通过阅读学词汇(1-35)TOEIC托业必 备

UnitoneElementarySchoolsinearlyAmericaWhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica--breakthroughssuchasthetelegraph,thesteamboatandtheweavingmachine?Amongthemanyshapingfactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry'sexcellentelementaryschools;alaborforcethatwelcomedthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal,"spatial"thinkingaboutthingstechnological.Whymentiontheelementaryschools?Becausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanics,especiallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstates,weregenerallyliterateandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandtrigonometry.Acuteforeignobserversrelatedamericanadaptivenessandinventivenesstothiseducationaladvantage.AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reported,"Withamindpreparedbythoroughschooldiscipline,theAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman."Afurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthe"premium"system,whichprecededourpatentsystemandforyearsranparallelwithit.Thisapproach,originatedabroad,offeredinventorsmedals,cashprizesandotherincentives.IntheUnitedStates,multitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedatcountryfairsandattheindustrialfairsinmajorcities.Americansflockedtothesefairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithinthebeneficenceoftechnologicaladvance.Giventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovation,theAmericanworkertookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanicaltechnology.AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedout,"Atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess.Thedesignerandtheinventorareabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist."Thisnonverbal"spatial"thinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting.robertfultononcewrote,"Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheels,etc.,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea."Whenalltheseshapingforces--schools,openattitudes,thepremiumsystem,ageniusforspatialthinking--interactedwithoneanotherontherichU.S.mainland,theyproducedthatamericancharacteristic,emulation.Todaythatwordimpliesmereimitation.Butinearliertimesitmeantafriendlybutcompetitivestrivingforfameandexcellence.inventionn.1.发明,发明物2.捏造,虚构inventorn.发明家,发明者[联想词]inventoryn.1.详细目录2.存货清单breakthhroughn.1.突围,突破2.重大成就,惊人发现[联想词]breakdownn.1.垮台,破裂2.衰竭,衰弱3.损坏,故障4.分类premiumn.1.保险金2.额外费用3.奖品,赠品,额外津贴a.1.高级的,优质的2.售价高的[联想词]subsidyn.津贴,补贴verbala.1.口头的2.用言辞的,用文字的[联想词]vocala.发声的,嗓音的spatiala.空间的,与空间有关的literacyn.识字,有文化,读写能力literatea.1.有读写能力的2.有文化修养的stimulusn.1.促进2.刺激[联想词]provocationn.1.挑衅,挑拨2.刺激,激怒provocativea2.刺激的precedevt.在...之前,先于precedentn2.惯例patentn.专利,专利权a.专利(权)的,受专利保护的vt.得到...的专利权originatevi.起源于,来自,产生vt.创造,创始,开创[联想词]commencev.开始incentiven.刺激,鼓励ambiguousa.引起歧义的,模式棱两可的,含糊不清的[联想词]indefinitea.1.不明确的,含糊的2.无限期的exdplicita.1.明确的,明晰的;详述的2.直言的,毫不隐瞒的,露骨的manipulatevt.1.操纵,控制,影响2.操作,使用levern,工具,手段vt.撬动,撬起wedgen.楔(子)vt.把...楔入,塞入[联想词]grooven.沟,槽hingen.铰链interactvi.相互作用,相互影响emulationn赛,竞争2.仿效,仿真imitationn,仿制品3.赝品strivevi.努力,奋斗,力求sculpturen.1.雕刻,雕塑2.雕刻作品,雕塑品[联想词]carvevt.1.切,把...切碎2.雕刻,刻engravevt.1.在...上雕刻2.使铭记,使牢记statuen.雕像,塑像bustn.1.胸像,半身像2.胸部,胸围marblen.1.大理石diploman.毕业文凭,毕业证书,资格证书[联想词]diplomatn.1.外交官,外交家2.有交际手段的人,圆滑的人perpetuala.1.永久的,永恒的,长期的2.无休止的,没完没了的UnitTwoFightAgainYouthSmokingThreeyearsagoappalledbyhowmanychildrenwerebecomingaddictedtocigaretteseveryyear,theVicePresidentandIcommittedthisadministrationtostoppingthesaleandmarketingofcigarettestochildren.Today,thankstotheseeffortsandthepersistenceofstateattorneysgeneral,thepublichealthcommunity,andleadersinCongress,wehavethebestopportunityevertopasscomprehensiveanti-smokinglegislationthatwellsavemillionsofourchildrenfromapremature,painful,andverypreventabledeath.Thisweek,inahistoricandresounding19to1vote,akeySenatecommitteegaveitsstampofapprovaltocomprehensivelegislationsponsoredbySenatorJohnMcCain,aRepublican,andSenatorFritzHollings,aDemocrat,thatwouldcutyouthsmokingbyhalfoverthenextdecade.Thisbillrepresentsadramaticstepforward.Itwouldraisethepriceofcigarettes,givetheFDAfullauthoritytoregulatetobaccoproducts,banadvertisingaimedatchildren,andprotecttobaccofarmers.Westillhaveworktodointhislegislation.Aboveall,weneedtoputinplacetoughpenaltiesthatwillcostthetobaccoindustryifitcontinuestosellcigarettestoyoungpeople.JustthisweektheCentersforDiseaseControlreleasedadisturbingreportthatmorethanathirdofteenagersintheUnitedStatesnowsmoke,eventhoughit'sillegal.Itistimetoholdtobaccocompaniesaccountable.Reducidngyouthsmokingmustbeveerybody'sbottomline.Let'sremember--thisisnotaboutpoliticsormoney,orseekingrevengeagainstthetobaccoindustryforpastpractices.We'renottryingtoputthetobaccocompaniesoutofbusiness;wewanttoputthemoutofthebusinessofsellingcigarattestokids.Thisweek'sprogressintheSenateshowswehaverealmomentuminbothpartiestodojustthat.There'restillmalyissuestobeworkedoutandmanylongnightsahead.Butwehavewithinourgrasponeofthemostimportantpublichealthvictoriesournationhaseverachieved.Finally,litmejustpauseamomenttoobservethe30thanniversaryofthedeathofoneofAmerica'sgreatestheroes,Dr.MartinLutherKing.Hisdream,deeplyrootedintheAmericanDream,isadreamforallAmericans.LetushereathomealwaysstrivetoheedDr.King'swordsandliveuptohislegacy.BillClintonappallvt.使惊骇,使大吃一惊[联想词]terrifyvt.使害怕,使惊吓outragevt.激起...的义愤,激怒n.1.义愤,愤慨2.暴行,骇人听闻的事件addictn.1.有瘾的人2.入迷的人vt.使成瘾,使入迷[联想词]cocainen.可卡因toxica.有毒的,中毒引起的persistenta.1.坚持不懈的,执意的2.持续的persistencen.1.坚持不懈,执意2.持续性,持续状态[联想词]stubborna.1.顽固的,执拗的,倔强的2.难对付的,难于克服的legislationn.1.法律,法规2,立法的,法律的制定[联想词]legitimatea.1.合情合理的2.合法的,法律认可的judiciala.1.司法的,法庭的,审判的2.明断的,公正的suevi.1.控告,起诉2.要求,请求vt.控告,起诉prosecutevt.1.对...提起公诉,告发,检举2.继续从事vi.起诉,告发defendantn.被告invalida.1.无效的,作废的2.无可靠依据的n.病弱者,残疾者testifyvi.1.作证,证明2.表明,说明vt.作证,证明testimonyn.1.证词2.见证,证明aauthorityn.1.权力,管辖权2.官方,当局3.当权者,行政管理机构4.权威,专家authoritativea.1.权威性的,可信的2.专断的,命令式的authorizevt.授权,批准vulgara1.粗野的,下流的2.庸俗的,粗俗的[联想词]definitivea.1.最可靠的,权威性的2.决定性的accountablea.负起责任的genmomentumn.1.动力,冲力,势力2.动量[联想词]impetusn.1.推动,促进,刺激2.推动力strivevi.努力,奋斗,力求egencyndeadlya.1.致死的,致命的2.不共戴天的,殊死的3.极度的,十足的ad.非常,极度地][联想词]drastica.1.极端的,严厉的2.激烈的,迅猛的epidemicn2.流传,流行a.流行性的,流传极广的UnitThreeBeautyIsMeaninglessAyoungmanseesasunsetand,unabletounderstandortoexpresstheemotionthatitrousesinhim,concludesthatitmustbethegatewaytoaworldthatliesbeyond.Itisdifficultforanyofusinmomentsofintenseaestheticexperiencetoresistthesuggestionthatwearecatchingaglimpseofalightthatshinesdowntousfromadifferentrealmofexistence,differentand,becausetheexperienceisintenselymoving,insomewqyhigher.And,thoughthegleamsblindanddazzle,yettheydoconveyahintofbeautyandserenitygreaterthanwehaveknownorimagined.Greatertoothanwecandescribe,forlanguage,whichwasinventedtoconveythemeaningsofthisworld,cannotreadilybefittedtotheusesofanother.Thatallgreatarthasthispowerofsuggestingaworldbeyondisundeniable.Insomemoods,Naturesharesit.ThereisnoskyinJunesobluethatitdoesnotpointforwardtoabluer,nosunsetsobeautifulthatitdoesnotwakenthevisionofagreaterbeauty,awisionwhichpassesbeforeitisfullyglimpsed,andinpassingleavesanindefinablelingingandregret.But,ifthisworldisnotmerelyabadjoke,lifeavulgarflareamidthecoolradianceofthestars,andexistenceanemptylaughbrayingacrossthemysteries,iftheseintimationsofasomethingbehindandbeyondarenotevilhumourbornofindigestion,orwhimsiessentbythedeviltomockandmaddenus,if,inaword,beautymeanssomething,yetwemustnotseektointerpretthemeaning.Ifweglimpsetheunutterable,itisunwisetotrytoutterit,norshouldweseektoinvestwithsignificancethatwhichwecannotgrasp.Beautyintermsofourhumanmeaningsisensea剧烈的,紧张的2.认真的,专注的3.热情的,热切的aesthetica学的,审美的2.悦目的,雅致的gleamvin.1.闪光,闪亮2.闪现,流露[联想词]sparklevi.1.发光,闪耀,闪烁2.活跃,焕发n.1.发光,闪耀,闪烁2.活力,生气glittervi.闪闪发光,闪耀n.闪光,灿烂的光辉2.耀眼,辉煌dazzlevt.使眩目n.1.耀眼的光2.令人赞叹的东西serenityn.1.平静,安详2.晴朗,明朗denialn2.拒绝eniablea[联想词]boscenea.1.淫秽的,下流的2.可憎的,可恶的flarevi.1.(火焰)闪耀2.突发,突然发怒n.闪光信号,照明弹[联想词]eruptvi.1.(火山等)喷发2.(战争等)爆发,突然发生ignitevt.点燃,引发radianta.1.容光焕发的,喜形于色的2.光芒四射的,光辉灿烂的3.辐射的[联想词]radiatev.1.发出(光或热),辐射2.流露,显示radioactivea.放射性的,有辐射的brayvi响而粗的声音说(或笑)whimsyn.1.怪念头,离奇的想法2.稀奇古怪[联想词]bizarea.怪诞的,奇形怪状的weirda.1.古怪的,离奇的2.怪诞的,神秘可怕的mockvt嘲笑,嘲弄2.(为了取笑)模仿vi.嘲笑,嘲弄a的,学习的2.假的,假装的UnitFourWaitinginLineTheBritishqueueupandtheAmericanswaitinline,exceptforNewYorkers,whowaitonline.Nooneseemstoknowthereasonforthislocalidiom.Itissomethingtoponderwhilewaitingin/online.Anotherthingtoponder:ItisestimatedthatAmericansspednduptofiveyearsoftheirlivesinthattedious,wearybutunavoidableprocessknownaswaiting.Studiesshowthatotherwiserationalpeopleactirrationallywhenforcedtostandinlineorwaitincrowds,evenbecomingviolent.Queuesareagrimrealityofcitylife.Whilethereseemstobenoconsensusonthecity'sworstline,theonesmentionedmostoftenintalkshereandtherewerelunchtimelinesatbanksandpostofficesand,amongyoungerpeople,movielinesandcollege-registrationlines."Banklines,"saidMarkSloane,aninvestor."Nomatterwhattimeofdayyoubank,thenumberoftellersisinadequatetothenumberofpatrons.Evenwhenthebankisopenyouseelonglinesinfrontofthemoneymachinesoutside.""Supermarkets,"saidEdFrantz,agraphicartist,whoonceabandonedafullshoppingcartinthemiddleofalongcheckoutline.Itwasnotapoliticalact."Thelinewasfilledwithcouponclippersandcheckwriters,"herecalled."AndsuddenlyIhadtowalkaway.Foodnolongermattered."Inanylinethefundamentalruleisfirstcome,firstserved,orwhatdsocialscientistscall"distributivejustice."Exceptionsmaybemade,say,infancyrestaurantswheretheheadwaitershavetheirfavorites,but,ingeneral,theruleprevails.Ifmiserylovescompany,sodosportsfans.Dr.LeonManndocumentedthisseveralyearsagowhen,asaHarvardprofessor,hestudiedthelongovernightqueuesforticketstoballgamesinhisnativeAustralia."Outsidethestadiumsomethingofacarnivalatmosphereprevails,"hewroteinTheAmericanJournalofSociology."Thedevoteessing,sipwarmdrinks,playcardsandhuddletogether."Liketheteamstheyhadcometowatch,thefansinlinetooktimeouts.Someworkedinshifts,withcertainmembersleavingtotakenapsoreatmeals,whileotherssavedtheirplacesinline.Somestakedclaimsinlinewithitemsofpersonalpropertysuchassleepingbagsandfoldingchairs."Duringtheearlyhoursofwaiting,"Dr.Mannnoted,"thequeuesoftenconsistedofonepartpeopletotwopartsinanimateobjects."NobodyhaseverseriouslystudiedHelenQuinn'sSaturdaymorninglineforMetropolitanOperatickets,butperhapssomeoneshould--MissQuinnisnotanofficialattheMet.For15yearsstandeesattheoperahavebeendoingjustthat,thankstoMissQuin'sticketingsystem.Shemakes,datesandnumbershertickets--oneforeachofthe175standingroomspotsavailable--anddispensesthemtoearlybirds.Assuredofaplace,ticketholdersthenleaveandreturnshortlybefore8A.M.tolineupfortherealtickets.idiomn.风格,特色ponderv.思索,考虑,沉思[联想词]contemplatevt.1.盘算,计议2.思量,周密考虑3.注视,凝视wearya.1.疲劳的,疲倦的2.使疲劳的,令人厌倦的vi.厌倦的,不耐烦[联想词]tiresomea.令人疲劳的,令人厌倦的grima厌的,糟糕的2.严厉的3.严酷的,无情的consensusn单](意见等)一致,一致同意patronn.老主顾,顾客resentvt.对...表示忿恨,怨恨couponn券,优惠券2.配券,票证clipn.1.夹子,回形针,别针2.弹夹,弹仓3.剪,修剪4.剪报,电影片断vt.(clipped;clipping)1.夹住,扣住2.剪,修剪3.削减,缩短[联想词]clampn.夹头,夹具,夹钳vt.(用夹具等)夹紧,固定valentamiseryn难2.悲惨的境遇,贫苦carnivaln.1.表演会2.庆祝,欢宴3.狂欢节[联想词]feastn.1.盛宴,筵席2.节日sociologyn.社会学ippedsippignhuddlevi.把身子蜷成一团vt.使聚集在一起n乱的东西inanimatea物的2.无生气的,单调的opolitanadispensevt.1.分配,分发2.配(药),发(药)3.实施,执行[联想词]dispersevi.1.分散,散开2.消散,消失vt.1.使分散,赶散2.使消散,驱散UnitFiveAggressivePatriotisminSportsSomepeoplebelievethatinternationalsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenations.Otherssaythattheoppositeistrue:thatinternationalcontestsencouragefalsenationalprideandleadtomisunderstandingandhatred.Thereisprobablysometruthinbotharguments,butinrecentyearstheOlympicgameshavedonelittletosupporttheviewthatsportsencouragesinternationalbrotherhood.Notonly,wastherethetragicincidentinvolvingthemurderofathletes,butthegameswerealsoruinedbylesserincidentscausedprincipallybyminornationalcontests.Onecountryreceiveditssecond-placemedalswithvisibleindignationafterthehockeyfinal.Therehadbeennoisyscenesattheendofthehockeymatch,theusersobjectingtothefinaldecisions.Theywereconvincedthatoneoftheirgoalsshouldnothavebeendisallowedandthattheiropponents'victorywasunfair.Theirmanagerwasinaragewhenhesaid:"Thiswasn'thockey.HockeyandtheInternationalHockeyFederationarefinished."ThepresidentoftheFederationsaidlaterthatsuchbehaviorcouldresultinthesuspensionoftheteamforatleastthreeyears.TheAmericanbasketballteamannouncedthattheywouldnotyieldfirstplacetoRussia,afteradisputableendtotheircontest.Thegamehadendedindisturbance.ItwasthoughtatfirstthattheUnitedStateshadwon,byasinglepoint,butitwasannouncedthattherewerethreesecondsstilltoplay.ARussianplayerthenthrewtheballfromoneendofthecourttotheother,andanotherplayerpoppeditintothebasket.ItwasthefirsttimetheUSAhadeverlostanOlympicbasketballmatch.TheAmericanplayersthenvotednottoreceivethesilvermedals.Incidentsofthiskindwellcontinueaslongassportisplayedcompetitivelyratherthanfortheloveofthegame.InthepresentorganizationoftheOlympicsthereisfartoomuchthatencouragesaggressivepatriotism.tragica.1.悲惨的,可悲的2.悲剧(性)的[联想词]dreadfula.1.糟透了的,极不合意的2.极端的,极其大的3.可怕的,令人畏惧的pathetica.1.差劲的,令人生厌的2.可悲的,可怜的,引起怜悯的disastrousa.1.灾难性的,造成灾害的2.极坏的,很糟的catastrophen.大灾难,灾祸destructivea.破坏(性)的,毁灭(性)的comica.喜剧的,滑稽的incidentn.1.发生的事2.事件,事变incidencen.[单]发生率incidentallyad.顺便说及,顺便提一句indignationn.愤怒,愤慨,义愤indignanta.愤怒的,愤慨的,义愤的[联想词]furyn.1.狂怒,暴怒2.狂暴,猛烈furiousa.1.狂怒的,暴怒的2.强烈的,激烈的dismayn.1.失望,气馁2.惊恐,惊愕vt.1.使失望,使气馁2.使惊恐,使惊愕hockeyn.曲棍球[联想词]versusprep.1.以...为对手,对2.与...相对,与...相比之下federationn.1.联合会2.联邦disturbancen.1.扰乱,打扰2.骚乱,混乱3.心神不安,烦恼[联想词]harassmentn.1.侵扰,骚扰2.烦恼,困苦ismnrioticaUnitSixMannersArePracticallyNon-ExistentMannersnowadyasinmetropolitancitieslikeLondonarepracticallynon-existent.Itisnothingforabig,strongschoolboytoelbowanelderlywomanasideinthedashforthelastremainingseatonthetubeorbus,muchlessstandupandofferhisseattoher,asheought.Infact,itissaddeningtonotethatifamandoesofferhisseattoanolderwoman,itisnearlyalwaysaContinentalmanoronefromtheoldergeneration.Thisquestionofgivingupseatsinpublictransportismucharguedaboutbyyoungmen,whosaythat,sincewomenhaveclaimedequality,theynolongerdeservetobetreatedwithcourtesyandthatthosewhogoouttoworkshouldtaketheirturnintheratracelikeanyoneelse.Womenhaveneverclaimedtobephysicallyasstrongasmen.Evenifitisnotagreed,however,thatyoungmenshouldstandupforyoungerwomen,thefactremainsthatcourtesyshouldbeshowntotheold,thesickandtheburdened.Arewereallysolosttoallidealsofunselfishnessthatwecansitthereindifferentlyreadingthepaperorabook,sayingtoourselves"Firstcome,firstserved,"whileagreyhairedwoman,amotherwithayoungchildoracripplestands?Yetthisisalltoooftenseen.Conditionsintravelarereallyveryhardoneveryone,weknow,buthardshipissurelynoexcuse.Sometimesonewonderswhatwouldhavebeenthebehaviourofthesestuotyoungmeninapackedrefugeetrainoratrainonitswaytoaprison-campduringtheWar.Wouldtheyhaveconsidereditonlyrightandtheirproperduetokeepthebestplacesforthemselvesthen?Olderpeople,tiredandirritablefromaday'swork,arenotangels,either--farfromit.Manyabriskargumentoraninsultingquarrelbreaksoutasthewearyqueuespushandshoveeachothertogetonbusesandtubes.Onecannotcommendthis,ofcourse,butonedoesfeelthereisjustalittlemoreexcuse.Ifcitiesaretoremainpleasantplacestoliveinatall,however,itseemsimperative,notonlythatcommunicationsintransportshouldbeimproved,butalsothatcommunicationbetweenhumanbeingsshouldbekeptsmoothandpolite.Allovercities,itseemsthatpeoplearetootiredandtoorushedtobepolite.Shopassistantswon'tbothertoassist,taxi-driversgrowlateachotherastheydashdangerouslyroundcorners,busconductorpullthebellbeforetheirdesperatepassengershavehadtimetogetonorofferthebus,andsoonandsoon.Itseemstousthatitisuptotheyoungandstrongtodotheirsmallparttostopsuchdeterioration.Youmaybedisappointedifyoufail,butyouaredoomedifyoudon'ttry.erlySillsmetropolitana.大城市的,大都会的[联想词]municipala.市的,市政的courtesyn礼2.有礼貌的举止(或言词)cripplen.跛子,伤残人vt.1.使跛,使受伤致残2.严重削弱,使陷于瘫痪stouta.1.发胖的,胖而大的2.结实的,牢固的3.勇敢的,大胆的,顽强的[联想词]sturdya.1.强壮的,结实的,坚固的2.坚定的,坚强的hardya.1.强壮的,坚强的,能吃苦耐劳的2.耐寒的robusta.强壮的,健康的musculara.肌肉发达的,强壮的fragilea.1.易碎的,脆的,易损坏的2.虚弱的,脆弱的irritatevt.1.使恼怒,使烦躁2.使(身体某部分)不适,使疼痛irritablea.1.易怒的,急躁的2.(器官等)过敏的[联想词]aggravatevt.1.加重,加剧,使恶化2.激怒,使恼火angeln.1.天使2.可爱的人briska.1.轻快的,生气勃勃的2.兴隆的,繁忙活跃的3.寒冷而清新的[联想词]energetica.精力充沛的,充满活力的slacka.1.不活跃的,萧条的,清淡的2.懈怠的,马虎的3.松(驰)的n.(绳索等)松弛部分vi.懈怠,懒散wearya.1.疲劳的,疲倦的2.使人疲劳的,使人厌倦的vi.(of)厌烦,不耐烦shovevt.1.乱推,挤2.乱塞,随意做vi.用力推,挤n.猛推commendvt,称赞2.推荐imperativea令的n.必要的事,必须完成的事growlvi.1.(动物)发狺狺声2.低志咆哮着说话[联想词]howlvi.嚎叫,吼叫,(风)呼啸n.嚎叫,吼叫,(风)呼啸yellvi.号叫,叫喊n.号叫,叫喊mutterv.n.轻声低语,小声抱怨mutea.1.缄默的,无声的2.哑的,举说话的3.(字母)不发声的vt.消除(声音),减轻声音ideterioratevi.变坏,恶化deteriorationn.变坏,恶化,堕落[联想词]crumblevt.弄碎vi.崩溃,瓦解perfectionn.完美,完善[联想词]intacta.完整无缺的,未经触动的,未受损伤的UnitSevenOnAmbitionIfambitionistobewellregarded,therewardsofambition--wealth,distinction,controloverone'sdestiny--mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition'sbehalf.Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitality,itmustbewidelyshared:anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,theeducatednotleastamongthem.Inanoddway,however,itistheeducatedwhohaveclaimedtohavegivenuponambitionasanideal.Whatisoddisthattheyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition--ifnotalwaystheirownthanthatoftheirparentsandgrandparents.Thereisaheavynoteofhypocrisyinthis,acaseofclosingthebarndoorafterthehorseshaveescaped--withtheeducatedthemselvesridingonthem.Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnotthanformerly.Summerhomes,Europeantravel,BMWs--thelocations,placemanesandnamebrandsmaychange,butsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams,aseasilynadopenlyasoncetheycould,lesttheybethoughtpushing,acquisitiveandvulgar.Instead,wearetreatedtofinehypocriticalspectacles,whichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply:thecriticofAmericanmaterialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome;thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshismealsinthree-starrestaurants;thejournalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflife,whoseownchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools.Forsuchpeopleandmanymoreperhapsnotsoexceptional,theproperformulationis,"Succeedatallcostsbutavoidappearingambitious."Theattasksinambitionaremanyandcomefromvarionsangles;itspublicdefendersarefewandunimpressive,wheretheyarenotextremelyunattractive.Asaresult,thesupportforambitionasahealthyimpulse,aqualitytobeadmiredandfixedinthemindoftheyoung,isprobablylowerthanithaseverbeenintheUnitedStates.Thisdoesnotmeanthatambitionisatanend,thatpeoplenolongerfeelitsstirringsandpromptings,butonlythat,nolongeropenlyhonored,itislessopenlyprofessed.Consequencesfollowfromthis,ofcourse,someofwhicharethatambitionisdrivenunderground,ormadesly.Such,then,isthewaythingsstand:ontheleftangrycritics,ontherightstupidsupporters,andinthemiddle,asusual,themajorityofearnestpeopletryingtogetoninlife.destinyn.1.命运2.定数,天命destineda.1.命中注定,预定的2.以...为目的地的deemvt.认为,视为hypocrisyn.伪善,虚伪locationn.1.位置,场所2.外景拍摄地localityn.地区,地点situateda.位于...的,坐落在...的spectaclen场面2.景象,壮观3.[-s]眼镜amplea的2.宽敞的,面积大的amplifyvt大,增强2.扩大,详述exceptionala.1.优越的,杰出的2.例外的,独特的[联想词]abnormala.反常的,异常的queera1.奇怪的,异常的2.不舒服的,眩晕的ambitiousa.1.有抱负的,雄心勃勃的2.有野心的[联想词]aspirationn.强烈的愿望,志向,抱负enrollvi.(in,on)入学,加入vt.招收,吸收[联想词]expel(expelled;expelling)vt.1.把..除名,把..开除2.驱逐3.排出formulatevt1.构想出,规划2.系统地阐述formulationn1.公式化2.系统的阐述3.规划,构想impulsen.1.冲动,一时的念头2.驱动,驱使3.脉冲[联想词]propel(propelled,propelling)vt.1.推进,推动2.激励,驱使curbvt.控制,约束n.控制,约束slya.1.狡猾的,狡诈的2.会意的,会心的[联想词]shrewda.机灵的,敏锐的,精明的confidentiala.1.秘密的,机密的2.表示信任的UnitEightTheAdvantagesandDisadvantagesofCarsTheuseofthemotorisbecomingmoreandmorewidespreadinthetwentiethcentury;asanincreasingnumberofcountriesdevelopbothtechnicallyandeconomically,soalargerproportionoftheworld'spopulationisabletobuyanduseacar.Possessingacargivesamuchgreaterdegreeofmobility,enablingthedrivertomovearoundfreely.Theownerofacarisnolongerforcedtorelyonpublictransportandis,therefore,notcompelledtoworklocally.Hecanchoosefromdifferentjobsandprobablychangeshisworkmorefrequentlyasheisnotrestrictedtoachoicewithinasmallradius.Travelingtoworkbycarisalsomorecomfortablethanhavingtousepublictransport;thedrivercanadjusttheheatinginwinterandtheair-conditioninginthesummertosuithisownneedsandpreference.Thereisnoirritationcausedbywaitingfortrains,busesorundergroundtrains,standinginlongpatientqueues,orsittingonwindyplatforms,foraslongashalfanhoursometimes.Withthebuildingofgood,fastmotorwayslongdistancescanbecoveredrapidlyandpleasantly.Forthefirsttimeinthiscenturyalso,manypeoplearenowabletoenjoytheirleisuretimetothefullbymakingtripstothecountryorseasideattheweekends,insteadofbeingconfinedtotheirimmediateneighborhood.Thisfeelingofindependence,andthefreedomtogowhereyouplease,isperhapsthegreatestadvantageofthecar.whenconsideringthedrawbacks,perhapspollutionisofprimeimportance.Asmoreandmorecarsareproducedandused,sotheemissionfromtheirexhaust-pipescontainsaneverlargervolumeofpoisonousgas.Someofthecontentsofthisgas,suchaslead,notonlypollutetheatmospherebutcauseactualharmtothehealthofpeople.Manyoftheminorillnessesofmodernindustrialsociety,headaches,tiredness,andstomachupsetsarethoughttoarisefrombreathingpollutedair;doctors'surgeriesarefullofpeoplesufferingfromillnessescausedbypollution.Itisalsobecomingincreasinglydifficulttodealwiththeproblemoftrafficintowns;mostoftheimportantcitiesoftheworldsufferformtrafficjams.Infact,anyadvantagegainedincomfortisoftencancelledoutincitydrivingbythefrustrationcausedbytrafficjams:endlessqueuesofcarscrawlingoneafteranotherattheintersections.Asanincreasingnumberoftrafficregulationschemesaredevised,thepoorbewildereddriverfindshimselfdivertedandforcedintoone-waysystemswhichcauseevengreaterdelaysthanthetrafficjamstheyaresupposedtoprevent.Themountingcostofpetrolandtheincreasedtollsandroadtaxalladdtothedriver'sworries.Infact,hemustsometimeswonderifthemotorcarissuchablessingandnotjustamenace.mobilityn2.机动性mobilizevt动vi.动员起来summonvi.1.召唤2.(up)鼓起勇气3.召开,召集irritatevt躁2.使(身体某部分)不适,使疼痛irconditioningndrawbackn.缺点,欠缺,不利条件setbackn.挫折,倒退,失败handicapn.1.缺陷2.障碍vt.(handicapped;handicapping)妨碍,使不利productivea2.富有成效的productivityn.生产力,生产率surgeryn科,外科手术2.手术室dentistnwardn.病房bandagenvtintersectionn口,交点junctionn.联结点,交叉口,枢纽overpassn交桥barricaden.路vt.在...设路障bewildervt.使迷惑,难住perplexvt.使困惑,使复杂化bafflevt.使困惑,难住tolln1.过路费2.(事故等的)伤亡人数,损失v.(缓慢而有规律的)敲(钟)diversionn移,转向2.消遣,娱乐3.临时绕行路blessv到,使具有2.为...祈神赐福blessingn幸事,恩惠menacen.1.具有危险的人2.威胁,威吓vt.威胁,威吓bullyvtn欺弱者jeopardizevt.危及,损害terrifyvt.使害怕,使惊吓terrifica1.可怕的,吓人的2.极度的,极大的UnitNineTheDefinitionofaGentlemanItisalmostadefinitionofagentlemantosayheisonewhoneverinflictspainThisdescriptionisbothrefinedandasfarasitgoes,accurate.Heismainlyoccupiedinmerelyremovingtheobstacleswhich