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Chapter3Cost–volume–profitanalysisManagementAccountingforDecisionMakersTenthEditionLEARNINGOUTCOMESYoushouldbeableto:Prepareabreak-evenchartanddeducethebreak-evenpointforsomeactivityDemonstratethewayinwhichmarginalanalysiscanbeusedwhenmakingshort-termdecisionsDiscusstheweaknessesofbreak-evenanalysisDistinguishbetweenfixedcostandvariablecostandusethisdistinctiontoexplaintherelationshipbetweencost,volumeofactivityandprofitThebehaviourofcostsRemainconstant(fixed)whenchangesoccurtothevolumeofactivity

VaryaccordingtothevolumeofactivityCostsmaybeclassifiedas:FixedVariableCost(£)Volumeofactivity(unitsofoutput)F0Figure3.1GraphoffixedcostagainstvolumeofactivityRentcost(£)Volumeofactivity

R0Figure3.2GraphofrentcostagainstthevolumeofactivityCost(£)Volumeofactivity

0Figure3.3GraphofvariablecostagainstthevolumeofactivityElectricitycost

(£)Volumeofactivity

0Theslopeofthislinegivesthevariablecostperunitofactivity

Fixedcost

element

Figure3.4GraphofelectricitycostagainstthevolumeofactivityCost(£)Volumeofactivity(unitsofoutput)0FTotalcostFixedcostVariablecostFigure3.5GraphoftotalcostagainstvolumeofactivityFigure3.6Abreak-evenchartRevenue/Cost(£)Volumeofactivity(unitsofoutput)0FTotalcostFixedcostVariablecostBreak-evenpointTotalsalesrevenuePROFITLOSSCalculatingthebreak-evenpointFixedcost

Salesrevenueperunit−Variablecostsperunit

b=

Break-evenLoadfactor%604020800100Percent2019839620162015728893722018201773949573Figure3.8Break-evenandloadfactorsatRyanairSource:BasedoninformationcontainedintheRyanairHoldingsplcAnnualReport2019.Contributionmarginratio(CMR)

Contribution×100%

SalesrevenueCMR=Figure3.9aBreak-evenchartforCottageIndustriesLtd’sbasket-makingactivitieswithoutthemachineFixedcostsRevenue/Cost(£000)Volumeofactivity(numberofbaskets)015432Total

revenue100400300200500Total

costsBreak-even

pointPROFITLOSSFigure3.9bBreak-evenchartforCottageIndustriesLtd’s

basket-makingactivitieswiththemachineRevenue/Cost(£000)1Fixedcosts5432Volumeofactivity(numberofbaskets)01004003002005006Total

costsBreak-even

pointTotal

revenueLOSSPROFIT600Figure3.10Ryanair’smarginofsafetySource:BasedoninformationcontainedintheRyanairHoldingsplcAnnualReport2019.CalculatingthetargetprofitFixedcost+Targetprofit

Salesrevenueperunit−Variablecostperunit

t=

Where:t=therequirednumberofunitsofoutput

toachievethetargetprofitVolumeofactivityProfitFigure3.11TheeffectofoperatinggearingProfit(£)Volumeofactivity0LOSSPROFITBreak-evenpointLoss(£)FixedcostFigure3.12Profit–volumechartRevenue/Cost(£)Volumeofactivity(unitsofoutput)0FixedcostsABTotalcostTotal

revenueFigure3.13Theeconomist’sviewofthebreak-evenchartWeaknessesofbreak-evenanalysisThreegeneralproblemsNon-linearrelationships

SteppedfixedcostsMulti-productbusinesses

Make-or-buydecisions

Pricing/assessingopportunitiestoentercontracts

Closingor

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