十九世纪的语言学教学提纲

HistoricalLinguisticsinthe19thCentury十九世纪的历史语言学ComparativeandHistoricalLinguistics历史比较语言学Historicallinguisticsisabranchoflinguistics,whichstudiesthedevelopmenthistoryofalanguageorlanguages.Itisalsocalleddiachroniclinguistics（历时语言学）.Comparativeandhistoricallinguisticsrefertothehistoricalresearchoflanguagesbasedonthecomparisonofthem.Workonthehistoricalrelationsbetweenlanguagesbeforethe19thcenturyJ.J.Scalinger斯卡利杰（1540-1609),hedispensedwithtwofallaciousdogmas:thesupposedlylinearhistoricalrelationbetweenGreekandLatin.theallegedoriginofalllanguagesinHebrew.J.J.Scalinger斯卡利杰（1540-1609)Scalingerrecognized11languagefamilies,4majorand7minorones.Withinthefamiliesthememberlanguagesweregeneticallyrelatedbutbetweenthemnorelationshipcouldbeestablished.GottfriedWilhelmvonLeibniz莱布尼茨（1646-1746）Hepointedtotheevidenceinplacenamesandrivernamesoftheearlierdistributionoflanguagesovertheareasfromwhichtheyhadlaterrecededeitherthroughtheexpulsionofthespeakersorthereplacementofthelanguageafterthearrivalofnewcomers.importantintheworldoflinguisticscience:1786SirWilliamJones,ajudgeintheBritishcourtinIndia,readhisfamouspapertotheRoyalAsiaticSocietyinCalcutta,establishingthekinshipofSanskritwithLatin,GreekandtheGermaniclanguages.SignificanceofthestudyofSanskritThecomparisonbetweenSanskritandEuropeanlanguagesstartedthecomparativestudiesoflanguages.ThestudyofSanskritledtothediscoveryofthelinguisticachievementsinIndiaandpromotedthedevelopmentoflinguistics.Grimm’slawandVerner’slaw

格里姆定律和维尔纳定律ThecorrespondencesbetweenconsonantsofGermaniclanguagesandotherlanguages.辅音的一致性wordGreekGothicfootpousfotusheartkardiahairtoGreekGothicpfKhGrimm’slawandVerner’slaw

格里姆定律和维尔纳定律SoundshiftisinfluencedbystressplacementwordSanskritO.E我变成vartamiweorle我变成了vavartawearlExit—exactExercise—examine

WilhelmvonHumboldt洪堡特(1767--1835)FamousstatesmanandlinguistAlinkbetweenthethinkingofthe18thandthe19thcenturies.DevelopmentalevolutionHeemphasizedthateachlanguagelivesinthespeaker’smindasavitalprocess.WilhelmvonHumboldt洪堡特(1767--1835)Threetypesoflanguages:Isolatinglanguage孤立语Agglutinativelanguage粘着语Inflectionallanguage屈折语AugustScheleicher