考研英语二（阅读）模拟试卷16

考研英语二（阅读）模拟试卷16

（总分：40.00,做题时间:90分钟）

一、<B>PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.</B>（总题数：4,分数：40.00）

Whyisitthatmostofuscanrememberourprecisesurroundingsthemomentthatwefirst

learnedofJohnFitzgeraldKennedy*sassassination,theChallengerexplosionorthefallof

theTwinTowers,butnotsay,whatgroceryaislewewerestandinginwhenthephonecall

cametoremindustopickupmilk?Whatisitaboutthetiming—ormorespecifically,the

coincidencewithintenseexperience—thatsealsinvisualmemoriesmoreeffectively?That,s

thequestionthatanewstudyfrompsychologistsattheUniversityofWashingtonsetoutto

answer.Thestudy,publishedonlinerecentlyintheopen-accessjournalPLoSBiology

includedaseriesoffourexperiments.Ineachexperiment,whichincludeddistinct

participants,JeffreyY.Linandcolleaguesshowedstudysubjects16photographsdepicting

familiarlandscapes.Thefirsttime,participantsmerelylookedattheimages;thesecond

time,theywerealsoaskedtofocusonanumbershowninthemiddleoftheimage;thethird

time,theyalsohadtomakenoteofanauditorycueastheylookedattheimages;and

finally,theywereshownimageswithanumberinthemiddle,buttoldtoignorethenumber

andfocusonlyonthescenedepicted.Researchersfoundthat,whenshownanimagelaterand

askedtorecallifithadbeenamongthosethey'dalreadyseen,subjects*memoryformation

wasconsistentlybestwhentheyhadalsobeentryingtoconcentrateonanothertaskinboth

thesecondandthirdexperiments,whichinvolvedviewingnumbersorhearingaudiotones

whiletheimageswerepresented,subjectsformedclearermemoriesthaninthefirst

experiment-whentheyweresimplyinstructedtolookatthephotos-andthaninthefourth

experiment-whentheywereshownnumbersinthecenterofphotos,buttoldtoignorethem

andfocusontheimagesthemselves.Thefindingssuggestthatitisn'tthenoveltyofwhat

we'reseeing,buttheexperiencethatwearehavingwhilewelookatsomething,that

determineshowwel1westoreitawayinourmemories.Or,astheauthorsphraseit,the

studyresultsprovide"evidenceofamechanismwheretracesofavisualsceneare

automaticallyencodedintomemoryatbehaviorallyrelevantpointsintimeregardlessofthe

spatialfocusofattention.Whenitcomestomakingmemories,timingisoftheessence.（分

数：10.00）

（1）.Thequestionsatthebeginningofthetextareintendedto.（分数：2.00）

A.describeaconfusingphenomenon

B.showthecomplexityofourmemory

C.drawforththetopicofthistextJ

D.supporttheargumentoftheauthor

解析：解析：题干的questions指第一段前两句提出的问题，这两个问题可概括为“我们为什么能够清楚

地记得某些情况，却不记得另一些情况？”和“什么样的时机会加深记忆？”o第一段末句则指出第二个问

题是某项研究的研究话题，第二段紧接着介绍了这项研究，所以可推知，这些问题是为了引出本文要讨论

的话题，由此可判断C项符合题意。

（2）.Whichofthefollowingsistrueofthestudymentionedinthistext?（分数：2.00）

A.Itwasconductedbysomeanthropologists.

B.Itstudiedthestepsofmemoryformation.

C.Itsconclusionwasbasedonseveralexperiments.J

D.Itsfindingsoverturnedmanypreviousresearches.

解析：解析：四个选项均与研究的基本信息相关。第二段详细说明了实验进行的方式和内容，其中①句说

到该研究包括四组实验，而根据第三、第四段的“Inboththesecondandthirdexperiments^“in

thefirstexperiment""inthefourthexperimentw等字眼可知，研究人员发现的结果(findings)是

来自于这四组测验，C项所说的该研究建立在几组实验的基础上与文意相吻合，故C项正确。

(3).Thestudyshowsthatpeoplerememberathingbetterwhenthey..(分数：2.00)

A.concentrateonotherthingsmeanwhileJ

B.strivetorememberthatthing

C.arestronglyattractedbyit

D.repeatitconstantlyinmind

解析：解析：本题询问人们能更好记住事件的条件，这正是文中研究的结果，文中第三段为研究的结论，

与本题相关。其中该段①句总结说到，研究发现如果看图的同时精力还集中于另•任务(concentrateon

anothertask),参与者的记忆往往更加清晰，接着②句进一步阐述此观点在这一研究中的具体表现和反

映，即“同时需关注数字或记下声音提示的实验参与者记忆更清晰”，A项的观点与此不谋而合，故A项

正确。

(4).ItisimpliedinParagraph4thathowwellthememoryisstoreddependson.(分

数:2,00)

A.timingofthethingJ

B.thelevelofnewnessofthething

C.therelatedexperiencetothething

D.thetracesofthevisualscene

解析：解析：根据题干可直接定位到第四段。该段①句说实验表明我们能否记住某事取决于看到某事时的

经历(theexperiencethatwearehaving),最后一句则总结说“时机是非常重要的”，A项复现了末

句的timing,也与①句所述对应，故可确定A项为本题答案。

(5).Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemainideaofthistext?(分数：2.00)

A.Timingiscriticaltomemoryformation.V

B.Memorycanbemanipulatedforourgood.

C.Peopletendtorememberbigeventsbetter.

D.It*sbettertoremembertwothingsthanone.

解析：解析：这道题目需要通观全文，总结性的观点一般出现在文章的开头或者结尾。这篇文章的开头即

引出了文章的主题，那么概括的部分应在文章的末尾，所以定位在最后一段。文中最后一句谈到“就能否

形成记忆来说，时机是至关重要的”，A项中的memoryformation对应该句中的makingmemories,而

iscriticalto”是...的关键”则与文中的oftheessence”非常重要的”相吻合,故A项为正确答

案。

Encouragementandpraisecancomeinmanyforms,andsomewaysarebetterforchild

developmentthanothers.ResearchersattheUniversityofChicagoandStanfordUniversity

whostudiedmother-childinteractionsoverthecourseofseveralyearsfoundthatthetype

ofpraisechiIdrenreceiveaffectstheirattitudestowardchallengeslaterinlife.

Specifically,praisethatcamewithfeedbackabouttheirbehaviorandthechoicesthat

toddlersmadehelpedthemtocopebetterwithdifficultexperiencesfiveyearslater,

comparedwithcomplimentsthatfocusedmoreonthechildhimself,like〃You'reagoodboy.”

Thestudy,whichappearsinthejournalChildDevelopment,isthefirstmajorstudyof

praiseandchildhooddevelopmentdoneoutsideofalabsetting.Inthestudy,researches

foundthatthechildrenwhogrewupwithmoreprocesspraise(commentssuchas"Youworked

reallyhard"or"You'redoingagreatjob,“whichemphasizethechiId,sactions.)weremore

opentochallenge,andwereabletoidentifymorewaysofovercomingdifficultproblems.

Theywerealsomorelikelytosaythattheycouldimprovetheirintelligencewithhardwork.

Whilepersonpraise(commentslike"You'resosmart"or"You'resogood,，zwhichfocusona

child'sinherentqualities.)didn'tseemtohaveanynegativeeffectonthechildren,the

studysuggeststhatprocesspraiseteacheschiIdrenthattheirtalentsandabi1itiescanbe

developedandimproved,whilepersonpraisesendsthemessagethattheirabilitiesarefixed

andthereforenoteasilyaltered."Thisstudyismonumental,“saysCarolDweck,aco-author

ofthestudyandaprofessoratStanfordUniversitywhoseearlierresearchlaidthe

foundationforunderstandingtheroleofpraiseinchilddevelopment.Anotherrevelation

fromthestudyinvolvedhowpraiseaffectsboysandgirlsdifferently.Parentsgaveboysand

girlsthesameamountofpraise,butoftheencouragementboysreceived,24%wasprocess

praise,whilegirlsreceivedonly10%ofthistype.Previousresearchsuggestedthis

pattern,butGunderson,anassistantprofessorofpsychologyatTempleUniversity,saysshe

wassurprisedbyhowgreatthedifferencewas.Theinequalitycouldhaveconsequencesfor

howgirlsevaluatetheirabilitiesastheyprogressinschoolandmayplayarolein

aggravatingsomeoftheself-esteemissuesthatbecomemorecommonamongteensand

adolescents.Thefindingssendaclearmessagetoparents."Thebiggesttakeawayisthat

parentpraisematters,Dwecksays."Theparents,evenwhenthechildrenareveryyoung,are

startingtoshapethechild,smotivation,thechildren'sattitudestowardthemselvesand

theirstancetotheworld.*Notallpraise,itseems,isequal.（分数：10.00）

（1）.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthat.（分数：2.00）

A.themorepraisechildrenreceive,thebetter

B.praiseofdifferenttypeshasdifferenteffectsJ

C.praiseplaysamajorroleinchildhooddevelopment

D.praisecanhelpchildrendealwithhardshipbetter

解析：解析：根据题干可直接定位到第一、第二段。第一段①句开门见山，指出鼓励和表扬有多种方式，

而且对孩子的发展影响不同。第二段开头的Specifically一词表明第二段是对第一段的具体说明，进一

步指出具体某种表扬方式能让孩子日后更好地处理困难情况，故确定B项正确。

（2）.WecaninferfromParagraph3that.（分数：2.00）

A.childrenwithmorepersonpraisedevelopbetterthanotherwise

B.processpraiseistemporarywhilepersonpraiseispermanent

C.personpraise1ike"youaresosmart"shouldbecompletelyavoided

D.processpraisehasmorepositiveeffectsonchildrenthanpersonpraiseJ

解析：解析：根据题干可直接定位到第三段。该段详细讲述了研究的结果，对比了processpraise"行

为表扬”及personpraise“个人表扬”的影响。该段前两句提到，受到行为表扬多的孩子，更敢于应对

挑战，应对困难的方法也更多，也更有可能认为他们可以通过努力来提升智力，这些是personpraise所

没有的，故D项的概括正确。

（3）.CarolDweck*sattitudetowardthestudyis___.（分数：2.00）

A.skeptical

B.positiveV

C.cautious

D.objective

解析：解析：根据题干中的人名CarolDweck可定位到第四段。本题考查的是CarolDweck对前三段提到

的研究持什么态度。从该段中的Thisstudyismonumental“该研究是意义重大的”可看出CarolDweck

对该研究的态度是积极的，故B项为正确答案。

（4）.AccordingtoParagraph5,whichofthefollowingistrueofgirls?（分数：2.00）

A.Girlsreceivemoreprocesspraisethanboys.

B.Mostparentsareusuallyprejudicedagainstgirls.

C.Girlsreceivelessprocesspraisethanboys.J

D.Theself-esteemissueisuncommonamonggirls.

解析：解析：根据题干可直接定位到第五段。该段①句就提到表扬对男孩和女孩的影响存在差异，②句对

比了两者受到的processpraise数量上的差异，从两个百分比数字（24%和10%）可以看出，女孩受到的行

为表扬数量要低于男孩所受到的行为表扬数量，故C项为正确答案。

（5）.Bysaying〃Notallpraise,itseems,isequal”,theauthorimpliesthat.（分数：

2.00）

A.thereisabetterwaytopraisechildrenJ

B.inequalityisverycommoninoursociety

C.parentsshouldencourageandpraisemore

D.girlsshouldbegivenmoreprocesspraise

解析：解析：题干中的直接引语为全文的最后一句。统观全文，可知文章主要讲的是不同的表扬类型（本

文重点在对比processpraise及personpraise）对孩子会产生不同的影响，所以作者说“似乎不是所有

表扬都是平等的"，结合文章的写作意图，不难看出本文是想表明表扬孩子的方式有差异，存在优劣，故

A项为正确答案。

WhatisthedifferencebetweenJoeSix-Pack,JoethePlumberandJoeBiden?Oneisvice

president;theothertwoarenot.Why?Theanswerdependsonahostofinteractivevariables

thatmustbefactoredintoanyequationofsuccess:genes,parents,brothersandsisters,

peers,teachers,practice,drive,culture,timing,legacyandluck.Therubforthe

scientistisdeterminingthepercentageofinfluenceofeachvariableanditsinteractions,

whichrequiressophisticatedstatisticalmodels.Journalists,whoareunrestrictedby

researchterms,veryquicklyproducelargequantitiesofself-helpbooksthatfocuson

selectvariablesthatinterestthem.FewdosobetterthanMalcolmGladwell,andinhisbook

Outliers:TheStoryofSuccess,theNewYorkerwriterclaimsthatsuccessfulpeoplearenot

“self-made“butinstead"areinvariablythebeneficiariesofhiddenadvantagesand

extraordinaryopportunitiesandculturallegaciesthatallowthemto1earnandworkhardand

makesenseoftheworldinwaysotherscannot.Bi11Gates,forexample,maybesmart,but

GladwellpreferstoemphasizethefactthatGates*swealthyparentssenthimtoaprivate

schoolthathadacomputerclubwithateletypetime-sharingterminalwithadirectlinkto

amainframecomputerinSeattle,andin1968thiswasveryunusual.Hisgoodfortunetobe

borninthemid-1950salsomeantthatGatescameofagewhenthecomputerindustrywasready

tohavesomeoneofhisexperiencestartasoftwarecompany.Similarly,Gladwel1says,

Mozart*sfatherwasacomposerwhomentoredtheyoungWolfgangintogreatnessfromagesix

untilhisearly20s,whenhiscompositionschangedfrompleasantlymelodiousintomasterful.

TheBeatles*luckybreakcameinHamburg,Germany,wheretheywereabletologinmorethan

1,200liveperformancesandtherebymeetthewell-known10,000-hourruleforperfectinga

profession.Asianwonderchildrenaretheproductof“thetraditionofwet-riceagriculture^

thatmustbepracticedyear-roundandthatrequires〃thehighestemphasisoneffortandhard

work,“andthat'swhytheystudyallsummerwhileAmericanstudentsgotothemall.Such

geniuses,Gladwel1says,“areproductsofhistoryandcommunity,ofopportunityandlegacy.

Theirsuccessisnotexceptionalormysterious.Itisgroundedinawebofadvantagesand

inheritances,somedeserved,somenot,someearned,somejustplainluckybutallcritical

tomakingthemwhotheyare.”（分数：10.00）

（1）.Byaskingtwoquestionsatthebeginningofthetext,theauthorintendsto.（分

数：2.00）

A.showdifferentachievementsofdifferentJoes

B.introducethecontributoryfactorsofsuccessJ

C.introduceastudyondeterminantsofsuccess

D.discussthedifficultyofsuccessfortheordinary

解析：解析：根据题干关键词beginningofthetext定位到第一段。两个问题即“乔六包、水管工乔和

乔-拜登有什么不同？”和“为什么会有不同？"，这里关键语义落在后一句“Why?”，探究造成这一情况

的原因，以此引出促成成功的各种变量，B项的contributoi'yfactors“促成因素”对应本段④句的The

answerdependson…variablesthatmustbefactoredinlo…success,这里的answer即是对why的

回答，故B项为答案。

(2).AccordingtoParagraph2,Gladwellbelievesthat_.(分数：2.00)

A.journalistsabidebyresearchresultaccurately

B.manyexternalfactorscontributetosuccessJ

C.journalistsareinterestedinself-helpbooks

D.peoplesucceedthroughtheirownefforts

解析：解析：根据题干中的Gladwell可定位到第二段②句。该句首先提到MalcolmGladwell,句子后半

部分的theNewYorkerwriter是其代名词,文中的claims对应题目的believes,表示的adwell相信

成功人士并不是“仅靠自身努力而取得成功的"(self-made),而是隐性优势、非凡机遇和文化传承的受

益者，B项”许多外在因素促成成功”与原文的意思相符，故为答案。

(3).AccordingtoGladwell,whichofthefollowingistrueofGates?(分数：2.00)

A.Hisgreatsuccessisduetohisowntalent.

B.Hisbirthtimepartlycontributestohissuccess.J

C.Hisinterestinsoftwaremadehimsucceed.

D.Heisfortunatetoreceiveunusualeducation.

解析：解析：根据题干中的关键词Gates可定位到第三段。该段以比尔-盖茨为例说明第二段的观点：成

功人士是隐形优势、非凡机遇和文化传承的受益者。其中②句中的Hisgoodfortunetobebornin

themid-1950s说明他出生于一个恰当的时机，B项所述与此对应。

(4).WemaylearnfromParagraph4that_.(分数：2.00)

A.geniusesworklessharderthantheordinary

B.musicians'successisduetotalentmostly

C.manyfactorshelpgeniusesbecomesuccessfulV

D.AsiansworklessharderthanAmericans

解析：解析：根据题干可直接定位到第四段。该段依旧是列举名人事例说明论点：成功人士不是self-

made。其中谈到了莫扎特、披头士和亚洲神童的成功。Gladwell强调了莫扎特的作曲家(composer)父亲

(他一直辅导莫扎特到二十岁)、披头士的机遇(luckybreak)以及亚洲神童的努力和辛勤工作(effortand

hardwork),C项“许多因素促使天才获得成功”与文意相吻合，故为答案。

(5).Thewebofadvantagesandinheritancesare___.(分数：2.00)

A.thefoundationofsuccess>/

B.peculiartogeniuses

C.lessimportanttogeniuses

D.possessedbyeveryone

解析：解析：根据题干定位到最后一段。其中该段①句总结表明，天才是历史和社会、机遇和传承的产

物，③句进一步阐述他们的成功建立在•张优势和传承交织的网上(groundedinawebofadvantages

andinheritances),所以这个网是成功的基石(foundation),A项语义与此对应，故为正确答案。

believeinequalityforeveryone,exceptreportersandphotographers,z，MahatmaGandhi

oncesaid.Journalist-haterslikehimmightnotcareabouttheagonyofAmerica,snews

firms,butmanyAmericansdo.Nearlyathirdofthemsaytheyhaveabandonedanewssource

becausetheythoughtthequalityofitsinformationwasdeclining.Accordingto"TheState

oftheNewsMedia2013”,areportbytheProjectforExcellenceinJournalismatthePew

ResearchCentre,thedeterioratingfinancialstateofnewsorganizationshashurttheir

output.Newspaperstaffshaveshrunkbyaround30%sincetheirpeakin1989,andnewspapers

collectivelynowemployfewerthan40,000full-timeprofessionals,thelowestnumbersince

themid-1970s.Americanswhothinkmediafirmsareputtingoutfeweroriginal,thoughtful

storiesareprobablyright.Weather,trafficandsportnowaccountforaround40%oflocal

televisionnewscasts.Theaveragelengthofastorykeepsfalling.Only20%oflocalTV

storiesexceedaminute,andhalftakelessthan30seconds.Oncable-newschannels,live

reports,whichrequirecameracrewsandjournalistsactuallytoshowupsomewhere,have

fallenbyathirdindaytimeprogramsinthepastfiveyears.Interviewsegments,whichare

cheap,haverisen.Americansmayalsoprefertalkingheadsbecausetheyincreasinglyprefer

tohearopinionratherthanfact.ThistrendishighlightedbythepopularityofFox,a

conservativenewsnetwork,andofMSNBC,itsleft-leaningcounterpart.CNN,whichtendsto

toethemiddleline,continuestostrugglewithitsratingsunlessthereisabignews

event.Whereisthegoodnews?LastyearlocalTVstations,especiallythoseinswingstates

likeFloridaandOhio,gotawelcomeboostfromthe$3billionspentonTVadvertising

duringtheelection.Andnewspapersarenowstartinginlargenumberstodemandpaymentfor

theirdigitalcontent.PewreckonsthataroundathirdofAmerica's1,380dailieshave

started(orwillsoonlaunch)paywalls,inspiredbythesuccessoftheNewYorkTimes,where

640,000subscribersgetthedigitaleditionandcirculationnowaccountsforalarger

portionofrevenuesthanadvertising.Boostingcirculationrevenuewillhelpstemlosses

fromprintadvertising,sinceithasbecomeclearthatdigitaiadvertisingwi11notbe

enough.Forevery$16lostinprintadvertisinglastyear,newspapersmadeonlyaround$1

fromdigitalads.Thebulkofthe$37.3billionspentondigitaladvertisingin2012wentto

fivefirms:Google,Yahoo,Facebook,MicrosoftandAOL.NotmuchGandhianequalitythere.

(分数：10.00)

(1).Thedeclineofnewspapers*informationqualityismainlycausedby.(分数：2.00)

A.financialdownturnofnewsgroupsJ

B.ashortageoftalentedstaffs

C.decreaseinnewspaperreaders

D.increasingnumberofjournalist-haters

解析：解析：题干提及的“报纸信息质量下降”首先出现在第一段末句。而第二段①句末的hurttheir

output与此对应。该句讲述造成该现象的原因是thedeterioratingfinancialstateofnews

organizations”新闻机构不断恶化的财政状况”，A项所述与此对应，故为答案。也许有同学不理解

deteriorating“恶化的”一词，但根据全文上下的语境，至少能判断出这是一个贬义词，因而可推测原

因是由于报业集团不好的经济状况造成，也能选出A项。

(2).AccordingtoParagraph4,whichofthefo