英语语言学语言学概论题库

英语语言学语言学概论题库姓名_________________________地址_______________________________学号______________________-------------------------------密-------------------------封----------------------------线--------------------------1.请首先在试卷的标封处填写您的姓名，身份证号和地址名称。2.请仔细阅读各种题目，在规定的位置填写您的答案。一、选择题1.Whatistheprimaryfocusofstructuralisminlinguistics?

a.Thepsychologicalaspectsoflanguageuse

b.Thesocialfunctionsoflanguage

c.Theunderlyingstructuresoflanguage

d.Thehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguage

2.Whichofthefollowingisakeyprincipleofgenerativegrammar?

a.Theideathatlanguageisasystemofarbitrarysigns

b.Theconceptofafinitestatemachine

c.Theideathatlanguageislearnedthroughsocialinteraction

d.Theideathatlanguageisaproductofcognitiveprocesses

3.Whatisthetermforthestudyofthesoundsoflanguage?

a.Syntax

b.Phonetics

c.Morphology

d.Semantics

4.Whichofthefollowingisafeatureofamorpheme?

a.Itcanstandaloneasaword

b.Itcannotbefurtherdivided

c.Italwayshasaspecificmeaning

d.Itisalwaysposedoftwoormoremorphemes

5.Whatisthetermforthestudyofthemeaningofwords?

a.Syntax

b.Semantics

c.Morphology

d.Phonetics

答案及解题思路：

1.答案：c.Theunderlyingstructuresoflanguage

解题思路：结构主义在语言学中的主要焦点是语言的基础结构，关注语言符号之间的关系和组合规律，而不是语言的使用、社会功能或历史发展。

2.答案：d.Theideathatlanguageisaproductofcognitiveprocesses

解题思路：语法的主要原则之一是认知过程对语言产物的贡献，认为语言是通过内在的认知能力构建和学习的。

3.答案：b.Phonetics

解题思路：语音学是研究语言声音的科学，包括语音的产生、传播、接收和感知。

4.答案：b.Itcannotbefurtherdivided

解题思路：语素是构成词的最小意义单位，不能被进一步分解为更小的语义单位。

5.答案：b.Semantics

解题思路：语义学是研究词、短语和句子所表达的意义的科学。二、填空题1.The_______leveloflanguageisconcernedwiththestructureofwords.

2.The_______leveloflanguageisconcernedwiththestructureofsentences.

3.The_______leveloflanguageisconcernedwiththestructureoftexts.

4.A_______isasingleunitofmeaning.

5.A_______isasequenceofmorphemesthatformaword.

1.Morphological

Themorphologicalleveloflanguageisconcernedwiththestructureofwords.Thislevelofanalysisdealswithmorphemes,thesmallestunitsofmeaninginalanguage.

2.Syntactic

Thesyntacticleveloflanguageisconcernedwiththestructureofsentences.Thislevelexamineshowwordsarebinedtocreatemeaningfulsentences.

3.Textual

Thetextualleveloflanguageisconcernedwiththestructureoftexts.Thislevelofanalysisgoesbeyondsentencesandexamineshowasequenceofsentencesisorganizedtocreateacoherentmessage.

4.Morpheme

Amorphemeisasingleunitofmeaning.Itisthesmallestgrammaticalunitinalanguagethatcarriesmeaning.Morphemescanbefree(standaloneaswords)orbound(binedwithothermorphemes).

5.Morphemesequence

Amorphemesequenceisasequenceofmorphemesthatformaword.Wordsareposedofoneormoremorphemesthattogetherconveythemeaningoftheword.

答案及解题思路：

答案：

1.Morphological

2.Syntactic

3.Textual

4.Morpheme

5.Morphemesequence

解题思路：

1.根据题干，需要填写与“词的结构”相关的语言层次，由此确定答案为“Morphological”。

2.同样地，由于题干提及“句子的结构”，所以答案是“Syntactic”。

3.对于文本结构，答案是“Textual”，因为文本涉及句子以上的结构。

4.在英语语言学中，意义的最小单位是“Morpheme”，因此答案为“Morpheme”。

5.由“形态素”组成的序列构成单词，因此答案为“Morphemesequence”。

解题时，需要根据语言学中的术语和定义来确定答案，保证理解了每个术语的含义和它们在语言结构中的作用。三、判断题1.Structuralismfocusesonthepsychologicalaspectsoflanguageuse.

答案：F

解题思路：结构主义语言学主要关注语言的结构和语言成分之间的关系，而非心理因素。因此，结构主义不专注于语言使用的心理方面。

2.GenerativegrammarwasdevelopedFerdinanddeSaussure.

答案：F

解题思路：语法是由诺姆·乔姆斯基（NoamChomsky）而非费迪南德·德·索绪尔（FerdinanddeSaussure）所提出的。索绪尔是结构主义语言学的创始人。

3.Phoneticsisthestudyofthesoundsoflanguage.

答案：T

解题思路：语音学（Phonetics）确实是对语言中的声音的研究，包括发音、声音的分类、语音的变化和发音的生理基础等。

4.Morphologyisthestudyofthestructureofwords.

答案：T

解题思路：形态学（Morphology）是研究单词的内部结构，包括词素、派生和屈折等。

5.Semanticsisthestudyofthemeaningofwords.

答案：T

解题思路：语义学（Semantics）确实是研究词语意义的学科，它涉及词汇、句子和话语层面的意义分析。四、简答题1.SynchronicandDiachronicLinguistics

Explainthedifferencebetweensynchronicanddiachroniclinguistics.

Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage,anditisdividedintotwomainbranches:synchroniclinguisticsanddiachroniclinguistics.

SynchronicLinguisticsfocusesonthestudyoflanguageataparticularpointintime.Itexaminesthestructureandfunctionoflanguageasitexistsinthepresent.Synchroniclinguisticsisconcernedwiththestaticaspectsoflanguage,suchasthephonology,morphology,syntax,andsemanticsofalanguageatagivenmoment.

DiachronicLinguistics,ontheotherhand,investigatesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageovertime.Ittracesthechangesinlanguagestructureandusefromthepasttothepresent.Diachroniclinguisticsisinterestedintheevolutionoflanguageandhowithaschangedthroughvariousstages.

2.PhoneticsandPhonology

Describethedifferencebetweenphoneticsandphonology.

Bothphoneticsandphonologyareconcernedwiththesoundsoflanguage,buttheyfocusondifferentaspects.

Phoneticsisthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofsound,includinghowsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.Itisconcernedwiththeacousticandarticulatoryaspectsofspeech.Phoneticscanbefurtherdividedintophonology,whichisthestudyofthesystematicorganizationofsoundsinalanguage.

Phonology,asubfieldofphonetics,isthestudyofthesoundsystemofalanguage,includingtheorganizationofsoundsintophonemes(thesmallestunitsofsoundthatcandistinguishmeaning).Phonologyismoreabstractthanphoneticsandisconcernedwiththerulesgoverningsoundpatternsinalanguage.

3.RoleofMorphologyinLanguage

Whatistheroleofmorphologyinlanguage?

Morphologyisthebranchoflinguisticsthatstudiesthestructureandformationofwords.Itplaysacrucialroleinlanguage:

WordFormation:Morphologyexplainshownewwordsareformedfromexistingonesthroughprocesseslikeaffixation,pounding,andderivation.

Meaning:Ithelpsinunderstandingthemeaningofwordsandtheirrelationshipswithinalanguage.Prefixes,suffixes,andinfixesoftenchangethemeaningofwords.

Syntax:Morphologicalfeatures,suchascase,number,andgender,areessentialforthesyntaxofalanguage,influencinghowwordsarebinedtoformsentences.

4.ConceptofaMorpheme

Explaintheconceptofamorpheme.

Amorphemeisthesmallestunitofmeaninginalanguage.Itisthesmallestmeaningfulelementthatcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallerunitswithoutlosingmeaning.

TypesofMorphemes:Therearethreemaintypesofmorphemes:

FreeMorphemes:Thesearemorphemesthatcanstandaloneaswords.Forexample,"run"isafreemorpheme.

BoundMorphemes:Thesecannotstandaloneaswordsbutmustbeattachedtofreemorphemes.Forexample,"un"isaboundmorphemethatmeans"not."

InflectionalMorphemes:Theseareusedtoexpressgrammaticalrelationssuchastense,number,andcase.Forexample,"s"in"walks"isaninflectionalmorphemeindicatingthethirdpersonsingularpresenttense.

5.SyntaxandSemantics

Whatisthedifferencebetweensyntaxandsemantics?

Syntaxandsemanticsaretwofundamentalponentsoflinguisticsthatdealwithdifferentaspectsoflanguage.

Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesthatgovernthestructureofsentences.Itfocusesonthearrangementofwordsinasentenceandhowtheyrelatetoeachothertoformcoherentmeaning.Syntaxdeterminesthegrammaticalcorrectnessofsentencesandisconcernedwithsentencestructureandwordorder.

Semanticsisthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.Itexploreshowwords,phrases,andsentencesconveymeaning.Semanticsisconcernedwiththeinterpretationofmeaning,includingtherelationshipsbetweenwordsandthemeaningstheyconvey.

答案及解题思路：

1.SynchronicandDiachronicLinguistics

Synchroniclinguisticsstudieslanguageatasinglepointintime,whilediachroniclinguisticsstudieslanguagechangeovertime.

解题思路：区分静态语言学研究（同步）和动态语言学研究（历时）的概念。

2.PhoneticsandPhonology

Phoneticsisthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofsound,whilephonologyisthestudyofthesoundsystemofalanguage.

解题思路：明确区分语音学和音韵学的定义和研究内容。

3.RoleofMorphologyinLanguage

Morphologyisessentialforwordformation,meaning,andsyntax.

解题思路：列举形态学在语言中的作用，包括词汇构建、意义表达和句法结构。

4.ConceptofaMorpheme

Amorphemeisthesmallestunitofmeaninginalanguage.

解题思路：解释词素的概念，并区分自由词素、粘附词素和屈折词素。

5.SyntaxandSemantics

Syntaxdealswiththestructureofsentences,whilesemanticsdealswithmeaning.

解题思路：理解句法学和语义学的区别，句法学关注结构，语义学关注意义。五、论述题1.DiscussthecontributionsofNoamChomskytothefieldoflinguistics.

NoamChomsky,anAmericanlinguistandphilosopher,hasmadeprofoundcontributionstothefieldoflinguisticswithhisrevolutionarytheories.Herearesomekeycontributions:

GenerativeGrammar:Chomskyintroducedtheconceptofgenerativegrammar,whichemphasizestheinherentstructureandcreativityofhumanlanguage.Thistheorysuggeststhatalllanguageshaveafinitesetofunderlyingprinciplesthatcangenerateaninfinitevarietyofsentences.

TransformationalGenerativeGrammar:Chomsky'stransformationalgenerativegrammarincludestheideathatsentencesaregeneratedapplyingtransformationalrulestoabasic深层结构，whichrepresentsthelogicalandsemanticstructureofasentence.

UniversalGrammar:HeproposedthetheoryofUniversalGrammar(UG),suggestingthatallhumansarebornwithaninnateabilitytoacquirelanguage.UGpositsthatcertainaspectsoflanguage,suchassyntax,areuniversallypresentinalllanguages.

2.Explaintheroleofcontextinlanguageunderstanding.

Contextplaysacrucialroleinlanguageunderstandingasitprovidesnecessaryinformationforinterpretinglinguisticsignalsaccurately.Thefollowingaspectshighlightitssignificance:

LexicalContext:Themeaningofawordisofteninfluencedthesurroundingwords(lexicalcontext).Forexample,"bank"canrefertoafinancialinstitutionorthesideofariver,dependingonthecontext.

SituationalContext:Thespecificsituationorenvironmentinwhichaconversationoccurscanalsoinfluencelanguageuse.Forinstance,thevocabularyandregisterusedinabusinessmeetingmightdifferfromthatusedinacasualsocialgathering.

CulturalContext:Languageisdeeplyintertwinedwithculture,andunderstandingtheculturalcontextisessentialforproperlanguageprehensionandmunication.Culturalbackgroundcanimpacttheinterpretationofcertainexpressionsoridioms.

3.Discusstherelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture.

Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureisintricateandreciprocal:

CulturalNormsandLanguage:Languagereflectsculturalnorms,values,andsocialbehaviors.Differentculturesmayhavedifferentlanguagestructures,vocabulary,andmunicativepractices.

LanguageandIdentity:Languageservesasanimportantmeansofestablishingandreinforcingculturalidentity.Theuseofaparticularlanguageordialectcansignifyone'smembershipinaparticularculturalgroup.

LanguageandCulturalExchange:Languageisapowerfultoolforculturalexchange,allowingindividualstoshareideas,beliefs,andpracticesacrossculturalboundaries.

4.Analyzetheinfluenceofsocialfactorsonlanguagedevelopment.

Socialfactorshaveasignificantinfluenceonlanguagedevelopmentinvariousways:

LanguageExposure:Thequantityandqualityoflanguageexposureanindividualreceivesduringchildhoodhaveaprofoundimpactontheirlanguagedevelopment.Beingexposedtorichlinguisticenvironmentsfacilitatesvocabularyacquisitionandgrammarlearning.

SocioeconomicStatus:Individualsfromhighersocioeconomicbackgroundsmayhavebetteraccesstoeducationalresources,whichcanpositivelyimpacttheirlanguagedevelopment.Conversely,thosefromlowersocioeconomicbackgroundsmightexperiencechallengesinacquiringlanguageskills.

CulturalDiversity:Culturaldiversitywithinamunitycaninfluencelanguagedevelopmentprovidingexposuretomultiplelanguagesanddialects.Thisexposurecanenhancelinguisticpetenceandculturalawareness.

5.Explaintheconceptofalinguisticuniversal.

Alinguisticuniversalreferstoafeatureoflanguagethatispresentinallhumanlanguages,regardlessofculturalorgeographicaldifferences.Somekeyexamplesinclude:

SententialStructure:Alllanguageshaveafinitestructureforexpressingbasicsentenceswithasubject,predicate,andobject.

Grammar:Humanlanguagesexhibitahierarchicalstructure,allowingthebinationofwordsandphrasesintoplexstructures.

Negation:Alllanguageshaveameansofexpressingnegation,althoughthespecificformandstructuremayvary.

Byacknowledgingtheseuniversalaspects,linguistsstrivetounderstandtheunderlyingmechanismsoflanguageandthemonalitiesacrosshumanlinguisticsystems.

答案及解题思路：

1.解题思路：首先简要介绍NoamChomsky及其在语言学领域的贡献，然后具体阐述他在语法、转换语法和普遍语法等方面的理论创新。

2.解题思路：先阐述语言理解的三个重要语境（词汇语境、情境语境和文化语境），再说明这些语境如何影响语言意义的解释。

3.解题思路：从语言与文化之间的关系入手，分别阐述语言如何反映文化、语言如何影响身份以及语言在文化交流中的作用。

4.解题思路：首先列举影响语言发展的社会因素，如语言接触、社会经济地位和文化多样性，然后分析这些因素如何作用于个体的语言学习过程。

5.解题思路：简要介绍“语言普遍性”的概念，并结合实例（如句法结构、语法和否定）阐述这一概念在不同语言中的普遍存在。六、案例分析题1.Analyzethesentencestructureinthefollowingsentence:"Thequickbrownfoxjumpsoverthelazydog."

分析句子结构

主语:Thequickbrownfox

谓语:jumps

宾语:overthelazydog

定语:The(修饰fox),quickandbrown(修饰fox),the(修饰lazydog),lazy(修饰dog)

状语:overthelazydog(表示跳跃的方向)

2.Identifythemorphemesinthefollowingword:"university."

识别词素

uni(prefix,meaning"one"or"single")

vers(root,meaning"turn"or"turnaround")

ity(suffix,meaning"stateof"or"qualityof")

3.Explainthesemanticrelationshipbetweenthewords"cat"and"feline."

解释词义关系

"cat"isamonnounreferringtoadomesticanimal.

"feline"isanadjectivethatdescribessomethingrelatedtoorresemblingacat.

Thesemanticrelationshipishyponymy,where"feline"isahyponymof"cat."

4.Describethephoneticfeaturesoftheword"hello."

描述语音特征

Pronunciation:/həˈloʊ/

Features:

Syllable:/hə.ˈloʊ/

Stress:Onthefirstsyllable

Vowel:/ə/isacentralunroundedvowel

Consonants:/h/isanaspiratedvoicelessvelarplosive,/l/isavoicedalveolarlateralliquid,and/oʊ/isadiphthong

5.Analyzethesyntacticstructureofthefollowingsentence:"Shewaswalkingtothestorewhenitstartedtorain."

分析句法结构

Independentclause:"Shewaswalkingtothestore"

Subject:She

Verbphrase:waswalking

Complement:tothestore

Subordinateclause:"whenitstartedtorain"

Subordinatingconjunction:when

Subject:it

Verbphrase:startedtorain

答案及解题思路

答案

1.句子结构分析

句子结构为主系表结构，包含一个主语和一个谓语，后接宾语和状语。

2.词素识别

"university"由三个词素组成：uni（前缀），vers（词根），ity（后缀）。

3.词义关系解释

"cat"和"feline"之间存在上下位关系，"feline"是"cat"的一个更具体的描述。

4.语音特征描述

"hello"的语音特征包括一个中元音/ə/，一个清辅音/h/，一个浊辅音/l/，以及一个后元音/oʊ/。

5.句法结构分析

句子包含一个主句和一个从句，主句为进行时态，从句为时间状语从句。

解题思路

对句子结构进行分析，识别主谓宾结构，以及定语和状语的作用。

识别单词的词素，了解其构成和意义。

解释词义关系，理解词与词之间的分类关系。

描述单词的语音特征，包括音节、重音、元音和辅音。

分析句法结构，区分主句和从句，理解句子的逻辑关系。七、问答题1.Whatarethemaingoalsoflinguisticresearch?

问答题：Linguisticresearchhasseveralmaingoals,whichinclude:

Understandingthenatureandstructureoflanguage.

Exploringthecognitiveprocessesinvolvedinlanguageuse.

Investigatingthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguage.

Analyzingthesocialandculturalfactorsinfluencinglanguage.

Developingmodelsandtheoriestoexplainvariouslinguisticphenomena.

2.Explaintheroleoflanguageinhumanmunication.

问答题：Languageplaysacrucialroleinhumanmunication:

Facilitatingtheexchangeofinformationandideas.

Enablingtheestablishmentandmaintenanceofsocialrelationships.

Aidinginthecoordinationofactionsamongindividuals.

Preservingandtransmittingculturalknowled