2022年北京一零一中学高二下学期期中考试英语试题（解析版）

高考资源网（），您身边的高考专家PAGE欢迎广大教师踊跃来稿，稿酬丰厚。高考资源网（），您身边的高考专家欢迎广大教师踊跃来稿，稿酬丰厚。北京一零一中学2021－2022学年度第二学期期中考试高二英语（考试时间：90分钟，试卷满分：100分）第一部分知识运用（共两节，30分）第一节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Ioftenreadofincidentsofmisunderstandingorconflict.I’mleft____1____.Whydothesepeoplecreatemistrustandproblems,especiallywiththosefromother____2____?IwasgrowingupinKualaLumpurintheearly1960s,whenchildrenfromdifferentracesandreligionsplayedandstudiedtogetherinharmony.Atthattimemyfamilylivedastone’sthrowfromIsmail’s.AndnoonewasbotheredthatIsmailwasaMalayMuslimandIwasanIndianHindu—wejust____3____ourdifferences.Perhaps,oureldershadnotfilledourheadswithunnecessaryadvice,wellmeantorotherwise.Wewereninewhenwebecamefriends.Duringtheschoolholidays,we’d____4____thecountrysideonourbicycles,hopingtocomeacrosstheunexpected.AttimesIsmailwouldaccompanymyfamilyaswemadearareshoppingtriptotown.Wewouldbegladofhis____5____.WhenIwastwelve,myfamilymovedtoJohor.Ismail’sfamilylaterreturnedtotheirvillage,andI____6____touchwithhim.Onespringafternoonin1983,IstoppedataxiinKualaLumpur.I____7____mydestination.Thedriveracknowledgedmy____8____butdidnotmoveoff.Instead,helookedfixedlyatme.“Raddar?”hesaid,usingmychildhoodnickname.Iwasastonishedatbeingso____9____addressed(称呼).Unexpectedly!ItwasIsmail!Evenaftertwodecadeswestillrecognizedeachother.Graspinghisshoulder,Ifeltatrueaffection,something_____10_____todescribe.Ifwecanallowourchildrentobethemselveswithoutprejudice,they’llbuildfriendshipswithpeople,regardlessofraceorreligion,whowillbebytheirsidethroughthickandthin.Onsuchfriendshipsaresocietiesbuiltandthenwecantrulybe,asWilliamShakespeareoncewrote,“Wehappyfew.Webandofbrothers”.1.A.interested B.pleased C.puzzled D.excited2.A.parties B.cities C.villages D.races3.A.refused B.made C.sought D.accepted4.A.explore B.search C.discover D.desert5.A.arrival B.choice C.effort D.company6.A.lost B.gained C.developed D.missed7.A.stated B.ordered C.decided D.chose8.A.attempts B.instructions C.opinions D.arrangements9.A.familiarly B.strangely C.fully D.coldly10.A.possible B.funny C.hard D.clear【1~10题答案】【答案】1C2.D3.D4.A5.D6.A7.A8.B9.A10.C【解析】【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述作者和儿时的伙伴虽然信奉的宗教不同，但是彼此非常要好，分别多年后再次巧遇使双方激动不已。作者通过自己的经历告诉我们：不要有既定的宗教、种族等成见，要让人们自然的相处，这样就可以自然建立友谊。【1题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我感到很困惑。A.interested感兴趣的；B.pleased高兴的；C.puzzled困惑的，不解的；D.excited激动的。根据后文“Whydothesepeoplecreatemistrustandproblems,especiallywiththosefromother____2____?”可知，此处作者不理解，为什么人们会制造出不信任和问题，故选C。【2题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：为什么这些人制造不信任和问题，特别是来自其他种族的人？A.parties政党；B.cities城市；C.villages村子；D.races种族。根据后文“IwasgrowingupinKualaLumpurintheearly1960s,whenchildrenfromdifferentracesandreligionsplayedandstudiedtogetherinharmony.”可知，此处表示来自不同种族的人，故选D。【3题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：没有人因为Ismail是马来穆斯林而我是印度教而感到很烦，我们接受我们之间的不同。A.refused拒绝；B.made制作；C.sought寻找；D.accepted接受。根据前文“AndnoonewasbotheredthatIsmailwasaMalayMuslimandIwasanIndianHindu”可知，此处表示我们接受对方来自不同的种族，故选D。【4题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：在学校放假期间，我们骑自行车去乡村探险，希望能遇到意想不到的事情。A.explore探索；B.search搜寻；C.discover发现；D.desert抛弃。根据后文“hopingtocomeacrosstheunexpected.”可知，此处表示骑着自行车去探索未知的事物。故选A。【5题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们也喜欢他的陪伴。A.arrival到达；B.choice选择；C.effort努力；D.company陪伴。根据前文“AttimesIsmailwouldaccompanymyfamilyaswemadearareshoppingtriptotown.”中的accompany可知，此处表示“我”们喜欢Ismail的陪伴，故选D。【6题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：后来Ismail一家搬回了他们的村庄，我就和他失去了联系。A.lost失去；B.gained获得；C.developed发展；D.missed错过。根据下文“Unexpectedly!ItwasIsmail!”可推知，自从各自搬家后，作者和Ismail失去了联系，短语losetouchwithsb.意为“与某人失去联系”。故选A。【7题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：我说了我的目的地。A.stated陈诉，说明；B.ordered点（菜），命令；C.decided决定；D.chose选择。根据空前“IstoppedataxiinKualaLumpur.”可知，此处表示上车后，作者说明了自己的目的地，故选A。【8题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：司机知道了我的指示，但没有离开。A.attempts尝试；B.instructions指示，说明；C.opinions观点；D.arrangements安排。根据空前“Thedriveracknowledgedmy”可知，此处表示作者上车后，说明了自己的目的地，司机知道了作者的指示，故选B。【9题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：司机喊出我的昵称，我觉得很惊讶。A.familiarly亲密地；B.strangely奇怪地；C.fully完全地；D.coldly冷淡地。根据前文““Raddar?”hesaid,usingmychildhoodnickname.”可知，司机喊出作者的昵称，作者在异地听到有人叫他儿时熟悉的绰号，所以感到感到非常震惊。故选A。【10题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：抓着他的肩膀，我感觉到了一种真正的感情，一种很难描述的感情。A.possible可能的；B.funny有趣的；C.hard困难的；D.clear清楚的。根据空前“Ifeltatrueaffection”可知，此处表示这种真感情是无法用语言去描述的，是一种用心体会的感情，故选C。第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）A阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。IcanwellrememberthefirsttimeIwasaskedtodeliveraspeechbeforethewholeclass.YoucanimaginehowshyIwaswithsomanyeyes____11____(fix)onme.Draftingthespeechwasapieceofcakeforme,butthedifficultpartlayinoral____12____(present).TherealmomentbeganwhenIstoodonthestagewithmylegstremblingandmymindblank.Butmylistenerswerewaitingpatientlywithoutrushingme.GraduallyIfoundmyselfback,____13____(deliver)thespeechwithdifficulty.After____14____seemedtobeahundredyears,Ifoundmyaudienceapplauding—Imadeit!【11~14题答案】【答案】11.fixed12.presentation13.delivering14.what【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了作者在全班同学面前演讲的一次经历。【详解】1.句意：你可以想象当那么多双眼睛盯着我的时候我是多么的害羞。分析句子可知，句子中含有with复合结构，构成“with+宾语+分词”结构，eyes和fix为逻辑上的被动关系，用fix的过去分词形式作宾语补足语。故填fixed。2.句意：起草演讲稿对我来说是小菜一碟，但困难的部分在于口头表达。分析句子可知，空处缺少名词，与oral一起构成短语作in的宾语。present“陈述”，名词形式为presentation。故填presentation。3.句意：渐渐地，我发现自己恢复了常态，困难地进行演讲。分析句子结构可知，空处作句子的状语，且逻辑主语I与deliver为主动关系，此处用动词的现在分词delivering作句子的伴随状语。故填delivering。4.句意：在好像过了一百年之后，我发现观众在为我鼓掌——我成功了！分析句子结构可知，after“在……之后”为时间介词，后面缺少介词的宾语；seems为谓语动词，因此，此句为宾语从句，从句中缺少主语成分，用what引导宾语从句。故填what。B阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。Halfwaythroughhislecture,Ericgaveeachpersonaballoonandaskedeveryonetowritetheirnameonit.Lateralltheballoonswerecollected.Hethenaskedthemtofindtheballoonsthattheyhadtheirnameswritten____15____withinfiveminutes.Everyonewaspushingandbumpingintoeachother.Itwaschaos.Attheendofthefiveminutes,noonecouldfindtheirownballoon.Nowtheywereaskedtorandomlycollectaballoonandgiveittotheperson____16____namewasonit.Withintwominuteseveryonegothisownballoon.Psychologistsargueourhappinesssometimes____17____(lie)inthehappinessofothers.Youwillgetyourownbygivingthemtheirs.【15~17题答案】【答案】15.on16.whose17.lies【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Eric进行一个实验过程以及最终得出结论是：我们的幸福有时在于别人的幸福。你会通过给予别人幸福，来获得你自己的幸福。【15题详解】考查介词。句意：然后，他要求他们在五分钟内找到写有自己名字的气球。呼应上文“askedeveryonetowritetheirnameonit”指在气球表面写下自己的名字，应用介词on。故填on。【16题详解】考查定语从句。句意：现在他们被要求随机收集一个气球，并把它给上面有名字的人。此处为定语从句修饰先行词person，先行词在从句中作定语，故用关系代词whose引导。故填whose。【17题详解】考查时态。句意：心理学家认为，我们的幸福有时在于别人的幸福。根据上文“”可知为一般现在时，主语为happiness，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故填lies。C阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。Pixarisoneoftheworld’s____18____(famous)andsuccessfulfilmstudios.____19____(it)latestanimatedfilm,Soul,wasreleasedin2020.SoultellsthestoryofJoeGardner,anaspiringjazzmusicianlivinginNewYork.Oneday,afteranaccident,GardnerendsupintheGreatBefore—aplacewheresoulsmust“findtheirspark”beforeenteringahumanbody.WhenGardner____20____(give)thejobofmentoringasoulcalled22,hetriestofindhiswaybacktoEarth.【18~20题答案】【答案】18.mostfamous19.Its20.isgiven【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了皮克斯最新动画电影Soul。【18题详解】考查形容词。句意：皮克斯是世界上最著名和最成功的电影工作室之一。分析句子结构可知，空格所填词与并列连词“and”后的形容词“successful”应保持词性一致；根据句意，此处涉及“oneofthe+形容词最高级+名词复数”结构。故填mostfamous。【19题详解】考查代词。句意：其最新动画电影《灵魂》于2020年上映。根据空格后形容词“latest”（最新的）与名词“animatedfilm”（动画电影）可知，此处要填形容词性物主代词，来修饰该名词。注意，空格位于句首，单词首字母大写。故填Its。【20题详解】考查时态和语态。句意：当加德纳接到指导一个叫22的灵魂的任务时，他试图找到回到地球的路。根据主句动词“tries”，可知此处要填一般现在时；所填词“give”与句子主语Gardner是被动关系。所以，此处要填一般现在时的被动语态形式。故填isgiven。第二部分阅读理解（共两节，38分）第一节（共14小题；每小题2分，共28分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AMygrandfatherwasarigidperfectionist.Everythinghadtobeorderly,preciseandpunctual.Iwasfrightenedofhimuntilthedayhedied.Growingup,mymotherdesperatelywantedtopleasehim.Sheprobablythoughthemightleaveifshedidn’t.Infact,Inowthinkthefearofbeingleftalone,abandoned,wasacurrentthroughoutmuchofherlife.AfewyearsintomyfathersufferingfromAlzheimer,mymother’svoiceonthephonesoundedsoupsetthatIhadtotellher,“Justbewithyourselfforalittlewhile.”“No,Ican’tdothat.Idon’twanttodothat,”shesaidabruptly,closingthedooronthesubject.Awhileaftermyfatherdied,shetoldmethatshekeptthetelevisiononallthetimebecauseitmadeherfeellesslonely.“Itmakesthehouseseemmorelivedin,”shesaid.Ihadgivenintomyannoyanceandeitherturnedthevolumedownorturneditoff.Butaftershetoldmethatitfilledinsomeoftheloneliness,Ineverreachedfortheremoteagain.Wehavehadalongjourneytogether,sheandI.Overahalf-centuryofmemories,nowthatthejourneyhasended,Ihaveachoicewhichonestostudywhichonestoturnoverinmyhandsanddustoff.Ichoosetolookattheonesthatachewithasweettruthnottoldoftenenough:therewaslovebetweenus.Itwasjusthardtofindsometimes.IchoosetorememberherfaceonthatwinterdayinManhattan,whenIcametoherwithabrokenheart.Ichoosetorememberwalkingontheshorewithherinsummerswhenwerentedabeachhouse;somehowtheseaalwaystransformedus.Andhowshelookedonmyweddingdaywhenshehandedmeabraceletthathadbelongedtomygrandmother.“Somethingold,”shesaid.21.Fromtheauthor’spointofview,whatdidhermotherfeelinhermuchtimeoflife?A.Asenseofrelief. B.Asenseofexcitement.C.Asenseofbeingdeserted. D.Asenseofbeingpleased.22.Howdoestheauthorsupportthethemeofthetext?A.Bygivingexamples. B.Bystatingarguments.C.Byinterviewingherfather. D.Byvisitinghergrandfather.23.Theauthorwritesthestoryto________.A.expressregretforhergrandfatherB.showhersympathytowardhermotherC.revealherdeepfeelingsforhermotherD.emphasizeherconcernaboutthegenerationgap【21~23题答案】【答案】21.C22.A23.C【解析】【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了作者和自己的母亲之间的深切的感情。【21题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Infact,Inowthinkthefearofbeingleftalone,abandoned,wasacurrentthroughoutmuchofherlife.”(事实上，我现在认为，害怕被单独留下、被抛弃是她生命中大部分时间的主流。)可知，在作者看来，自己母亲一生大部分时间都觉得自己是被遗弃的。故选C项。22题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段“AfewyearsintomyfathersufferingfromAlzheimer,mymother’svoiceonthephonesoundedsoupsetthatIhadtotellher,“Justbewithyourselfforalittlewhile.”(在我父亲患阿尔茨海默病的几年后，我母亲在电话里的声音听起来很沮丧，我不得不告诉她，“就自己待一会儿。”)”以及第三段“Awhileaftermyfatherdied,shetoldmethatshekeptthetelevisiononallthetimebecauseitmadeherfeellesslonely.(我父亲去世后不久，她告诉我，她一直开着电视，因为这样她就不那么孤独了。)”可知，作者列举了父亲患病期间和病逝后母亲的心理和情感状态是孤独的。故选A项。【23题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“IchoosetorememberherfaceonthatwinterdayinManhattan,whenIcametoherwithabrokenheart.Ichoosetorememberwalkingontheshorewithherinsummerswhenwerentedabeachhouse;somehowtheseaalwaystransformedus.(我选择记住当我带着心碎去找她的时候，她在曼哈顿那个冬日的脸。我选择记住在夏天和她一起在海边散步，那时我们租了一所海滨别墅;大海总能改变我们。)”可知，作者和自己的母亲之间有很多的经历和故事，作者选择记住那些美好的时光，选择记住自己对于母亲的深沉的爱。所以，作者写这篇文章的目的是表露对于母亲的深沉的感情。故选C项。BSomeemergingtechnologiesLow-carboncementcanhelpcombatclimatechange.Concrete,themostwidelyusedhuman-madematerial.Themanufactureofoneofitskeycomponents,cement,createsasubstantialyetunderappreciatedamountofhuman-producedcarbondioxide:upto8percentoftheglobaltotal,accordingtoLondon-basedthinktankChathamHouse.In2018,theGlobalCementandConcreteAssociationannouncedtheindustry’sfirstSustainabilityGuidelines,intendedtotrackperformanceimprovementsandmakethemtransparent.Quantumsensorscouldletautonomouscars“see”aroundcorners.Quantumcomputersgetallthehype(大肆宣传),butquantumsensors,whichreachextremelevelsofprecisionbyexploitingthequantumnatureofmatter,couldbeequallytransformative,enablingautonomousvehiclesthatcan“see”aroundcorners,underwaternavigationsystems,early-warningsystemsforvolcanicactivityandearthquakes,andportablescannersthatmonitoraperson’sbrainactivityduringdailylife.Greenhydrogencouldfillbiggapsinrenewableenergy.Whenhydrogenburns,theonlyby-productiswater—whichiswhyhydrogenhasbeenanalluringzero-carbonenergysourcefordecades.Yetthetraditionalprocessforproducinghydrogen,inwhichfossilfuelsareexposedtosteam,isnotevenremotelyzero-carbon.Greenhydrogenisdifferent.Itisproducedthroughelectrolysis,inwhichmachinessplitwaterintohydrogenandoxygen,withnootherby-products.Historically,electrolysisrequiredsomuchelectricitythatitmadelittlesensetoproducehydrogenthatway.Thesituationischangingsincetheelectrolyzersaregettingmoreefficient.Whole-Genomesynthesiswilltransformcellengineering.EarlyintheCOVID-19pandemic,scientistsinChinauploadedthevirus’sgeneticsequencetogeneticdatabases.ASwissgroupthensynthesizedtheentiregenomeandproducedthevirusfromit.Suchspeedisoneexampleofhowwhole-genomeprintingisadvancingmedicineandotherwork.Whole-genomesynthesisisanextensionoftheboomingfieldofsyntheticbiology.Researchersreprogrammicrobestododesiredworksuchasmakinganewmedicine.Sofargenomesmainlygetlightedits.Butimprovementsaremakingitpossibletoprinteverlargernumberofgeneticmaterialandtoaltergenomesmoreextensively.24.Whichnewtechnologycanbeusedtohelpwithmedicalresearches?A.Low-carboncement. B.Quantumsensors.C.Greenhydrogen. D.Whole-Genomesynthesis.25.Whatcanwelearnfromthearticle?A.Cement-producingcarbondioxidehasbeenoverestimated.B.Greenhydrogencouldachievezero-carbonemission.C.Atpresent,genomeshavealreadygotgreatedits.D.Quantumsensorscanhelpbrainactivities.26.Whatdothesetechnologieshaveincommon?A.Theyallhaveimmeasurableprospects.B.Theycanrelievetheclimatechange.C.Theycanadvancemedicalstudy.D.Theygetallthehype.【24~26题答案】【答案】24.D25.B26.A【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一些新兴科技。【24题详解】细节理解题。根据“Whole-Genomesynthesiswilltransformcellengineering.”部分的“Suchspeedisoneexampleofhowwhole-genomeprintingisadvancingmedicineandotherwork.”（这样的速度是全基因组打印如何推动医学和其他工作的一个例子。）可知，为whole-Genomesynthesis（全基因组合成）技术可以用于医疗研究领域。故选D项。【25题详解】细节理解题。根据“Greenhydrogencouldfillbiggapsinrenewableenergy.”部分的“Whenhydrogenburns,theonlyby-productiswater—whichiswhyhydrogenhasbeenanalluringzero-carbonenergysourcefordecades.”（当氢燃烧时，唯一的副产品是水，这就是为什么氢几十年来一直是一种诱人的零碳能源。）以及“Greenhydrogenisdifferent.Itisproducedthroughelectrolysis,inwhichmachinessplitwaterintohydrogenandoxygen,withnootherby-products.”（绿色氢则不同。它是通过电解产生的，在电解过程中，机器将水分解成氢和氧，没有其他副产品。）可知，Greenhydrogen技术能够实现零碳排放。故选B项。【26题详解】细节理解题。根据“Low-carboncementcanhelpcombatclimatechange.”（低碳水泥有助于应对气候变化。），“Quantumsensorscouldletautonomouscars“see”aroundcorners.”（量子传感器可以让自动驾驶汽车“看到”拐角处。），“Greenhydrogencouldfillbiggapsinrenewableenergy.”（绿色氢可以填补可再生能源的巨大空白。）以及“Whole-Genomesynthesiswilltransformcellengineering.”（全基因组合成将改变细胞工程。）可知，这四种科技都具有巨大的前景。故选A项。CManyearlyapproachestolanguagetechnologygostuckinaconceptualdeadend:therules-basedapproachintranslation.Thismeanttryingtowriterulestoanalyzethetextofasentenceinthelanguageoforigin,breakingitdownintoasortofabstract“interlanguage”andrebuildingitaccordingtotherulesofthetargetlanguage.Theseapproachesshowedearlypromise.Butlanguageisfullofambiguitiesandexceptions,sosuchsystemswerehugelycomplicatedandeasilybrokedownwhentestedonsentencesbeyondthesimplesettheyhadbeendesignedfor.Nearlyalllanguagetechnologiesbegantogetalotbetterwiththeapplicationofstatisticalmethods.Thisreliesonsoftwarescanningvastamountsofdata,lookingforpatternsandlearningfromprecedent.Forexample,inparsinglanguage(breakingitdownintoitsgrammaticalcomponents),thesoftwarelearnsfromlargebodiesoftextthathavealreadybeenparsedbyhumans.Ituseswhatithaslearnedtomakeitsbestguessaboutapreviouslyunseentext.Inmachinetranslation,thesoftwarescansmillionsofwordsthatalreadyhavebeentranslatedbyhumansandlearnsfromabodyofrecordingsandthetranscriptionsmadebyhumans.Thankstothegrowingpowerofprocessors,fallingpricesfordatastorageand,mostcrucially,theexplosioninavailabledata,thisapproacheventuallyborefruit.Mathematicaltechniquesthathadbeenknownfordecadescameintotheirown,andbigcompanieswithaccesstoenormousamountsofdatawerereadytobenefit.Thefinaladvance,whichbeganonlyaboutfiveyearsago,camewiththearrivalofdeeplearningthroughdigitalneuralnetworks(DNNs).Theseareoftenclaimedtohavequalitiessimilartothoseofthehumanbrain.ButNilsLenke,headofresearchforalanguagetechnologycompany,explainsmatter-of-factlythat“DNNsarejustanotherkindofmathematicalmodel,”thebasisofwhichhadalreadybeenwellunderstoodfordecades.Whatchangedwasthehardwarebeingused.Almostbychance,DNNresearchersdiscoveredthatthegraphicalprocessingunits(GPUs)usedtoproducegraphicsinapplicationswerealsobrilliantathandlingneuralnetworks.Thetechniquehasalreadyproducedbigleapsinqualityforallkindsofdeeplearning,includingdecodinghandwriting,recognizingfacesandclassifyingimages.Nowtheyarehelpingtoimproveallmanneroflanguagetechnologies,oftenbringingenhancementsofupto30percent.Thathasshiftedlanguagetechnologiesfrombeingusableinapinchtobeingreallyrathergood.Butsofarnoonehasquiteworkedoutwhatwillmoveitforwardfrombeingmerelygoodtoreliablygreat.27.Accordingtothepassage,whatisaproblemoftherules-basedapproach?A.Rulesareoftenmisinterpretedbyresearchers.B.Rulesaretooabstracttoidentifyorunderstand.C.Rulesaredifficulttoidentifyinsomelanguages.D.Rulesaren’talwaysclear-cutoruniversallyapplicable.28.Whatplaysacrucialroleinenablingthe“approachtograduallybearfruit”?A.Theincreasingamountofdata.B.Thefallingpricesofscanningsoftware.C.Theavailabilityofrecordingsandtranscripts.D.Thewiderknowledgepeoplehaveoflanguages.29.WhichofthefollowingisNilsLenkemostlikelytoagreewithaboutDNNs?A.Theyareabigbreakthrough.B.Theydependmoreonhardware.C.Theyarenotinnovativeinnature.D.Theyhaven’tbeenscientificallyproved.30.WhatdoesthewriterimplyaboutGPUs?A.TheyhavereplacedDNNsathandlingneuralnetworks.B.Theyhaveachievedlimitedsuccessregardinglanguagetechnologies.C.Theyhavehelpedmakelanguagetechnologiesreliablygreaterthanever.D.Theyhelpenhancelanguagetechnologiesbymeansofimageclassification.【27~30题答案】【答案】27.D28.A29.C30.B【解析】【导语】本文为一篇说明文。介绍了语言充满了不确定性，现存的语言系统不够完美，因此所有的语言技术都开始使用数据方法，但仍然有弊。因此也就出现了DNNs和GPUs，但是这两种方法仍然不够完美。【27题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Butlanguageisfullofambiguitiesandexceptions,sosuchsystemswerehugelycomplicatedandeasilybrokedownwhentestedonsentencesbeyondthesimplesettheyhadbeendesignedfor.”（但是语言充满了歧义和例外，因此当测试一些它们所设计的简单模式之外的句子时，这些系统就很容易崩溃。）可知，语言有歧义和例外，针对于简单句子的系统来说太复杂了，因此对一些超出设计的句子而言，规则并不普遍适用，故选D。【28题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Thisreliesonsoftwarescanningvastamountsofdata,lookingforpatternsandlearningfromprecedent.”（这依赖于软件扫描大量数据，寻找模式并从先例中学习。）和第四段“Thankstothegrowingpowerofprocessors,fallingpricesfordatastorageand,mostcrucially,theexplosioninavailabledata,thisapproacheventuallyborefruit.”（多亏了处理器不断增长的能力，以及数据储存价格的降低，更重要的是可利用数据的激增，这种方法最终有了成果。）可知，这种方法最终有成果最重要的因素是可利用数据的突然增多，故选A。【29题详解】推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“ButNilsLenke,headofresearchforalanguagetechnologycompany,explainsmatter-of-factlythat“DNNsarejustanotherkindofmathematicalmodel,”thebasisofwhichhadalreadybeenwellunderstoodfordecades.Whatchangedwasthehardwarebeingused.”（但是语言技术公司的研究主管NilsLenke认为，DNNs只是另一种数学模式，它的原理在很多年前就已经知道了，唯一有所改变的就是硬件的使用。）可知，NilsLenke认为，DNNs在本质上没有什么太大的变化，只有硬件的使用发生了变化而已，即它们在本质上没有创新的，故选C。【30题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Thathasshiftedlanguagetechnologiesfrombeingusableinapinchtobeingreallyrathergood.Butsofarnoonehasquiteworkedoutwhatwillmoveitforwardfrombeingmerelygoodtoreliablygreat.”（这已经将语言技术从可使用转变到相当不错的地步。但是目前，还没有人能够将它从很不错地步提升到相当可靠。）可知，作者认为GPUs在语言技术方面有了进步，从可使用到相当不错，但是却还没达到相当可靠的地步，故它只是取得了有限的成功，故选B。DThesecretofsuccessTherecipeforsucceedinginanygivenfieldishardlyamystery:goodideas,hardwork,discipline,imagination,perseveranceandmaybealittleluck.Oh,andlet’snotforgetfailurewhichDashunWangandhiscolleaguesatNorthwesternUniversitycall“theessentialprerequisite(先决条件)forsuccess”inanewpaper.Butnoteveryfailureleadstosuccess,headds.Andwhateventuallyseparatesthewinnersfromthelosers,theresearchshows,certainlyisnotpersistence.Oneofthemoreinterestingfindingsinthepaper,publishedlastOctoberinNature,isthatthepeoplewhoeventuallysucceededandthepeoplewhoeventuallyfailedtriedbasicallythesamenumberoftimestoachievetheirgoals.Itturnsoutthattryingagainandagainonlyworksifyoulearnfromyourpreviousfailures.Theideaistoworksmart,nothard.“Youhavetofigureoutwhatworkedandwhatdidn’t,andthenfocusonwhatneedstobeimprovedinsteadofstrugglingaroundandchangingeverything,”saysWang.“Thepeoplewhofaileddidn’tnecessarilyworklessthanthosewhosucceeded.Theycouldactuallyhaveworkedmore:it’sjustthattheymademoreunnecessarychanges.”Astheyexplored“themechanismsgoverningthedynamicsoffailure”andbuilttheirmodel.Wang’steamidentifiedwhattheydescribeaspreviouslyunknownstatisticalsignaturesthatseparatesuccessfulgroupsfromunsuccessfulgroups,makingitpossibletopredicttheirfinaloutcomes.Onesuchkeyindicator(besideskeepingthestuffthatworksandfocusingonwhatdoesn’t)isthetimebetweenconsecutive(连续)failedattempts,whichshoulddecreasesteadily.Inotherwords,thefasteryoufail,thebetteryourchancesofsuccess,andthemoretimebetweenattempts,themorelikelyyouaretofailagain.“Ifsomeonehasappliedforagrantandtheyarethreefailuresin,”Wangsays,“ifwejustlookatthetimingbetweenthefailures,wewillbeabletopredictwhethertheywilleventuallysucceedornot.”Workingwithsuchlarge-scaledata,Wangandhiscolleagueswereabletoidentifyacriticalpointthatwascommontoeachofthehundredsofthousandsofundertakingstheyhadanalyzed,aforkintheroadwhereonepathleadstoadevelopmentregionandoneleadstoastagnationregion.“Thisdivergingpatternofperformanceincreaseswitheachnewattempt,”saysWang.Althoughinsomecasesitisapparentwhichregionapersonisinasearlyasthesecondattempt.Wangpointsoutthattheexistenceofthetippingpointcutsagainstthetraditionalexplanationsforfailureorsuccess,suchasluckoraperson’sworkhabits.“Whatwe’reshowinghereisthatevenintheabsenceofsuchdifferences,youcanstillhaveverydifferentoutcomes,”hesays.Whatmattersishowpeoplefail,howtheyrespondtofailureandwherethosefailureslead.31.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph2that________.A.winnersaremorepersistentthanlosersB.failureisnotimportantforsuccessatallC.moretryingdoesn’tnecessarilybreedsuccessD.winnersandlosersdifferinhowmanytimestheytried32.Wangandhiscolleaguesbelievethat________.A.noonecanobtainsuccesswithoutfailureB.theperformancepatternishardtoidentifyC.failurecansometimeshelppredictsuccessD.thecriticalpointhadbeendiscoveredbychance33.Theunderlinedphrase“astagnationregion”inParagraph6referstoaregion________.A.initselementarystage B.withoutprogressC.unknowntooutsiders D.beyondrecognition34.WhatistheconclusionofWang’sresearch?A.Winnerstrylessthanlosersbutgainmore.B.Perseveranceistheutmostsecrettosuccess.C.Workingsmartcanturnfailuresintofuturesuccesses.D.Luckandworkhabitsmakelittledifferencetotheresult.【31~34题答案】【答案】31.C32.C33.B34.C【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了成功的秘密。【31题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段“Butnoteveryfailureleadstosuccess,headds.Andwhateventuallyseparatesthewinnersfromthelosers,theresearchshows,certainlyisnotpersistence.Oneofthemoreinterestingfindingsinthepaper,publishedlastOctoberinNature,isthatthepeoplewhoeventuallysucceededandthepeoplewhoeventuallyfailedtriedbasicallythesamenumberoftimestoachievetheirgoals.（但他补充说，并不是每一次失败都会导致成功。研究显示，最终区分赢家和输家的，当然不是坚持不懈。去年10月发表在《自然》(Nature)杂志上的一篇论文中有一个更有趣的发现，那就是最终成功的人和最终失败的人为实现目标所尝试的次数基本相同。）”可知，坚持不懈不是赢家和输家之间的区别，两者的尝试次数是基本相同的。所以坚持不断尝试并不是成功的原因。选项C符合语意。故选C。【32题详解】推理判断题。根据第五段“Inotherwords,thefasteryoufail,thebetteryourchancesofsuccess,andthemoretimebetweenattempts,themorelikelyyouaretofailagain.“Ifsomeonehasappliedforagrantandtheyarethreefailuresin,”Wangsays,“ifwejustlookatthetimingbetweenthefailures,wewillbeabletopredictwhethertheywilleventuallysucceedornot.”（换句话说，失败的速度越快，成功的机会就越大，两次尝试之间的间隔时间越长，再次失败的可能性就越大。“如果有人申请了一项资助，但他们失败了三次，”王说，“如果我们只看两次失败之间的时间间隔，我们就能预测他们最终是否会成功。）”可知两次失败之间的时间越短，越可能成功。即从两次失败的时间间隔可以帮助预测最终是否能成功。选项C符合语意。故选C。【33题详解】词句猜测题。根据倒数第三段“Workingwithsuchlarge-scaledata,Wangandhiscolleagueswereabletoidentifyacriticalpointthatwascommontoeachofthehundredsofthousandsofundertakingstheyhadanalyzed,aforkintheroadwhereonepathleadstoadevelopmentregionandoneleadstoastagnationregion.（处理这样的大规模数据时,王先生和他的同事们能够识别一个临界点,常见的分析成千上万的事业,这个临界点一条路通向一个开发区域和一个导致______。）”可知，这个临界点导致两个不同的结果，即一个是“developmentregion（发展区）”，那么与之相对的可以推断出是非发展区-停滞区。选项B符合语意。故选B。【34题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“Itturnsoutthattryingagainandagainonlyworksifyoulearnfromyourpreviousfailures.Theideaistoworksmart,nothard.“Youhavetofigureoutwhatworkedandwhatdidn’t,andthenfocusonwhatneedstobeimprovedinsteadofstrugglingaroundandchangingeverything,”saysWang.“Thepeoplewhofaileddidn’tnecessarilyworklessthanthosewhosucceeded.Theycouldactuallyhaveworkedmore:it’sjustthattheymademoreunnecessarychanges.”（事实证明，只有从以前的失败中吸取教训，一次又一次的尝试才会成功。关键是要聪明地工作，而不是努力工作。“你必须弄清楚什么有效，什么无效，然后专注于需要改进的地方，而不是挣扎着改变一切，”王说。“失败者并不一定比成功者工作得少。他们其实可以