考研中医综合-中医诊断学(五)

中医综合-中医诊断学（五）

(总分:100.00,做题时间：90分钟)

一、SectionIUseofEnglish(总题数：1,分数：10.00)

AlthoughtherearemanyskillfulBraillereaders,thousandsofotherblindpeoplefindit

difficulttolearnthatsystem.Theyaretherebyshut(1)fromtheworldofbooksand

newspapers,havingto(2)onfriendstoreadaloudtothem.

AyoungscientistnamedRaymondKurzwei1hasnowdesignedacomputerwhichisamajor(3)in

providingaidtothe(4).Hismachine,Cyclops,hasacamerathat(5)anypage,interprets

theprintintosounds,andthendeliversthemorallyinarobot-like(6)throughaspeaker.

Bypressingtheappropriatebuttons(7)Cyclops,skeyboard,ablindpersoncan"read"any

(8)documentintheEnglishlanguage.

Thisremarkableinventionrepresentsatremendous⑼forwardintheeducationofthe

handicapped.Atpresent,Cyclopscosts$50,000.(10),Mr.Kurzweilandhisassociatesare

preparingasmaller(11)improvedversionthatwillsei1(12)lessthanhalfthatprice.

Withinafewyears,Kurzweil(13)thepricerangewillbelowenoughforeveryschooland

libraryto(14)one.MichaelHingson,DirectoroftheNationalFederationfortheBlind,

hopesthat(15)willbeabletobuyhome(16)ofCyclopsforthepriceofagoodtelevision

set.

Mr.Hingson，sorganizationpurchasedfivemachinesandisnowtestingtheminMaryland,

Colorado,Iowa,California,andNewYork.Blindpeoplehavebeen(17)inthosetests,making

lotsof(18)suggestionstotheengineerswhohelpedtoproduceCyclops.

“Thisisthefirsttimethatblindpeoplehaveeverdoneindividualstudies(19)aproduct

wasputonthemarket,“Hingsonsaid."Mostmanufacturersbelievedthathavingtheblind

helptheblindwasliketellingdisabledpeopletoteachotherdisabledpeople.Inthat

(20),themanufacturershavebeentheblindones./

(分数:10.00)

(1).[A]up[B]down[C]in[D]off(分数：0.50)

A.

B.

C.

D.J

解析：[测试点]词组意义区别

[解题思路][A],关闭，闭嘴，妥藏；[B]停止；[C]监禁，围住；[D]分开，远离，不能接触。上句提到

成千上万的其他盲人还是发现很难学会这个盲文系统，他们因此也就不能接触到书籍和报纸等这样的读物

了。

(2).[A]dwell[B]rely[C]press[D]urge(分数：0.50)

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：[测试点]动词短语固定搭配

[解题思路][A]详细论述：[B]依靠，依赖；[C]按，压；[D]催促，督促。[C]和[D]选项都不能和介词on

搭配，所以应排除。上句说，他们因此也就不能接触到书籍和报纸等这样的读物了，也就不得不依靠朋友

来大声地念给他们听。

(3).[A]execution[B]distinction[C]breakthrough[D]process(分数：0.50)

A.

B.

C.J

D.

解析：［测试点］词义区别

［解题思路］［A］执行，实施，处死：［B］区别，区分，荣誉：［C］突破：［D］过程。这一句的意思是说一位

年轻科学家现在设计了一台电脑，这台电脑在提供给盲人的帮助方面是一项重大的突破。

（4）.［A］paralyzed［B］uneducated［C］invisible［D］sightless（分数：0.50）

A.

B.

C.

D.J

解析：［测试点］上下文词汇照应

［解题思路］本文的主题是有关帮助盲人“阅读”的问题。所以这台电脑应该是给盲人提供帮助。［A］瘫痪

的，残疾的；［B］没有受过教育的；［C］隐形的，无形的，看不见的，指的是令人看不见的，而不是指人自

己看不见其他东西；［D］没有视力的，眼睛看不见的。

（5）.［A］scans［B］enlarges［C］sketches［D］projects（分数:0.50）

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：［测试点］动词词义区别

［解题思路］［A］扫描；［B］扩大；［C］画草图，勾画；［D］投影，投射。所填动词要修饰前面的名词，即电

脑的摄像头。当然摄像头可以扫描纸张的内容。

（6）.［A］behavior［B］expression［C］movement［D］voice（分数：0.50）

A.

B.

C.

D.J

解析：［测试点］名词同义区别

［解题思路］［A］行为；［B］表达，表情•：［C］运动，活动；［D］声音。该句后半部分说，然后用一个像机器

人说话声音一样的扬声器以口头的方式把这些文字读出来。

⑺.［A］on［B］at［C］in［D］from（分数：0.50）

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：［测试点］动词与介词的搭配

［解题思路］前面的动词pressing要求用介词on搭配，表示“按或压…之上”的意思。

（8）.［A］visual［B］printed［C］virtual［D］spoken（分数：0.50）

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：［测试点］形容词与名词的搭配

［解题思路］这句意思是说，一个盲人能够阅读用英语写的任何印刷的文字资料。与上文的单词any

page,theprint意思是吻合的。［A］视觉的；［B］印刷的,铅印的；［C］实际上的，虚拟的；［D］口头的。

（9）.［A］stride［B］trail［C］haul［D］footprint（分数:0.50）

A.V

B.

c.

D.

解析：［测试点］名词词义区别，

［解题思路］这句话的意思是说，这一杰出的发明代表了在对残疾人教育方面所迈出的巨大的一步。［A］大

步，步伐；［B］足迹，脚印：［C］拖，拉；［D］脚印。

（10）.［A］Likewise［B］Moreover［C］However［D］Though（分数：0.50）

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：［测试点］句子间的逻辑关系

［解题思路］上文提到，目前Cyclops这台机器的售价是5万美金，但是，Kurzweil先生和他的同事正在

研究一个更小的但性能要提高的型号，这个型号的售价将只是原来价格的一半。这两句之间对比了价格的

不同，需要一种转折关系。［A］同样；［B］更进一步来说；［C］但是；［D］尽管如此，表让步关系。

（11）.［A］but［B］than［C］or［D］then（分数：0.50）

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：［测试点］词语之间的逻辑关系

［解题思路］这句意思是说，Kurzweil先生和他的同事正在研究一个更小的但是性能要提高的型号，这个

型号的售价将只是原来价格的一半。But能表达一种转折和递进的关系，例如：Heissmart,butIam

smarter.（他很聪明，但是我比他更聪明。）。［B］比：［C］或者：否则；［D］然后，那么。

（12）.［A］on［B］for［C］through［D］to（分数：0.50）

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：［测试点］介词用法

［解题思路］产品售价是多少要用介词for,也可以用下面这个介词短语来表达atthepriceceof（以…

价格）。

（13）.［A］estimates［B］considers［C］counts［D］determines（分数：0.50）

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：［测试点］动词词义区别

［解题思路］［A］估计，估算；［B］认为，考虑；［C］计算，起作用，有重要性；［D］决定。

（14）.［A］settle［B］own［C］invest［D］retain（分数：0.50）

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：［测试点］动词词义区别

［解题思路］［A］定居，安定下来；［B］拥有；［C］投资：［D］保留，扣留。该句意思是：在几年之内，

Kurzwe订估计价格范围将降低到让每个学校和家庭都能拥有。

（15）.［A］schools［B］chihlren［C］families［D］companies（分数：0.50）

A.

B.

C.J

D.

解析：［测试点］上下文词汇照应

［解题思路］本旬说：国家盲人协会主任MichaeHingson希望家庭将能够以一台好电视机的价格买到家用

的Cyclops。在这一句后半部分提到“家用的”，那当然是家庭能够购买。［A］学校；［B］孩子：［C］家

庭；［D］公司。像15题这样的考题不是在测试考生的词汇量，而是在测试上下文词汇的相互照应，在考研

完形填空题里面很常见，要特别注意。

（16）.［A］models［B］inodes［C］cases［D］collections（分数：0.50）

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：［测试点］名词词义区别

［解题思路］在英语里表示产品型号要用models。［B］方式，方法，模式；［C］情况，例子；［D］收集，收

藏。

（17）.［A］producing［B］researching［C］ascertaining［D］assisting（分数：0.50）

A.

B.

C.

D.J

解析：［测试点］动词词义区别

［解题思路］1上句提到说，Hjngson先生的单位购买了5台这样的机器，现在正在马里兰州等五个州测试

这些机器。盲人能够做到的当然是帮助或协助实验者来做这些测试。［A］生产，制造：［B］研究；［C］弄清

楚，查明白；［D］帮助，协助。

（18）.［A］true［B］valuable［C］authentic［D］pleasant（分数:0.50）

A.

B.J

C.

D.

解析：［测试点］形容词词义区别

［解题思路］该句提到说，肓人都协助参与了这些测试，并对帮助制造Cyclops的工程师们提出了许多宝

贵的建议。［A］正确的，真正的；［B］宝贵的；［C］真实的；［D］令人愉快的

（19）.［A］after［B］when［C］before［D］as（分数：0.50）

A.

B.

C.J

D.

解析：［测试点］句间逻辑关系和上下文照应

［解题思路］上-一段提到说，该产品正在有些州进行测试，还没有投放市场。所以19题应该要选［C］在…

之前。［A］在…之后；［B］当…时候：［D］随着，因为，正如。

（20）.［A］occasion［B］moment［C］sense［D］event（分数：0.50）

A.

B.

C.J

D.

解析：［测试点］词义搭配和区别

［解题思路］［A］那一次；［B］那一刻，那时；［C］从这种意义上说：［D］无论如何，如果，万一。

二、SectionIIReadingComprehension（总题数：0,分数：0.00）

三、PartA（总题数：0,分数：0.00）

四、Text1(总题数：1,分数：10.00)

Whenitcomestosuingdoctors,Philadelphiaishardlythecityofbrotherlylove.A

combinationofsprightly1awyersandsympatheticjurieshasmadePhiladelphiaahotspotfor

medica1-maIpracticelawsuits.Since1995,Pennsylvaniastatecourtshaveawardedanaverage

of$2minsuchcases,accordingtoJuryVerdictResearch,asurveyfirm.Somemedical

specialistshaveseentheirmalpracticeinsurancepremiumsnearlydoubleoverthepastyear.

Obstetriciansarenowpayingupto$104,000ayeartoprotectthemselves.

Theinsuranceindustryislargelytoblame.CarolGolin,theMonitor,seditor,arguesthat

inthe1990sinsurerstriedtograbmarketsharebyofferingartificiallylowrates(betting

thatanylosseswouldbecoveredbygainsontheirinvestments).Thestock-market

correction,coupledwiththelargelegalawards,haserodedtheinsurers*reserves.Threein

Pennsylvaniaalonehavegonebust.

Afewdoctors-particularlyolderones--willquit.Therestareadapting.Someare

abandoninglitigation-proneprocedures,suchasdeliveringbabies.Othersaremovingparts

oftheirpracticetoneighboringstateswhereinsuranceratesarelower.Somefrom

PennsylvaniahaveopenedofficesinNewJersey.Newdoctorsmayalsobedeterredfrom

settingupshopinlitigationhavens,howeverprestigious.

DespiteaRepublicanpresident,tortreformhasgotnowhereatthefederallevel.Indeed

doctorscouldgetc1obberedindirectlybyaPatients*Bi11ofRights,whichwouldfurther

exposemanagedcarecompaniestolawsuits.Thisprospecthasfuelledinterestamongdoctors

inPennsylvania*snewmedicalmalpracticereformbill,whichwassignedintolawonMarch

20th.Itwill,amongotherthings,givedoctors$40mofstatefundstooffsettheir

insurancepremiums,spreadthepaymentofawardsoutovertimeandprohibitindividualsfrom

doubledipping-一thatis,suingadoctorfordamagesthathavealreadybeenpaidbytheir

healthinsurer.

Butwi11itreallyhelp?RandallBovbjerg,ahealthpolicyexpertattheUrbanInstitute,

arguesthattheonlyproperwaytoslowdownthelitigationmachinewouldbetolimitthe

compensationforpainandsuffering,so-called"non-monetarydamages*.Needlesstosay,a

fixedcaponsuchawardsisresistedbymosttriallawyers.ButMrBovbjergreckonsamore

nuancedapproach,withaslidingscaleofpaymentsbasedonwell-definedmeasuresofinjury,

isabetterwayforward.Inthemeantime,doctorsandinsurersarebracingthemselvesfora

couplemoreroughyearsbeforetheinsurancecycleturns.

Nobodydisputesthathospitalstaffmakemistakes:a1999InstituteofMedicinereport

claimedthaterrorskillatleast44,000patientsayear.Butthereislittleevidencethat

malpracticelawsuitsontheirownwillsolvetheproblem.

(分数:10.00)

(1).WecanlearnfromthebeginningofthetextthatdoctorsinPhiladelphia

[A]areoftenovercharged.

[B]fleeoutofthehotcity.

[C]arelikelytobesued.

[D]enjoyahighprestige.(分数：2.00)

A.

B.

C.J

D.

解析：

(2).Bymentioning“double-dipping”(Paragraph4),theauthoristalkingabout

[A]compensations.

[B]premiums.

[C]stockshares.

[D]investment.（分数：2.00）

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：

（3）.Accordingtothetext,whatencouragesdoctorsandinsurersisthat

[A]anewreformbilliscomingintoforce.

[B]insurancepremiumscouldbebalanced.

[C]newmedicalofficeshavebeenopenedup.

[D]injurieswillbepreciselymeasured,（分数：2.00）

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：

（4）.Towhichofthefollowingistheauthormostlikelytoagree?

[A]Theproperwayistoslowdownpaymentsforinjuries.

[B]Juriestendedtofindfaultwiththecompensationspaid.

[C]Lowinsuranceratesaretoblameforthepotentialtrouble.

[D]Legalproceduresalonemaynotsolvetheroughproblem.（分数：2.00）

A.

B.

C.

D.J

解析：

（5）.Itseemsthattheauthorismostcriticalof

[A]negligentdoctors.

[B]unfriendlypatients.

[C]insurancecompanies.

[D]sympathetic1awyers.（分数：2.00）

A.

B.

C.J

D.

解析：

五、Text2（总题数：1,分数：10.00）

Anynormalspecieswouldbedelightedattheprospectofcloning.Nomorenastysurprises

1ikesicklecel1orDownsyndrome-justbatchafterbatchofhigh-gradeand,genetically

speaking,immortaloffspring!Butrepresentativesofthehumanspeciesarerespondingasif

someonehadproposedaddingSatanismtothegrade-schoolCurriculum.Suddenly,perfectly

secularfolksarethrowingaroundwordslikesanctityandretrievingmedieval-eraarguments

againsttheprideofscience.Noonehasproposedburninghimatthestake,butthepoor

fellowwhoinducedahumanembryotodoubleitselfhasvirtuallyrecantedproclaiminghis

reverenceforhuman1ifeinavoice,thismagazinereported,“chokingwithemotion.，z

Thereisanelementofhypocrisytomuchoftheanti-cloningfuror,orifnothypocrisy,

superstition.Thefactiswearealreadywelldownthepathleadingtogeneticmanipulation

ofthecreepiestsort.Life-formscanbepatented,whichmeanstheycanbeboughtandsold

andpotentiallytradedonthecommoditiesmarkets.Humanembryosarelife-forms,andthere

isnothingtostopanyonefrommarketingthemnow,onthesameshelfwiththeCabbagePatch

dolls.

Infact,anyculturethatencouragesinvitrofertilizationhasnorighttocomplainabouta

marketinembryos.Theassumptionbehindtheinvitroindustryisthatsomepeople*sgenetic

materialisworthmorethanothers,anddeservestobereproducedatanyexpense.Millions

oflow-incomebabiesdieeveryyearfrompreventableills1ikedysentery,whileheroic

effortsgointomaintainingyuppiezygotesintesttubesattheunicellularstage.Thisis

thedread“nightmare“ofeugenicsinfami1iar,marketplaceformwhichinvolvesbreedingthe

best-paidinsteadofthebest.Cloningtechnologyisanalmostinevitablebyproductofin

vitrofertilization.Onceyoudecidetogotothetroubleofinvitro,withitspotentially

hazardousmegadosesofhormonesforthefemalepartnerandvariousindignitiesforthemale,

youmightaswellmakeafewbackupcopiesofanyviableembryothat*sproduced.Andonce

you*vegotthebackuporgancopies,whynotkeepafewinthefreezer,incaseJuniorever

needsanewkidneyorcornea?

Thecriticsofcloningsayweshouldknowwhatwe'regettinginto,withallitsOrwellian

implications.Butifwedecidetooutlawcloning,weshouldunderstandtheimplicationsof

that.Wewouldbesayingineffectthat.weprefertoleavegeneticdestinytothecrap

shootingofnature,despitesickle-cellanemiaandTay-Sachsandalltherest,because

ultimatelywedon'ttrustthemarkettoregulatelifeitself.Andthismaybethehardest

thingofal1toacknowledge:thatitisn'tsomuch21stcenturytechnologywefear,aswhat

willhappentothattechnologyinthehandsofold-fashioned20thcenturycapitalism.

(分数：10.00)

(1).Welearnfromthefirstparagraphthat

[A]nonreligiousfolksreceivedcloningwithopenarms.

[B]thescientistwasencouragedtopopularizehisideas.

[C]somepeoplemovedstronglyagainstcloningtechnique.

[D]atechnicianwascondemnedandsentencedtodeath.(分数：2.00)

A.

B.

C.J

D.

解析：

(2).Itisimpliedinthe3rdparagraphthatitis

[A]dishonesttodenysomegeneticmanipulations.

[B]impracticaltochangeourgeneticdestiny.

[C]dangeroustopreparebackupcopies.

[D]irrationaltoopposefinancialoperations.(分数：2.00)

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：

(3).Wecanlearnedfromthetextthatcloningtechniqueswouldbeappliedto

[A]familyplanning.

[B]marketingstrategies.

[C]preventablediseases.

[D]organreplacements.（分数：2.00）

A.

B.

C.

D.J

解析：

⑷.Accordingtothetext,whatconcernstheauthormostisthewithrespectto

cloningtechnique.

[A]"ethics”

[B]"economics”

[C]"genetics”

[D]"mechanics/（分数：2.00）

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：

（5）.Theauthor,sattitudetowardstheprospectofcloningseemstobethatof

[A]opposition.

[B]suspicion.

[C]approval.

[D]indifference.（分数：2.00）

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：

六、Text3（总题数：1,分数：10.00）

It'seasytogetthesensethesedaysthatyou,vestumbledintoapartywithsomepowerful

drugthatdramaticallyaltersidentity.Thefacesarefamiliar,butthewordscomingoutof

themaren't.Somethinghashappenedtoalotofpeopleyouusedtothinkyouknew.They*ve

changedintosomethingliketheirownopposite.

There'sBillGates,whothesedaysisspendinglesstimeearningmoneythangivingitaway-

andpullingotherbillionairesintothedeependofglobalphilanthropy（慈善事业）withhim.

There'shistorianFrancisFukuyama,leadingawho1egangofdisaffectedfe11owtravelers

awayfromneoconservatism.Toflip-flopishuman.Itcansti11sometimesbeapolitical

liability,evidenceofaflakydispositionorrankopportunism.Buttherearecircumstances

inwhichnottoreversecourseseemsalmostpathological（病态的）.He'samodelof

consistency,StephenColbertsaidlastyearofGeorgeW.Bush:"Hebelievesthesamething

WednesdaythathebelievedonMonday-nomatterwhathappenedonTuesday.

Overthepastthreeyears,IfoundpeoplewhohadpulledabigU-turnintheir1ives.Often

theinsightcameinaforehead-smitingmomentinthemiddleofthenight:I'vegotital1

wrong.

Itlookedatfirstlikeasprinklingofoutliersbeyondthecurveofnormalhuman

experience.Butwhenyousteppedback,apatternemerged.Whatthesepersonalturnshadin

commonwastheapprehensionthatwe'real1connected.Everythingleansonsomething,isboth

dependentanddependedon.

“Thedifferencebetweenyouandme,“avisitingChinesestudenttoldUniversityofMichigan

psychologistRichardNisbettnotlongago,“isthatIthinktheworldisacircle,andyou

thinkit'saline."Theremarkpromptedtheprofessortowriteabook,TheGeographyof

Thought,aboutthedifferencesbetweentheWesternandtheAsianmind.

ToWesternthinking,theworldislinear;youcanchopitupandanalyzeit,andwecanall

workonourlittlepartoftheprojectindependentlyuntilit'ssolved.Theclassically

Easternmind,accordingtoNisbett,seesthingsdifferently:theworldisn,talengthof

ropebutavast,closedchain,incomprehensiblycomplexandeverchanging.Whenyoulookat

lifefromthissecondperspective,someuniikelyconnectionsrevealthemselves.

IrealizedthiswaswhatalmostalltheU-turnshadincommon:peoplehadswungaroundto

faceEast.Theyhadstoppedthinkingina1ineandstartedthinkinginacircle.Morality

waslookinglesslikeasetofrulesandmorelikeastory,oneinwhichtheywerepartof

anensemblecast,nolongerthestar.

(分数:10.00)

(1).Whatcanweinferfromfirsttwoparagraphs?

[A]Somepeop1ehavechangedintosomeoneanother.

[B]Rherearesomedrugsthatcanchangeone,sidentity.

[C]Somemoneybagsarepulledtoactasphilanthropist.

[D]francisFukuyamahasbecomeagreattraveler.(分数：2.00)

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：本题为细节理解题。A项没有说清楚是以个人的面容变了，还是语言变了，文中只说了语言的变

化，所以A不恰当。文章中的drugs是作者用来表达不解的比喻，所以B项错误。文章虽然出现了

“traveler”一词，但是此处是指学术观点上的方向而非真正的旅行，故选D。由第二段第一句话可知C

项正确。

(2).Theunderlinedword"flip-flop”(Line4,Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans.

[A]reverse.

[B]flick.

[C]handspring.

[D]fail.(分数：2.00)

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：本题为语义理解题。从上下文语境可以推断此处的意义应当是“突然而强烈的逆转”，B,C,D项

虽然都同该词组的词义有关，但只有A选项符合确切意义。

(3).Accordingtothetext,onedifferencebetweenWesternandEasternmindswasthat___.

[A]theworldinEasternthoughtisalinewhileinWesternthoughtisacircle.

[B]WesternmindismorecomprehensivethanEasternmind.

[C]Westernmindismoreconcernedofconnections.

[D]Easternmindconsidersthingsmorelikeawholeinsteadofseparateparts.(分数：2.00)

A.

B.

C.

D.

解析：本题为推理判断题。A项与文章意思相反。B项是过度猜测，从文章的一致信息中不能得出这项观

点。C项与文意相反，文章说的是Easternmindismoreconcernedofconnectionso从倒数第二段倒

数第二句话可以得出D项正确。

（4）.Intheauthor'sopinion,themajorcauseofmanypeopletomakeU-turnsisthat.

[A]theyhaveeatensomedrugwhichcanchangetheiridentities.

[B]theybecometoconsidertheconnectionsbetweendifferentthings.

[C]theywanttosucceedincatchingsomepoliticalopportunities.

[D]theyhavebeenstimulatedbysomebigchangesintheirlifeexperiences.（分数：2.00）

A.

B.J

C.

D.

解析：本题为细节理解题。所有选项都是影响到逆转的因素，但是根据作者观点，关键因素还是因为他们

开始系统全面地看问题，故选B。

（5）.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthistext?

[A]TheAgeofU-Turns.

[B]WesternandEasternCulturalDifferences.

[C]ACircleWorld.

[D]TheImportanceofChange.（分数：2.00）

A.J

B.

C.

D.

解析：本题为推理判断题。本题主要考查对文章主旨大意的理解。根据全文大意可以判断本文主要讲的是

逆转的问题，B、C选项虽然在文中提出过，但是作为对于逆转的根源解释出现，而D虽然提到了改变，

但是文章并没有对于改变的重要性进行论述，因此选A。

七、Text4（总题数：1,分数：10.00）

TheearliestevidenceofstandardizedtestingbasedonmeritcomesfromChinaduringtheHan

dynasty.Theconceptofastateruledbymenofabilityandvirtuewasanoutgrowthof

Confucianphilosophy.StandardizedtestinghasnottraditionallybeenapartofEuropean

pedagogy.Basedontheskepticalandopen-endedtraditionofdebateinheritedfromAncient

Greece,Westernacademiafavoredtheessay.TheuseofstandardizedtestingintheUnited

Statesisa20thcenturyphenomenonwithitsoriginsinWorldWarI.

Oneofthemainadvantagesofstandardizedtestingisthattheresultscanbeempirically

documented;thereforethetestscorescanbeshowntohavearelativedegreeofvalidity

andreliability,aswel1asresultswhicharegeneralizableandreplicable.Thisisoften

contrastedwithgradesonaschooltranscript,whichareassignedbyindividualteachers.

Anotheradvantageisaggregation.Awelldesignedstandardizedtestprovidesanassessment

ofanindividuaTsmasteryofadomainofknowledgeorskillwhichatsomelevelof

aggregationwillprovideusefulinformation.

Thoughmanyeducatorsrecognizethatstandardizedtestshaveaplaceintoolsusedtoassess

studentachievement,criticsfeelthatoveruseandmisuseofthesetestsishavingserious

negativeconsequencesonteachingandlearning.Thetemptationistousetheteststodefine

curriculumandfocusinstruction.Whatisnottestedisnottaught,andhowthesubjectis

testedbecomesamodelforhowtoteachthesubject.Moreover,standardizedtestscoresare

problematictoolsforschoolaccountabilitybecausetheexamineescoresareinfluencedby

threethings:whatkidslearninschool,whatkidslearnoutsideofschool,andinnate

intelligence.Criticsbelievethisisnotpossible.Whileitispossibletousea

standardizedtestandnotletitslimitscontrolcurriculumandinstruction,thiscanresult

inaschoolputtingitselfatriskforproducinglowertestscores,withnegativepolitical

consequences.

Somecriticssaythatsomechildrendonotdowellonstandardizedtests,despitemasteryof

thematerial,duetotestinganxietyorlackoftimemanagementortest-takingskills.This

reflectsthefactthattestscannotdirectlymeasurestudentknowledge,onlytheabilityof

studentstoapplyknowledgeinastressfulsituation.

Someparentsarewillingtopaythousandsofdollarstopreparetheirchildrenfortests,a

financialbarrierthatmaygivechiIdrenofmorewealthyparentsanadvantagecomparedto

lessaffluentfamilies.Howeverthiscriticismwouldprobablyapplyevenmoretotesting

alternativessuchasportfoliosoressays.Manystudiesalsoshowthattestcoachinghas

littleeffectonscoresonwell-buihtests.Theabilityofwealthyfamiliestopayfor

higher-qualityeducationisnotspecificallyrelatedtostandardizedtesting.

（分数:10.00）

（1）.WhichoneoftheregionsdoesNOThavealonghistoryofstandardizedtesting?

[A]China.[B]Europe.

[C]UnitedStates.[D]Africa.（分数：2.00）

A.

B.J

C.

D.

解析：[解析]细节题；在原文的第一段我们可以看到相关信息，A选项在原文是作为“standardized

testing”的起源来介绍的，当然有很长的历史，不符合题目的要求。C选项在原文中也作为很早就使用

ustandardizedtesting”的例子出现，不能选。D选项则是原文没有明确提到的，属于无关选项。而B

选项所涉及的欧洲在原文中是这样表述的，“Standardizedtestinghasnottraditionallybeena

partofEuropeanpedagogyw,也就是说B选项是正确答案。

（2）.Thestandardizedtestingisadvantageousmainlybecauseitis___.

[A]effectiveanddependable[B]flexibleandgeneral

[C]repetitiveandresponsive[D]skepticalandopen-ended（分数：2.00）

A.J

B.

C.

D.

解析：[解析]细节题：题目中的advantageous帮助我们确定在原文的第二段寻找相关信息。第二段列举

Tstandardizedtesting的诸多优势，对比4个选项，A选项的两个特点原文是通过wvalidityand

reliability”来表达的。B选项在原文找不到相应信息。C选项的“repetitive”在原文中有

"replicable"来支持，但是“responsive”找不到相关信息。D选项的表述符合第一段里欧洲的传统，

所以是和标准化测试相反的特点，自然不能入选。

（3）.Whichoneofthefollowingisastatementaboutthedisadvantagesofstandardized

testing?

[A]Itwillnotimprovetheinnateintelligenceofthestudents.

[B]Whatisnottestedisneglectedbyoureducation.

[C]Itwillcausenegativepoliticalconsequencesforallschools.

[D]Testingcannotcontrolcurriculumandinstruction.（分数：2.00）

A.

B.J

C.

D.

解析：[解析]细节题；题目中的定位信息是disadvantages,在原文的第三段我们可以找到“critics

feelthatM这样的信息，A选项的表述在原文中是"theexamineescoresareinfluenced

by...innateintelligence",但批评者是否把这种影响关系反过来推导是原文没有涉及的信息。B选项

和原文中"Whatisnottestedisnottaughtn表达的意思是一致的，为正确选项。C选项的"cause

negativepoliticalconsequences”来自原文，但是“forallschoolsw这一点在原文中是没有办法论

证的。D选项把原文的“Whileitispossibletouseastandardizedtestandnotletitslimits

controlcurriculumandinstruction这样的一种让步作为实际情况来写，本来就有偏颇，而且这也不

属于题目要求的“disadvantage”的范畴，应该排除。

（4）.WhichoneofthefollowingfactorsinfluencingtestscoresisNOTcriticizedbysome

critics?

[A]Agoodjobinmasteringwhatistested.

[B]Thefeelingofanxietyduringtests.

[C]Failuretohaveagoodtimearrangement.

[D]Skillstogetahighscoreintests.（分数：2.00）

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：[解析]细节题：在原文的第四段，我们可以看到“Somecriticssaythatsomechildrendo

notdowellonstandardizedtests,despitemasteryofthematerial,duetotestinganxiety

orlackoftimemanagementortest-takingskills”这样的表达，也就是说有些批评标准化测试的人

认为有些成绩不好的考生是由于除了A选项所说的对于学习内容的掌握之外，还受到B、C和D选项所提

到的这些其他因素的干扰，所以作者要批评的是这些其他的因素，而非对知识的掌握本身。按照反向选择

的要求，A选项就是这个题目的正确答案。

（5）.Whatisthemainideaofparagraph5?

[A]Weshouldhavemoretestingalternativesotherthanstandardizedones.

[B]Theeffectivenessoftestcoachingvariesfromstudenttostudent.

[C]Thewealthyfamilieshavetherightforbettereducation.

[D]Thegrowinginfluenceoftestpreparationisalsoaconcernforsome.（分数：2.00）

A.

B.

C.

D.V

解析：[解析]段落大意题：第五段提到了家长对于孩子的备考舍得花费大笔的资金，这样导致了备考过

程中的不公平等一系列问题以及作者对于一些批评声音的个人观点和态度。比较4个选项，D选项的表述

和原文讨论的问题最贴切。A选项不符合原文中“thiscriticismwouldprobablyapplyevenmoteto

testingalternatives”这样的观点。B选项所论述的内容在原文中并没有出现，属于无关选项。C选项

来自原文“TheabiIityofwealthyfami1iestopayforhigher-qualityeducationisnot

specificallyrelatedtostandardizedtesting”这样的表达，但是原文是在就事论事地指出优越的家

庭条件导致的对更高质量的教育的追求并不能归咎于标准化测试，而C选项则是主观的态度，认为这些家

庭就是有享受更好的教育的权利。

八、PartB（总题数：1,分数：10.00）

[A]Storytellersfromantiquityknewthepowerofstar-crossedromance,andsodidAudrey

Niffenegger.Her2003bestsellerTheTimeTraveler'sWifeissoplangentataleoffatal

love,withtwoadorablepeoplefightingtobeattheoddsagainstthem.

[B]Henry,yousee,hasthegiftorcurseoftime-traveling:disappearingfromonetemporal

andspatialrealitytopopup,naked,inanother.Thisscience-fictiontropewi11be

familiartofansofTheTerminator,butHenryisnoaction-fantasygod.He'sjustaguy

whosebodyhasawanderlusthecan'tharness.That*swhy,ashetellsthebesottedClare,T

neverwantedanythinginmylifethatIcouldn*tstandlosing.〃Ofcoursethey*redestined

tobeeachother*soneandonlyloves.

［C］Myfr