade:ActionableGuidanceforGovernments9

WTOagreements

RecognitionofIndigenousrightswithintheWTO

hasbeenlargelyabsent,underscoringtheneed

forongoingeffortstoensurethatmultilateraland

plurilateraltradeagreementsrespectandpromotetheserights.7Oneareainwhichthereisgrowing

acknowledgementoftheimpactofWTOmembertradepoliciesonIndigenousPeoplesisthrough

theTradePolicyReviewMechanism(TPRM).The

TPRMaimstoenhancetransparencybyperiodicallyreviewingmembers’tradepolicies.

ThereispotentialfortheTPRMtoprovidevaluableinsightsandidentifydisparitiesconcerning

Indigenousparticipationandinclusionintradeandtrade-relatedpolicy.8ThiscouldpositiontheTPRMasasignificantandactionablecomponentofthe

WTO’ssustainableandinclusivetradeagenda.

SomeWTOmembers–suchasCanada,ChineseTaipeiandNewZealand–havealreadytakenstepstorecognizetheimpactandroleoftheirtrade

policiesonIndigenousPeoples.OtherreferencestocommitmentsinTPRreportshavebeennotedbyChile,MalaysiaandMexico.

Australia,CanadaandNewZealandhave

exclusionsforIndigenousPeoplesintheirrespectiveAnnex7(GeneralNotes)totheWTO’sAgreement

onGovernmentProcurement,allowingthemto

createset-asidesforIndigenousbusinessesin

publicprocurement.9TheUShasasimilarexclusionforminority-ownedbusinesses.

Furtherdevelopmentshaveoccurredinthe

contextoftheWTOJointStatementInitiatives

(JSIs).In2022,NewZealandreviewedtheJSI

one-commerce–aplurilateralagreementco-

convenedbyAustralia,SingaporeandJapan–

andidentifiedopportunitiesforamoreinclusive

approach.NewZealandproposedtheinclusion

ofacross-cuttingIndigenousPeoplesprovision,

emphasizingtheneedtoprotectspecificrights

andinterestsconcerningIndigenousPeoples

andtheirdata.10Theproposedtextwouldhave

allowedanyWTOmembertotakenecessary

actionstoprotectorsupportIndigenousrightsandinterests,evenifthoseactionsconflictedwiththeJSI,andwouldhavepreventedsuchactionsfrombeingchallengedundertheagreement’sdispute-settlementprovisions.

AlthoughthefinalJSItextadoptedamorerestrictedversion,closelyresemblingNewZealand’sexistingtreatyexception–whichhasbeencontested

byMāoriasinadequate–theinclusionofan

IndigenousrightsexceptionintheJSIrepresentsanimportantincrementalsteptowardstheintegrationofIndigenousrightsatthemultilaterallevel.11

EnablingIndigenousTrade:ActionableGuidanceforGovernments10

Internationalprogrammesandinitiatives

International

andregional

organizations

havepromoted

Indigenous

inclusionintrade.

1.2

OutsidetheWTO,internationalandregional

organizationshavepromotedvariousinitiativestoelevatetheimportanceofIndigenousinclusionintrade.Examplesofsomeprominentinitiativesaresetoutbelow.

InternationalTradeCentre(ITC)

–TheITCisamultilateralagencywithajoint

mandatefromtheWTOandUNTradeand

Development.Itprovidestailoredsupportandopportunitiesformicro,smallandmedium-

sizedenterprises(MSMEs),business-supportorganizationsandpolicy-makersindevelopingandleastdevelopedcountries.

–TheITCrecentlydevelopedanIndigenous

PeoplesandTradeStrategythroughconsultationwithIndigenousleadersandsmall-business

ownersinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,

AsiaandAfrica.ProjectstosupportIndigenouscocoaandtextilecooperativesinEcuadorandGuatemalaarecurrentlybeingimplemented.

–Atthe2024WTOPublicForum,theITC,

theWTOandWIPOhostedanimmersive

exhibitionspaceonIndigenousPeoples’uniquecontributionstotrade,throughtraditional

culturalexpressionsandfashion.

OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)

–TheOECDisanintergovernmentalorganizationwith38membercountriesthatworktogethertoprovideadviceoninternationalstandard-setting.

–TheOECDisundertakingworkonseveral

areasofIndigenoustrade,includingIndigenousrepresentationintradepolicy-making,inter-

Indigenoust