施工组织设计及专项施工方案的编制TheCompilatio

《施工组织设计及专项施工方案的编制》

TheCompilationofConstructionOrganizationDesign

andSpecialConstructionPlan（一）施工组织设计的内容和编制方法1、施工组织设计的类型施工组织设计是以施工项目为对象编制的，用以指导施工的技术、经济和管理的综合性文件。同时规范规定：“施工组织设计按编制对象，可分为施工组织总设计、单位工程施工组织设计和施工方案。”1.Thecontentandcompilation

methodofconstructionorganizationdesign(1)TypesThedesignofconstructionorganizationisacomprehensivedocumenttoguidethetechnical,economicandmanagementworkduringtheconstruction,whichiscomposedofconstructionprojects.Accordingtotherelevantregulations,thedesignofconstructionorganizationincludesthegeneraldesignofconstructionorganization,unitengineeringconstructionorganizationdesignandconstructionplan.施工组织总设计是以若干单位工程组成的群体工程或特大型项目为主要对象编制的施工组织设计，对整个项目的施工过程起统筹规划、重点控制的作用。单位工程施工组织设计是以单位（子单位）工程为主要对象编制的施工组织设计，对单位（子单位）工程的施工过程起指导和制约作用。施工方案是以分部（分项）工程或专项工程为主要对象编制的施工技术与组织方案，用以具体指导其施工过程。Thegeneraldesignofconstructionorganizationismadetohaveoverallplanningandcontroloverthewholeprocesscollectingmaterialsfromthegroupofseveralconstructionunitsandothermajorprojects.Theconstructionorganizationdesignofunitprojectismadeparticularlyforthesub-unitproject,whichguidesandcontrolstheconstructionprocessofthesub-unit.Constructionplanincludesconstructiontechniquesandschemes,whichisdesignedbasedonthesub-unitorparticularconstructionprojectsaimingtoguidetheconstructionspecifically.

2、施工组织设计的编制依据(2)Thebasisofthecompilationofconstructionorganizationdesign施工组织设计的编制依据主要有建设项目基础文件、工程建设政策、法规和规范资料、建设地区原始调查资料、类似施工项目经验资料。Thedesignofconstructionorganizationismainlybasedontheconstructionprojectfoundationdocuments,engineeringconstructionpolicies,regulationsandnorms,originalsurveyedinformationinconstructingareaandexperienceofsimilarconstructionproject.3、施工组织总设计的编制内容(3)Thecontentofthegeneraldesignofconstructionorganization根据《建筑施工组织设计规范》（ＧＢ／Ｔ５０５０２—２００９）的规定，施工组织总设计的主要内容有：工程概况；总体施工部署；施工总进度计划；总体施工准备与主要资源配置计划；主要施工方法；施工总平面布置。AccordingtotheSpecificationfortheDesignofConstructionOrganization(GB/T50502-2009),thecontentsis:projectoverview,generaldeployment,generalschedule,generalpreparationandtheallocationofmainresources,mainmethodsandgeneralconstructionlayout.（1）工程概况Projectoverview工程概况应包括项目主要情况和项目主要施工条件等。Projectprofileshouldincludethemainsituationandthemainconstructionconditionsoftheproject.１）项目主要情况应包括下列内容：

Themainsituationoftheprojectshouldinclude:项目名称、性质、地理位置和建设规模；Thename,nature,locationandconstructionscaleoftheproject,项目的建设、勘察、设计和监理等相关单位的情况；Informationrelatedtotheconstruction,survey,designandsupervisionoftheproject,项目设计概况；Theoverviewoftheproject,项目承包范围及主要分包工程范围；Thescopeofthecontractedprojectandsubcontractingprojects,施工合同或招标文件对项目施工的重点要求；Majorrequirementsoftheconstructioncontractorbiddingdocuments,其他应说明的情况。Andothercircumstancesthataesupposedtobebeexplained.２）项目主要施工条件应包括下列内容：Themainconstructionconditionsoftheprojectshouldinclude:项目建设地点气象状况；meteorologicalconditionsoftheconstructionsite,项目施工区域地形和工程水文地质状况；thetopographyandhydrogeologicalconditionsofthesite,项目施工区域地上、地下管线及相邻的地上、地下建（构）筑物情况；pipelinesdistributionandbuildingsaboveandunderthegroundadjacently，与项目施工有关的道路、河流等状况；theconditionofroadsandriversrelatedtotheconstruction,当地建筑材料、设备供应和交通运输等服务能力状况；theservicecapacityofsupplyingconstructionmaterialsandtransporting.当地供电、供水、供热和通信能力状况；heservicecapacityofsupplyingelectricity,water,heatandcommunicationcapacity,.其他与施工有关的主要因素。andothermajorfactorsrelatedtoconstruction.（2）总体施工部署Overallconstructiondeployment１）施工组织总设计应对项目总体施工做出下列宏观部署：Thegeneraldesignofconstructionorganizationshallmakethefollowingmacrodeployment:确定项目施工总目标，包括进度、质量、安全、环境和成本目标；Itshouldclarifytheobjectives,timeschedule,qualityandsafetystandard,environmentalconditionandcostoftheoverallprojectconstruction.根据项目施工总目标的要求，确定项目分阶段（期）交付的计划；Itshoulddeterminetheplanofprojectdeliveryphasebyphaseaccordingtotherequirementsoftheoverallprojectconstruction.明确项目分阶段（期）施工的合理顺序及空间组织。Itshoulddefinethereasonablesequenceandspatialorganizationoftheconstructionoftheproject.２）对于项目施工的重点和难点应进行简要分析。Thegeneraldesignofconstructionorganizationshallanalyzethekeyanddifficultpointsoftheprojectbriefly.３）总承包单位应明确项目管理组织机构形式，并宜采用框图的形式表示。Thegeneralcontractorshouldclarifytheformofprojectmanagementorganizationandpresentitinblockdiagrams.４）对于项目施工中开发和使用的新技术、新工艺应做出部署Thegeneraldesignofconstructionorganizationshallincludethedevelopmentanduseofnewtechnologiesandtechniquesintheproject.５）对主要分包项目施工单位的资质和能力应提出明确要求。Thegeneraldesignofconstructionorganizationshallincludethequalificationsandcapabilitiesofthemainsubcontractingprojectconstruction.

（3）施工总进度计划Thescheduleofconstruction１）施工总进度计划应按照项目总体施工部署的安排进度编制。Thegeneralplanshallbemadeinaccordancetothearrangementoftheoverallconstruction.２）施工总进度计划可采用网络图或横道图表示，并附必要说明。ThegeneralplancanbepresentedbynetworkdiagramorGanttchartdiagramwithexplanationifnecessary.（4）总体施工准备与主要资源配置计划Overallconstructionpreparationandtheallocationplanofmainresources１）总体施工准备应包括技术准备、现场准备和资金准备等。技术准备、现场准备和资金准备应满足项目分阶段（期）施工的需要。Thepreparationshouldincludetechnical,siteandfinancialpreparation,whichiscompatiblewiththeconditionthattheprojectiscompletedphasebyphase.２）主要资源配置计划应包括劳动力配置计划和物资配置计划等。劳动力配置计划应包括下列内容：Theallocationplanofmainresourcesshouldincludetheallocationoflaborandmaterials.Thelaborallocationshallinclude:ａ．确定各施工阶段（期）的总用工量；a.Theamountoflaborneededineachconstructionphaseｂ．根据施工总进度计划确定各施工阶段（期）的劳动力配置计划。b.Thelaborallocationplanforeachconstructionphaseaccordingtothetotalconstructionschedule.物资配置计划应包括下列内容：Theplanofconstructionmaterialsallocationshouldincludeａ根据施工总进度计划确定主要工程材料和设备的配置计划；Theallocationplanofmajorconstructionmaterialsandequipmentaccordingtothetotalconstructionschedule,ｂ根据总体施工部署和施工总进度计划确定主要周转材料和施工机具的配置计划。Andthelistofsuppliesinventoryanduseofconstructionmachineryaccordingtotheoverallconstructiondeploymentandschedule.（5）主要施工方法Mainconstructionmethods１）施工组织总设计应对项目涉及的单位（子单位）工程和主要分部（分项）工程所采用的施工方法进行简要说明。Thegeneraldesignoftheconstructionorganizationshouldinvolveabriefexplanationoftheconstructionmethodsusedbyrelevantparties,２）对脚手架工程、起重吊装工程、临时用水用电工程、季节性施工等专项工程所采用的施工方法进行简要说明。abriefexplanationofscaffoldingworks,liftingworks,temporarywaterandelectricityworks,seasonalconstructionandotherspecialprojects.（6）施工总平面布置

Generallayoutofconstruction１）施工总平面布置应符合下列原则：Thelayoutshallconformtothefollowingprinciples:平面布置科学合理，施工场地占用面积少；Itshouldbescientificandconstructionandoccupylessarea.合理组织运输，减少二次搬运；Itshouldhavesoundplanoftransportationtoreduceofsecondaryhandling.施工区域的划分和场地的临时占用应符合总体施工部署和施工流程的要求，减少相互干扰；Thedivisionoftheconstructionareaandthetemporaryoccupationofthesiteshallmeettherequirementsoftheoverallconstructiondeploymentandprocess,soastoreducemutualinterference;充分利用既有建（构）筑物和既有设施为项目施工服务，降低临时设施建造费用；Makefulluseofexistingbuildings(structures)andexistingfacilitiestoservetheprojectconstructionandreducetheconstructioncostoftemporaryfacilities;临时设施应方便生产和生活，办公区、生活区和生产区宜分离设置；Temporaryfacilitiesshouldbeconvenientforproductionandliving,andtheofficearea,livingareaandproductionareashouldbesetupseparately;符合节能、环保、安全和消防等要求；Meettherequirementsofenergysaving,environmentalfriendly,safetyandfireprotection;遵守当地主管部门和建设单位关于施工现场安全文明施工的相关规定。Complywiththerelevantregulationsoflocalcompetentauthoritiesandtheconstructionunitonsafeandpolitenessontheconstructionsite.２）施工总平面布置应符合下列要求：Thegenerallayoutoftheconstructionshallmeetthefollowingrequirements:根据项目总体施工部署，绘制现场不同阶段（期）的总平面布置图；Thegenerallayoutofdifferentstages(phases)oftheconstructionsiteshouldbedrawnaccordingtothegeneralconstructiondeploymentoftheproject;施工总平面布置图的绘制应符合国家相关标准要求并附必要说明。Thedrawingofthegenerallayoutoftheconstructionshallcomplywiththerelevantnationalstandardsandshallbeaccompaniedbynecessaryinstructions.３）施工总平面布置应包括下列内容：Thegenerallayoutoftheconstructionshouldinvolvethefollowingcontents:项目施工用地范围内的地形状况；Topographicalconditionswithinthescopeoftheconstructionlandoccupation;全部拟建的建（构）筑物、施工机械的布置和其他设施的位置；Layoutofalltheproposedbuildings(structures)andconstructionmachineryandthelocationofotherfacilities;项目施工用地范围内的加工设施、运输设施、存储设施、供电设施、供水供热设施、排水排污设施、临时施工道路和办公、生活用房等；Processingfacilities,transportationfacilities,storagefacilities,powersupplyfacilities,waterandheatsupplyfacilities,drainageandsewagefacilities,temporaryconstructionroads,officeandlivingrooms,etc.withinthescopeoftheconstructionlandoccupation;施工现场必备的安全、消防、保卫和环境保护等设施；Necessarysafety,fireprotection,securityandenvironmentalprotectionfacilitiesattheconstructionsite;相邻的地上、地下既有建（构）筑物及相关环境。Adjacentabove-groundandundergroundexistingbuildings(structures)andrelatedenvironments.4、单位工程施工组织设计的编制内容(4)Thecompilationcontentsofconstructionorganizationdesignofunitproject根据《建筑施工组织设计规范》（ＧＢ／Ｔ５０５０２—２００９）的规定，单位工程施工组织设计的主要内容有：工程概况；施工部署；施工进度计划；施工准备与资源配置计划；主要施工方案；施工现场平面布置。Accordingtothe"CodeforConstructionOrganizationplanofbuildingengineering"(GB/T50502-2009),themaincontentsoftheorganizationdesignofaunitprojectare:projectoverview;constructiondeployment;constructionschedule;constructionpreparationandresourceallocationplan;mainconstructionplan;layoutoftheconstructionsite.（1）工程概况Projectoverview工程概况应包括工程主要情况、各专业设计简介和工程施工条件等。Thegeneralsituationoftheprojectshouldincludethemainsituationoftheproject,thebriefintroductiontothedesignofeachspecialtyandtheconstructionconditionsoftheproject.（2）施工部署Constructiondeployment（3）施工进度计划Constructionschedule

（4）施工准备与资源配置计划

Constructionpreparationandresourceallocationplan（5）主要施工方案Mainconstructionplan（6）施工现场平面布置Layoutoftheconstructionsite（7）主要施工管理计划Mainconstructionmanagementplan（8）主要技术经济指标（主要包括工期指标、工程质量指标、安全指标、降低成本指标等内容。）

Maintechnicalandeconomicindicators(mainlyincludingconstructiontimelimiteindicators,projectqualityindicators,safetyindicators,costreductionindicators,etc.)5、施工方案的内容和编制方法(5)Thecontentandplaningmakingmethodsoftheconstructionplan施工方案的内容包括：工程概况、施工安排、施工进度计划、施工准备与资源配置计划、施工方法及工艺要求、主要施工管理计划等。Thecontentoftheconstructionplanincludes:projectoverview,constructionarrangement,constructionprogressplan,constructionpreparationandresourceallocationplan,constructionmethodandprocessrequirements,mainconstructionmanagementplan,etc.专项工程的施工安排包括专项工程的施工目标、施工顺序与施工流水段、施工重难点分析及主要管理与技术措施、工程管理组织机构与岗位职责等内容。施工安排是施工方案的核心，关系专项工程实施的成败。Theconstructionarrangementofthespecialprojectincludestheconstructionobjectivesofthespecialproject,theconstructionsequenceandconstructionsection,theanalysisofimportant&difficultpointsofconstructionandmainmanagementandtechnicalmeasures,theprojectmanagementorganizationandjobresponsibilities,etc.Theconstructionarrangementisthecoreoftheconstructionplan,whichisrelatedtothesuccessorfailureoftheimplementationofthespecialproject.施工进度计划可采用网络图或横道图表示，并附必要说明。Theconstructionprogressplancanberepresentedbyanetworkdiagramorabarchart,withnecessaryexplanationsattached.施工准备的主要内容包括：技术准备、现场准备和资金准备。Themaincontentsofconstructionpreparationinclude:technicalpreparation,sitepreparationandcapitalpreparation.6、危险性较大工程专项施工方案的内容和编制方法(6)Contentsandcompilationmethodsofspecialconstructionplansforprojectswithhighrisk对于超过一定规模的危险性较大的分部分项工程，施工单位应当组织专家组对其专项方案进行充分论证。Forsub-itemprojectswithgreaterriskthatexceedacertainscale,theconstructionunitshallorganizeanexpertgrouptofullydemonstratethespecialplan.专家库的专家应当具备以下基本条件：Expertsintheexpertdatabaseshouldmeetthefollowingbasicrequirements:1）诚实守信、作风正派、学术严谨Behonestanduprightindailybehaviourandberigorousinacademic2）从事专业工作15年以上或具有丰富的专业经验Engagedinprofessionalworkformorethan15yearsorhaverichprofessionalexperience3）具备高级专业技术职称Havingseniorprofessionaltitle专家组成员应当由5名及以上符合相关专业要求的专家组成，本项目参建各方的人员不得以专家身份参加专家论证会。Themembersoftheexpertgroupshallbecomposedof5ormoreexpertswhomeettherelevantprofessionalrequirements.Personnelfromallpartiesinvolvedintheconstructionoftheprojectshallnotparticipateintheexpertdemonstrationmeetingasexperts.7、施工技术交底与交底文件的编写方法(7)Constructiontechnicaldisclosureandcompilingmethodsofdisclosuredocuments建筑工程施工技术交底文件包括以下基本内容：Theconstructiontechnicaldisclosuredocumentoftheprojectincludesthefollowingbasiccontents:1）施工准备工作情况Constructionpreparationwork2）主要施工方法Mainconstructionmethods3）劳动力安排及施工工期Laborarrangementandconstructionperiod4）施工质量要求及质量保证措施Constructionqualityrequirementsandqualityassurancemeasures5）环境安全及文明施工等注意事项及安全保证措施Precautionsandsafetymeasuresforenvironmentalsafetyandpolitenessofconstruction8、施工技术交底文件的编写要求(8)Compilingrequirementsforconstructiontechnicaldisclosuredocuments1）施工技术交底的内容要详尽Thecontentoftheconstructiontechnicaldisclosureshouldbedetailed2）施工技术交底的针对性要强Theconstructiontechnicaldisclosureshouldbehighlytargeted3）施工技术交底的表达要通俗易懂Theexpressionofconstructiontechnicaldisclosureshouldbeeasytounderstand（四）建筑工程施工技术要求4.Constructiontechnicalrequirementsforbuildingworks1.基础工程施工技术要求(1)Constructiontechnicalrequirementsforfoundationworks⑴土的质量密度Massdensityofsoil天然密度--是指土在天然状态下单位体积的质量，它影响土的承载力、土压力及边坡的稳定性。Soilnaturaldensityreferstothemassperunitvolumeofsoilinitsnaturalstate,whichaffectsthebearingcapacityofsoil,earthpressureandstabilityofslope.干密度--是指单位体积中固体颗粒的质量，它是用以检验土压实质量的控制指标。Drydensityreferstothemassofsolidparticlesperunitvolume,whichisthecontrolindexusedtotestthequalityofsoilcompaction.⑵土的含水量Watercontentofsoil是土中所含的水与土的固体颗粒间的质量比，以百分数表示，见下式：It’sthemassratiobetweenthewatercontainedinthesoilandthesolidparticlesofthesoil,expressedasapercentage,asshowninthefollowingformula:含水量影响土方施工方法的选择、边坡的稳定和回填土的质量。Watercontentaffectstheselectionofearthworkconstructionmethods,thestabilityofslope,andthequalityofbackfillsoil.回填土则需有最佳含水量方能夯压密实，获得最大干密度。Thebackfillsoilneedstohavetheoptimumwatercontentbeforecompactiontoobtainthemaximumdrydensity土的含水量超过25～30%，机械化施工就困难，容易打滑、陷车。Whenthewatercontentofsoilexceeds25-30%,it’sdifficult

tocarryoutmechanizedconstruction,andit’seasytoslipandgetstuck.⑶土的渗透性Permeabilityofsoil是指水流通过土中孔隙的难易程度。地下水在土中的渗流速度V与土的渗透系数K和水头梯度I有关，地下水在土中的渗流速度可按达西公式计算：Itreferstotheeasewithwhichwaterflowsthroughtheporesinthesoil.Thepercolationvelocity(V)ofgroundwaterinsoilisrelatedtothepermeabilitycoefficientofsoil(K)andwaterheadgradient(I).ThepercolationvelocityofgroundwaterinsoilcanbecalculatedaccordingtoDarcy’sformula.V（m/d）=K·I渗透系数K值将直接影响降水方案的选择和涌水量计算的准确性。Thevalueofpermeabilitycoefficient(K)willdirectlyaffectthe

choiceofprecipitationschemeandtheaccuracyofwateryieldcalculation.

⑷土的可松性Loosenessofsoil即自然状态下的土，经过开挖后，其体积因松散而增加，以后虽经回填压实，仍不能恢复其原来的体积。土的可松性用可松性系数KS表示。Afterexcavation,thevolumeofsoilinitsnaturalstateincreasesduetoloosenessandlatercannotrestoreitsoriginalvolumedespitebackfillingandcompaction.TheloosenessofsoilisexpressedbytheloosenesscoefficientKS.土的最初可松性系数KS=V2/V1；theinitialloosenesscoefficientofsoilKS=V2/V1；土的最后可松性系数K，S=V3/V1。thefinalloosenesscoefficientofsoilK，S=V3/V1。式中：V1——土在天然状态下的体积；Where:V1——thevolumeofsoilinitsnaturalstate.V2——土经开挖后的松散体积；V2——theloosevolumeofsoilafterexcavation；V3——土经回填压实后的体积。V3——thevolumeofsoilafterbackfillingandcompacting.（5）土方边坡Earthslopes合理地选择基坑、沟槽、路基、堤坝的断面和留设边坡，是减少土方量的有效措施。边坡的表示方法为1:m，即：Itisaneffectivemeasuretoreducethevolumeofearthworkthatwechoosethesectionandslopeoffoundationpit,trench,roadbedandembankmentreasonably.Theslopeisexpressedas1:m,i.e.式中m=b/h，称为坡度系数。其意义为：当边坡高度已知为h时，其边坡宽度则等于mh。Intheformula,m=b/h,whichiscalledtheslopecoefficient.Itmeansthatwhentheslopeheightisknownash,theslopewidthisequaltomh.边坡坡度应根据不同的挖填高度、土的工程性质及工程特点而定，既要保证土体稳定和施工安全，又要节省土方。Thegradeofsideslopeshouldbedeterminedaccordingtodifferentexcavationandfillingheights,engineeringpropertiesofsoilandengineeringcharacteristics,soastoensuresoilstability,constructionsafety,andsaveearth.（6）土方开挖Earthexcavation土方开挖应遵循“开槽支撑，先撑后挖，分层开挖，严禁超挖”的原则。Earthexcavationshouldfollowtheprincipleof“slottingsupport,supportingbeforedigging,excavatinginlayers,andstrictlyprohibitingover-digging”.深基坑一般采用“分层开挖，先撑后挖”的开挖原则。Deepfoundationpitsgenerallyadopttheexcavationprincipleof“excavatinginlayersandsupportingbeforedigging”.（7）土方填筑与压实Earthfillingandcompaction填土压实可采用人工压实，也可采用机械压实，当压实量较大，或工期要求比较紧时一般采用机械压实。Fillcompactioncanbemanualcompactionandmechanicalcompaction.Whenthecompactionvolumeislarge,ortheconstructiontimelimitisrelativelytight,mechanicalcompactionisgenerallyused.常用的机械压实方法有碾压法、夯实法和振动压实法等。Thecommonlyusedmechanicalcompactionmethodsincluderollingcompaction,tampingmethodandvibrationcompaction.（9）混凝土预制桩施工工艺和技术要求Constructionprocessandtechnicalrequirementsofconcreteprecastpiles桩的强度达到设计强度标准值的70%后方可起吊。混凝土预制桩达到设计强度的100%方可运输。Thepilesshallbeliftedonlyafterthestrengthreaches70%ofthestandardvalueofthedesignstrength.Concreteprecastpilesshallnotbetransporteduntiltheyreach100%ofthedesignstrength.桩堆放时，地面必须平整、坚实，垫木间距应与吊点位置相同，各层垫木应位于同一垂直线上，最下层垫木应适当加宽。堆放层数不宜超过4层，不同规格的桩应分布堆放。Whenthepilesarestacked,thegroundmustbeflatandsolid.Thespacingoftheskidsshouldbethesameasthepositionoftheliftingpoint.Eachlayeroftheskidsshouldbelocatedinthesameverticalline,andthelowestlayeroftheskidsshouldbeappropriatelywidened.Thenumberoflayersshouldnotexceed4,andthepilesofdifferentspecificationsshouldbestackedinadistributedmanner.沉桩工艺Pilesinkingprocess钢筋混凝土预制桩的沉桩方法有锤击法、振动法、水冲沉桩法、钻孔锤击法、静力压桩法等。Thepilesinkingmethodsofreinforcedconcreteprecastpilesincludehammerpiling,vibrationpiling,water-jetpiling,boreholehammerpiling,andstaticpresspiling.锤击法，当桩规格、埋深、长度不同时，宜“先大后小、先深后浅、先长后短”施打。Hammeringpilingmethodmeanswhenthepilespecifications,burialdepthandlengtharedifferent,itisappropriatetostrikelarge,deepandlongpilefirst.Andthenwecanstrikesmall,shallowandshortpile.（10）混凝土灌注桩施工工艺和技术要求Constructionprocessandtechnicalrequirementsofcast-in-placeconcretepiles根据成孔方法不同，混凝土灌注桩可分为钻孔灌注桩、套管成孔灌注桩、爆扩成孔灌注桩及人工挖孔灌注桩等。Accordingtodifferentpore-formingmethods,cast-in-placeconcretepilescanbedividedintocast-in-placepiles,casingboredpiles,blastingboredpilesandhand-dugboredpiles,etc.钻孔灌注桩根据钻孔机械的钻头是否在土壤的含水层中施工，又分为干作业成孔和泥浆护壁成孔两种方法。Cast-in-placepilesaredividedintotwomethods:dryoperationandmudwallprotectionbydrilling,dependingonwhetherthedrillbitofthedrillingmachineisworkinginthesoilaquiferornot.人工挖孔灌注桩常用的护壁方法有现浇混凝土护壁、沉井护壁、钢套管护壁、砖护壁等。Thecommonlyusedmethodsofretainingwallforhand-dugboredpilesincludecast-in-placeconcreteretainingwall,dropshaftsinkingretainingwall,steelcasingretainingwall,brickretainingwall,etc.2.混凝土结构工程施工技术要求(2)technicalrequirementsfortheconstructionofconcretestructures（1）模板工程Formwork模板系统包括模板、支架和紧固件三个部分。Theformworksystemconsistsofthreeparts:formwork,bracketsandfasteners.柱模板Pillarformwork柱模板底部开有清理孔。沿高度每隔2m开有浇筑孔。柱底部一般有一钉在底部混凝土上的木框，用来固定柱模板的位置。ThecleaningholesaretrepannedatthebottomofPillarformwork.Pouringholesaretrepannedevery2metersalongtheheight.Thebottomofthepillarusuallyhasawoodenframenailedtotheconcretetofixpillarformwork.柱模之间还要用水平撑及剪刀撑相互拉结。Thepillarformworkisalsotiedtoeachotherwithhorizontalbracingandshearbracing.梁模板Beamformwork如梁的跨度等于或大于4m，应使梁底模起拱，如无设计规定时，起拱高度宜为全跨长度的1/1000~3/1000。Ifthespanofthebeamis4metersormorethan4meters,thearchshouldbemadeatthebottomofthebeam,andthearchheightshouldbe1/1000~3/1000ofthewholespanlengthunlessotherwisestipulated.大模板由面板、加劲肋、竖楞、支撑结构及附件组成。Largeformworkconsistsofpanels/faceplate,stiffener,verticallist,supportstructureandaccessories.

拆模模板顺序及注意事项：Theorderandprecautionsindemoulding：拆模程序一般应是后支的先拆，先拆除非承重部分，后拆除承重部分。Thedemolitiongenerallystartedfromthelatersupportedones,thenon-load-bearingpartisremovedfirst,andtheload-bearingpartisremovedafterwards.拆除框架结构模板的顺序，首先是柱模板，然后是楼板底板、梁侧模板，最后是梁底模板。拆除跨度较大的梁下支柱时，应从跨中开始，分别拆向两端。Forframestructureformwork，theorderofdeolitionisstartedfrompillarformwork,thenfloorbottom,beamsideformwork,andfinallybeambottomformwork.（2）钢筋工程Reinforcementworks钢筋代换Steelbar/rebarreplacement不同种类的钢筋代换，按钢筋抗拉设计值相等的原则进行代换；相同种类和级别的钢筋代换，应按钢筋等面积原则进行代换。Fordifferenttypesofrebars,thereplacementshouldbeinaccordancewiththeprincipleofequaldesigntensilestrengthofrebars;forthesametypeandlevel,itshouldbereplacedinaccordancewiththeprincipleofequalrebarcross-sectionreplacement.钢筋代换注意事项：Notesonsteelbarreplacement对重要受力构件，不宜用HPB235级光面钢筋代换变形钢筋，以免裂缝开展过大；Forimportantaxialforcedcomponents,thedeformedbarsshouldnotbereplacedwithHPB235glossyroundbarssoastoavoidexcessivecrack.当构件受裂缝宽度或挠度控制时，钢筋代换后应进行刚度、裂缝验算；Whenthecomponentsarecontrolledbythecrackwidthordeflection,itneedtohavechecksagainsttheflexuralstiffnessandcrackafterthesteelbarreplacement.有抗震要求的梁、柱和框架，不宜以强度等级较高的钢筋代换原设计中的钢筋。Forbeams,columnsandframeswithseismicrequirements,rebarsinoriginaldesignshouldnotbereplacedwithsteelbarsofhigherstrength.（3）混凝土工程Concreteconstruction混凝土搅拌要求Requirementsofconcretemix投料顺序：常用一次投料法、二次投料法、和水泥裹砂法等。Feedingsequence:Thecommonwaysareall-infeedingmethod,two-timefeedingmethod,andmethodofsandenvelopedwithcement,etc.混凝土的运输Concretetransportation混凝土拌合物运输的基本要求是：不产生离析现象；保证混凝土浇筑时具有设计规定的塌落度；在混凝土初凝之前能有充分时间进行浇筑和捣实；保证混凝土浇筑能连续进行。Thebasicrequirementsforthetransportationofconcretemixtureare:toavoidsegregation;toensurethattheconcreteisplacedwiththedesignedslump;toallowsufficienttimeforpouringandtampingbeforeconcreteinitialsetting;andtoensurethattheconcreteispouredcontinuously.混凝土的浇筑和振捣Pouringandvibratingofconcrete混凝土自高处亲落时的自由倾落高度不宜超过2m。Thefreefallheightofconcreteshouldnotexceed2meters.当混凝土浇筑深度超过8m时，则应采用带节管的振动串筒，即在串筒上每隔2~3节管安装一台振动器。Whentheconcretepouringdepthexceeds8meters,thenthevibrationalcrosstubewithknottedtubesshouldbeused,thatis,thevibratorshouldbeinstalledevery2or3knottedtubesonthecrosstube.混凝土的浇筑工作应尽可能连续进行，如上下层或前后层混凝土浇筑必须间歇，其间歇时间应尽量缩短，并要在前层（下层）混凝土凝结（初凝）前，将次层混凝土浇筑完毕。Concretepouringshouldbeascontinuousaspossible,suchastheconcretepouringoftheupperandlowerlayersorthefirstandlastlayermustbeintermittent,itsintervalshouldbeshorter,andthepouringofthelatterlayershouldbefinishedbeforetheformerlayer(lowerlayer)beforetheconcreteset(initialset).浇筑竖向结构混凝土前，应先在底部填筑一层50~100mm厚、与混凝土内砂浆成分相同的水泥砂浆，然后再浇筑混凝土。Beforepouringtheverticalstructuralconcrete,alayerofcementmortarof50~100mmthickwiththesamecompositionasthemortarinsidetheconcreteshouldbefilledinthebottombeforepouringtheconcrete.施工缝宜留在结构受剪较小且便于施工的部位。Constructionjointsshouldbeleftinthepartofthestructurewheretheshearissmallandeasytoconstruct.大体积混凝土浇筑Largevolumeconcretepouring根据结构特点不同，可分为全面分层、分段分层、斜面分层等浇筑方案。Dependingonthecharacter