SupplyChainManagement(英文版知识讲义)

SupplyChainManagement(英文版知识讲义)SupplyChainManagementThesupplychainusedtobeasimpleserialprocesswithrawmaterialsslowlymovinginonedirectionthroughmanufacturingproductionandonwardviaadistributionsystemtoretailersandcustomers.Today,thetalkisof"supplynetworks","parallelchains","enhancedconcurrentactivities",and“customercentric”withnewinformationplatformsandtechnologysettocutbothinventoryandlead-timesthroughoutthedeliverypipelinefurther.TopIssuesFacingSCMProfessionalsInarecentquantitativesurvey,SCMprofessionalswereaskedaopen-endedsubjectivequestion,“Whatarethethreebiggestissuesfacingyoupersonallyindevelopingyourlogisticsstrategy?”Source:AMRResearch2000Thetopthreeresponseswere;Cost(21%),SystemsApplications(20%)andIntegration(19%)SCMBenefitsManufacturerDistributors/WholesalersCustomers

SuppliersRetailersMaterialsFlowsInformationFlowsCashFlowsUScompaniesexpecttoreap$3-400Bofsavingsthroughavarietyofbenefits(3–5%ofrevenues)Source:PRTMMoveFromPushToPullManufacturersDistributors/WholesalersCustomerSuppliersRetailersManufacturersDistributors/WholesalersCustomerSuppliersRetailersMakewhatwesell,notsellwhatwemake!MovetoCross-FunctionalBusinessProcessesPurchasingManufacturingDistributionInstall/MaintenanceSalesSourceMakeDeliverInstallSellOrderFulfillmentAvailable-to-PromiseSales&OperationsPlanningDepartmentPerformanceSupplyChainOptimizationSynchronized,SequentialPlanningForecastingDistributionPlanningManufacturingPlanningProcurementPlanningSupplyChainOptimizationSynchronized,ConcurrentPlanningDemandPlanningDistributionPlanningManufacturingPlanningProcurementPlanningPurchasingManufacturingDistributionInstall/MaintenanceSalesCross-FunctionalSupplyChainMetricsProcessPerformanceSourceMakeDeliverInstallSellPerfectOrderProcessLSLUSLLSLUSLLSLUSLLSLUSLLSLUSLSharingandCollaborationManufacturerDistributors/WholesalersSuppliersRetailersSynchronizedProductionSchedulingCollaborativeProductDevelopmentCollaborativeDemandPlanningCollaborativeLogisticsPlanningTransportationservicesDistributioncenterservicesFullValueProcurementObjectiveLowesttotalcostofownershipQualitymeetingcustomerneedsOn-timedeliveryAcceptablesupplyriskProcessefficiencyDemandreductionUnderpinnedbyprocurementinfrastructureexcellencePurchasePriceAcquisitionInstallationMaintenanceDisposalPriceisoftenjustthetipoftheiceberg!LogisticandTransportationLogisticsaccountsfor8-12%ofsales.In1998,itaccountedforover10%oftheUSGDPLogisticisoneofthegluesthatholdsthesupplychaintogether.ThetechniquesthatmostmanufacturersemploytoincreasespeedandreducingcostisoutsourcingAveragecostreductionsfromoutsourcingis32%The3PLmarkethasenjoyedexplosivegrowthoverthepast5years.Most3PLshavereportedannualgrowthrateof25-50%Source:industryweekManufacturingMaterial.....BOMPRTCustomerorderDocumentWorkcenterRoutingetc.ManufacturingmanagersviewefficiencyandflexibilityastwoobjectiveswhichmustbebalancedinordertoarrivethelowesttotalcostWorld-classcompaniesadoptstrategiesandtacticssuchaspullsystem,JITreplenishment,andcycletimereductionsthatenablesacompanytohavelowerlevelsofinventorywhilestilldrivingreductionsinproductionunitcostCompaniesfrequentlyunderestimatethecommitmentrequiredtoachieveaneffectivequalityimprovementwhichresultinoperationcostincreases.StrategicBusinessPlanningForecastingandPlanninghoursdaysweeksmonthsyear+OperationalTacticalStrategicSchedulingRollingForecastDemandPlanningManufacturingPlanningSchedulingDistributionPlanningTransportationOrderPromiseSourceMakeMoveStoreSellTopIssuesFacingSCMProfessionalse-Businessisarelativelylowpriority,cominginsixthofthetopissuesfacingSCMprofessionals.However,thisdoesnotreflecttheimpactthate-BusinesswillhaveonSupplyChainManagementSource:AMRResearch2000e-BusinesswillfundamentallychangeSCMTheImpactofe-BusinessonSCMe-Businessaffectsfourbroadcategoriesthatdeterminetheproductionandtransactioncostsofafirm:ThecostofexecutingasaleThecostsassociatedwithprocuringproductioninputsThecostsassociatedwithmakinganddeliveringaproductorserviceThecostassociatedwithlogisticsTheCostofe-BusinessSales

AccessibilityAn

e-Businesswebsiteisopen24hoursperday,7daysperweek.

Abusinessnolongerhastobuildseparatephysicalestablishmentstoattractalargercustomerbase.Avirtualstorefrontalsoallowsane-businesstomanageonestoreinsteadofmultiplestores,thuseliminatingduplicateinventorycosts.TheCostofe-BusinessSales

OrderReworkAnotheraspectofe-Businessisthatitenablesmoreefficientorderconfiguration.Forexle,bothGeneralElectric(GE)andCiscoSystemsreportednearlyone-quarteroftheirpre-Web-siteordershadtobereworkedbecauseoferrors--atotalofmorethan1millionorders,inthecaseofGE.SinceadoptingaWeb-enabledcustomerinterface,Ciscoreportsanerrorrateofonly2percent.ProduceorServiceOutputCriticalCustomerRequirementDefects:ServiceunacceptabletocustomerBATheCostsAssociatedWithProcuringProductionInputsWeb-basedprocurementofmaintenance,repair,andoperations(MRO)suppliesisexpectedtoreachmorethan$100billionworldwidebytheyear2000.MROcomprisesthosegoodsrequiredtorunacompanythatarenotrawmaterialsusedinthedirectmanufactureofaproductortheprovisionofaservice.SuppliersSuppliersConnectedtoMarketPlaceviaWeborERPBuyersBuyersconnectedtomarketplaceviaE-ProcurementAppB2BMarketPlaceProfitOther

CostsPurchases10010045504547.557.5-5%A5%reductioninpurchasecostcanresultina50%increaseinprofitmargin.+50%TheCostofe-BusinessSupplyChainManagementEventhescopeofMROprocurementpalesbesidethepossibilitiesforreorganizingsupplychainsarounde-business.Ratherthanincreasingproductionandinventoryinadvanceofactualcustomerdemand,e-businessesarelookingtomakeboththeirownsupplychainsandthoseoftheircustomersandsuppliersrespondinrealtimetoactualsales.SupplierManufacturerDistributionRetailerConsumerInformationTheTransformationofLogisticse-Businesstransformslogisticsfromsimplypackagingandmovinggoodsandturnsitintoaninformationbusiness.Introducingonlineparcelorderandtrackingviaaproprietarynetworkin1983,FederalExpresstooknearly12yearstosignup50,000customers