隧道施工技术明洞的构造课件

隧道施工技术明洞的构造TunnelConstructionTechnologyConstructionofOpen-cutTunnel隧道明洞与洞门结构的构造StructureofOpen-cutTunnelandPortalStructure1明洞的构造ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnel拱式明洞ArchOpen-CutTunnel2棚式明洞ShedTypeOpen-cutTunnel3课程小结Summary4目录TableofContents隧道明洞与洞门结构的构造StructureofOpen-cutTunnelandPortalStructure01明洞是用明挖法修建的山岭隧道部分，是在露天的路堑地面上或是在敞口的基坑内，先修筑结构物，然后再回填覆盖土石。明洞的构造隧道明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelOpen-cutTunnel明洞位置示意图SchematicDiagramofOpen-cutTunnelAnopen-cuttunnelmeansamountaintunnelconstructedbyopen-cutmethod.Thatis,thestructureshallbebuiltfirstontheopen-cuttinggroundorintheopenfoundationpit,andthenbackfilledandcoveredwithearthandrock.明洞位置示意图SchematicDiagramofOpen-cutTunnel明洞的构造隧道明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelOpen-cutTunnel明

洞Open-cuttunnel适用场合：Applications地质差且洞顶覆盖层较薄，用暗挖法难以进洞。1Whenthegeologicalconditionispoor,theoverburdenonthetunnelroofisthin,anditisdifficulttoreachintothetunnelbytheundercuttingmethod;洞口路堑边坡上受塌方、落石、泥石流等威胁而危及行车安全。2Whenthecutslopeattheportalisthreatenedbycollapse,rockfall,debrisflow,etc,endangeringthetrafficsafety;明洞的构造隧道明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelOpen-cutTunnel适用场合：Applications铁路、公路、河渠必须在线路上方通过，且不宜做立交桥或暗洞；3Whenrailways,highwaysandriverchannelsmustpassovertheroute,andoverpassesorburiedtunnelsarenotsuitable;减少隧道工程对环境的破坏影响，保护环境和景观，洞口段需延长。4Whenitisnecessarytoreducetheimpactoftunnelworksontheenvironment,protecttheenvironmentandlandscape,andextendtheportalsection.明

洞Open-cuttunnel明洞Open-cutTunnel棚式明洞Shedtypeopen-cuttunnel拱式明洞Archopen-cuttunnel明洞的构造隧道明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelOpen-cutTunnel拱式明洞ArchOpen-cutTunnel02明洞的构造拱式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelArchOpen-cutTunnel拱式明洞Archopen-cuttunnel

边墙sidewall仰拱或铺底invertedarchorbottoming拱圈archring=++路堑式拱式明洞Cut-typearchopen-cuttunnel偏压直墙式拱式明洞Archopen-cuttunnelofeccentrical-loadinclinedwalltype半路堑单压式拱式明洞Archopen-cuttunnelofunilaterally-loadedpart-cut-type明洞的构造拱式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelArchOpen-cutTunnel路堑式拱式明洞Cut-typearchopen-cuttunnel路堑式拱式明洞是对称结构，因为它的是承受对称荷载。Acut-typearchopen-cuttunnelisofsymmetricalstructurebecauseitbearssymmetricalloads.路堑式拱式明洞Cut-typearchopen-cuttunnel明洞的构造拱式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelArchOpen-cutTunnel适用范围Scopeofapplication堑边坡处于对称或接近对称，边坡岩层基本稳定，仅防边坡有少量坍塌、落石，或用于隧道洞口岩层破碎，覆盖层较薄而难以用暗挖法修建隧道的情况。Itisapplicablewhenthecutslopeissymmetricalornearlysymmetrical,andtherockstratumoftheslopeisbasicallystable,andonlyasmallamountofcollapseandrockfallarepreventedontheslope;orwhentherockstratumatthetunnelportalisbrokenandtheoverburdenisthinanditisdifficulttobuildthetunnelbytheundercuttingmethod.路堑式拱式明洞Cut-typearchopen-cuttunnel明洞的构造拱式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelArchOpen-cutTunnel承受对称荷载，拱、墙均为等截面，边墙为直墙式。Itbearssymmetricalload.Thearchandwallareofuniformsection,andthesidewallisaverticalwall.路堑式拱式明洞Cut-typearchopen-cuttunnel明洞的构造拱式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelArchOpen-cutTunnel偏压直墙式拱式明洞Archopen-cuttunnelofeccentrical-loadverticalwalltype适用范围：两侧边坡高差较大的不对称路堑。其承受不对称荷载，拱圈为等截面，边墙为直墙式，外侧边墙的厚度大于内侧边墙的厚度。Itisapplicabletoasymmetriccuttingwithlargeslopeheightdifferenceonbothsides.Itbearsasymmetricload,thearchringisofuniformsection,thesidewallisaverticalwall,andthethicknessoftheoutersidewallisgreaterthanthatoftheinnersidewall.偏压直墙式拱式明洞Archopen-cuttunnelofeccentrical-loadinclinedwalltype明洞的构造拱式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelArchOpen-cutTunnel偏压斜墙式拱式明洞Archopen-cuttunnelofeccentrical-loadinclinedwalltype适用范围：地形倾斜，低侧处的路堑外侧有较宽敞的地面供回填土石，以增加明洞抵抗侧向压力的能力。其承受偏压荷载，拱圈为等截面，内侧边墙为等厚直墙式，外侧边墙为不等厚斜墙式。Archopen-cuttunnelofeccentrical-loadinclinedwalltypeisapplicablewhentheterrainisoblique,andthereisarelativelywidegroundoutsidethecuttingatthelowersideforbackfillingsoilandrocktoincreasetheresistanceoftheopen-cuttunneltolateralpressure.Itbearseccentricload,thearchringisofuniformsection,theinnersidewallisaverticalwallwithequalthickness,andtheoutersidewallisaninclinedwallwithunequalthickness.1:ni=1:1.5i=1:m回填片石回填土偏压斜墙式拱式明洞Archopen-cuttunnelofeccentrical-loadinclinedwalltype明洞的构造拱式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelArchOpen-cutTunnel半路堑单压式拱式明洞Archopen-cuttunnelofunilaterally-loadedpart-cut-type半路堑单压式拱式明洞横断面图Crosssectionofarchopen-cuttunnelofunilaterally-loadedpart-cut-type半路堑单压式拱式明洞受单侧的压力，内侧边墙为等厚直墙，外墙为设有耳墙的不等厚斜墙，而且必须把基础放在稳固的基岩上。Thearchopen-cuttunnelofunilaterally-loadedpart-cut-typeissubjecttounilateralload,theinnersidewallisaverticalwallwithequalthickness,andtheouterwallisaninclinedwallwithunequalthicknessandwingwall.Moreover,thefoundationmustbebuiltonastablebedrock.明洞的构造拱式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelArchOpen-cutTunnel半路堑单压式拱式明洞横断面图Crosssectionofarchopen-cuttunnelofunilaterally-loadedpart-cut-type适用范围Scopeofapplication傍山隧道的洞口或傍山线路上的半路堑地段。Applicablefortheportalofthemountaintunnelorthehalf-cutsectiononthemountainroute.明洞的构造拱式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelArchOpen-cutTunnel耳墙式拱式明洞Wing-wallarchopen-cuttunnel当外侧地形低，不能保持回填土的天然稳定坡度，或是按天然稳定坡度则边坡将延伸很远时，可以在结构的外墙顶上接高一段挡墙，用以拦截土石，此种明洞称耳墙式拱式明洞。Whentheexternalterrainistoolowtokeepnaturalstableslopeofbackfill,ortheslopewillbeextendedfaraccordingtothenaturalstableslope,asectionofretainingwallmaybeconnectedtothetopoftheexternalwallofthestructuretointerceptearthandrock.Thiskindofopen-cuttunneliscalledwing-wallarchopen-cuttunnel.耳墙式拱形明洞Wing-wallarchopen-cuttunnel明洞的构造拱式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelArchOpen-cutTunnel长腿式拱式明洞Long-legarchopen-cuttunnel当外侧边墙基底地质不好，不足以承受外墙传来的压力而必须把基础放到下方较深的基岩上时，外墙可以延伸直达基岩，形成内、外墙不同，内短外长的结构，称为长腿式拱式明洞。Whenthefoundationmustbebuiltonthedeeperbedrockbelowsincetheoutersidewallbaseisnotenoughtowithstandthepressurefromtheouterwallduetounfavorablegeology,theouterwallcanbeextendedstraighttothebedrock,toformastructurewithshortinnerwallandlongouterwall.So,thisiscalledlong-legarchopen-cuttunnel.长腿式拱式明洞Long-legarchopen-cuttunnel棚式明洞ShedTypeOpen-cutTunnel03明洞的构造棚式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelShedTypeOpen-cutTunnel当山坡的塌方、落石数量较少，山体的侧向压力不大，或因受地质、地形限制，难以修建拱式明洞时，可以修建棚式明洞，简称“棚洞”。Whenthereisasmallnumberoflandslidesandfallingrocksontheslope,andthelateralpressureofthemountainisnotlarge,orwhenitisdifficulttobuildanarchopen-cuttunnelduetogeologicalandtopographicrestrictions,ashedtypeopen-cuttunnelcanbebuilt,alsoreferredtoas"shedtunnel".明洞的构造棚式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelShedTypeOpen-cutTunnel盖板式棚洞Coverslabshedtunnel刚架式棚洞Rigidframeshedtunnel悬臂式棚洞Cantilevershedtunnel棚式明洞常见的结构形式有盖板式、刚架式和悬臂式三种。Thecommonstructuraltypesofshedtypeopen-cuttunnelincludecoverslabtype,rigidframetypeandcantilevertype.明洞的构造棚式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelShedTypeOpen-cutTunnel盖板式棚洞Coverslabshedtunnel由内墙、外墙及钢筋混凝土盖板组成的简支结构。盖板上方回填土石，以保护盖板免受山体落石的冲击。Itisasimply-supportedstructurecomposedofinnerwall,outerwallandreinforcedconcretecoverslab.Earthandrockarebackfilledabovethecoverslabtoprotectitfromimpactoffallingrocks.盖板式棚洞Coverslabshedtunnel明洞的构造棚式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelShedTypeOpen-cutTunnel盖板式棚洞Coverslabshedtunnel外墙不受侧向压力，仅承受梁和盖板的竖向荷载时，它要求的地基承载力较小。Iftheouterwallisnotsubjecttolateralpressureandonlybearstheverticalloadofthebeamandcoverslab,itrequiresasmallfoundationbearingcapacity.盖板式棚洞Coverslabshedtunnel明洞的构造棚式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelShedTypeOpen-cutTunnel盖板式棚洞Coverslabshedtunnel当外侧基岩较浅，地基基础承载力较大时，可采用立柱式。Iftheouterbedrockisshallowandthefoundationbearingcapacityislarge,thecolumntypemaybeadopted.盖板式棚洞Coverslabshedtunnel明洞的构造棚式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelShedTypeOpen-cutTunnel刚架式棚洞Rigidframeshedtunnel当地形狭窄，山坡陡峻，基岩理置较深而上部地基稳定性差时，可将刚架式或长腿式外墙置于稳固的地基上，此时称明洞为刚架式棚洞。Fornarrowterrain,steepslope,deepbedrockandpoorstabilityofupperfoundation,therigid-frameorlong-legouterwallmaybebuiltonasolidfoundation.So,theopen-cuttunneliscalledarigidframeshedtunnel.明洞的构造棚式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelShedTypeOpen-cutTunnel刚架式棚洞Rigidframeshedtunnel刚架式棚洞由外侧刚架、内侧重力式墩台结构、横顶梁、底横撑及钢筋混凝土盖板组成。盖板上应做防水层及回填土石处理。Itconsistsofoutersiderigidframe,innergravitypierstructure,transversetopbeam,bottomtransversebraceandreinforcedconcretecoverslab.Thecoverslabshallbeprovidedwithwaterprooflayerandbackfilledwithearthandrock.明洞的构造棚式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelShedTypeOpen-cutTunnel悬臂式棚洞Cantilevershedtunnel适用范围Scopeofapplication适用于稳固而陡峻的山坡，外侧地形难以满足一般棚洞的地基要求，落石不太严重的情况。Itisapplicableforstableandsteephillsideswithfewfallingrocks,wheretheexternalterrainisnotsuitableforfoundationofgeneralshedtunnels.悬臂式棚洞Cantilevershedtunnel明洞的构造棚式明洞ConstructionofOpen-cutTunnelShedTypeOpen-cutTunnel悬臂式棚洞Cantilevershedtunnel适用范围Scopeofapplication内墙为重力式，上端接筑悬臂式横梁，其上铺以盖板，在盖板的内端设平衡重来维持结构受外荷载作用下的稳定性。Theinnerwallisofgravitytype,withacantilevercrossbeamconnectedattheupperend,onwhichacoverslabislaid.Andtheinnerendofthecoverslabisprovidedwithacounterweighttomaintainthestabilityofthestructureunderthe